[Indications for fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy for diagnosis of salivary gland tumors]. / Indikation der Feinnadelpunktion und Grobnadelbiospie zur Diagnostik von Speicheldrüsentumoren.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland malignancies are rare neoplasms of the head and neck area. Preoperative clinical and imaging assessment of salivary gland masses is challenging. However, preoperative identification of malignancy is crucial for further treatment and for the course of the disease. OBJECTIVE: This article presents the advantages and disadvantages of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and core needle biopsy (CNB). Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity of both methods for predicting malignancy were analyzed. Furthermore, it is discussed which procedure is suitable for the diagnostic work-up of salivary gland tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This current article summarizes important and recent studies in the field of the diagnostic work-up for salivary gland lesions, with discussion of original articles, metanalyses, and systematic reviews concerning FNAC and CNB. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the predictive ability of FNAC for malignancy is described at between 70.0-80.0% and 87.5-97.9%. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for CNB were 92.0-98.0% and 95.0-100.0%, respectively. Tumor cell seeding or facial nerve palsy are very rare complications of both procedures. CONCLUSION: If malignancy is suspected based on clinical examination or imaging, FNAC or CNB should be performed. FNAC is easy to perform; however, an onsite cytologist is necessary. CNB has a higher sensitivity for routine diagnosis of malignancy; tumor typing and grading is facilitated by preserving the histological architecture. In conclusion, CNB is the procedure of choice in the diagnostic work-up for suspected malignant salivary gland tumors.

Paraparesis after low dose administration of fluorescein for endoscopic resection of an encephalocele: a case report.

The main causes for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are known to be traumatic, iatrogenic, neoplastic, a meningoencephalocele, congenital bone defects, and spontaneous. Off-label intrathecal administration of fluorescein is widely used to localize a CSF leak. Complications are rare and low dose administration is described to be safe. In this case report, we present a case of a patient, who showed a CSF leak due to an encephalocele. Low dose fluorescein was applied intrathecally via lumbar catheter, the CSF leaks could be identified, and multilayered closure was performed. Postoperatively, the patient presented with motor and sensory deficits in the lower limbs which regressed only partially within 2 months. A possible explanation may be an increased local concentration of fluorescein, possibly on the basis of a preexisting lumbar spinal canal stenosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which a dose as low as 20 mg of fluorescein (2% saline mixture) led to persisting paraplegia. Therefore, the potential benefits and risks of the intrathecal fluorescein use in the detection of a CSF leak have to be discussed comprehensively prior to surgery.

[Planning and design of European prospective randomized trial on the value of drain in parotidectomy]. / Vorstellung einer europaweiten prospektiven Studie zur Wertigkeit einer Drainage bei Parotidektomie.

INTRODUCTION: There are no valid clinical studies on the value of wound drains in parotid surgery. The aim of the current trial is to analyze the influence of the closed wound drain (redon) on the incidence of postoperative complications such as bleeding, wound healing problems, infection, as well as salivary cyst and fistula after superficial or partial parotidectomy. METHODS: A European-wide multicenter prospective randomized study was planned. The study protocol was prepared by the leading study center (ENT University Hospital Cologne) in cooperation with the ENT University Hospitals Jena and Göttingen. The calculation of the number of cases was carried out with G*Power. The study includes test persons with an indication for parotidectomy for a benign tumor without known coagulation disorder or ongoing anticoagulation. Preoperative randomization and data management is software-supported (REDCap 9.1.24, Vanderbilt University). RESULTS: The study has been approved by the leading ethics committee in 10/2019 and is open since 04/2019. Currently, nine (9) ENT hospitals are participating in the study, 6 of them in Germany and 3 in Austria. Enrollment of patients is ongoing in 7 centers. With a calculated follow-up-to-treat population of 800 test persons, the planned duration of the study is 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: The Redon-study is the first prospective randomized study worldwide to investigate the effect of a drain in parotidectomy. In order to achieve the recruitment goal within the planned time frame, the participation of further specialized study centers is needed. We also encourage all ENT physicians to make their patients aware of the Redon study, inform them about the possibility of participating in the study and refer them to one of the participating centers.

Combining the ASA Physical Classification System and Continuous Intraoperative Surgical Apgar Score Measurement in Predicting Postoperative Risk.

The surgical Apgar score predicts major 30-day postoperative complications using data assessed at the end of surgery. We hypothesized that evaluating the surgical Apgar score continuously during surgery may identify patients at high risk for postoperative complications. We retrospectively identified general, vascular, and general oncology patients at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Logistic regression methods were used to construct a series of predictive models in order to continuously estimate the risk of major postoperative complications, and to alert care providers during surgery should the risk exceed a given threshold. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was used to evaluate the discriminative ability of a model utilizing a continuously measured surgical Apgar score relative to models that use only preoperative clinical factors or continuously monitored individual constituents of the surgical Apgar score (i.e. heart rate, blood pressure, and blood loss). AUROC estimates were validated internally using a bootstrap method. 4,728 patients were included. Combining the ASA PS classification with continuously measured surgical Apgar score demonstrated improved discriminative ability (AUROC 0.80) in the pooled cohort compared to ASA (0.73) and the surgical Apgar score alone (0.74). To optimize the tradeoff between inadequate and excessive alerting with future real-time notifications, we recommend a threshold probability of 0.24. Continuous assessment of the surgical Apgar score is predictive for major postoperative complications. In the future, real-time notifications might allow for detection and mitigation of changes in a patient's accumulating risk of complications during a surgical procedure.

Diagnostic Accuracy and Post-Procedural Complications Associated with Ultrasound-Guided Core Needle Biopsy in the Preoperative Evaluation of Parotid Tumors.

Correct diagnosis of a parotid neoplasm based on histology preoperatively is of utmost importance in order to guide patient management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of a parotid lesion and to describe associated post-procedural complications. A retrospective study was conducted between January 2015 and March 2021 of all patients who were referred to a tertiary care center for evaluation of a parotid lesion and who underwent core needle biopsy due to high-risk features or when malignancy was suspected on clinical examination or ultrasonography. Patient characteristics, histological findings, and post-procedural complications were recorded and evaluated. Among 890 patients referred for evaluation of a parotid lesion, in 138 patients a core needle biopsy was undertaken. On the basis of core needle biopsy findings, 11 lymphomas and 82 non-lymphoma malignancies were diagnosed in the parotid gland. The sensitivity of the core needle biopsy predicting the accurate tumor type was 97.56% (95% CI 91.47-99.70%) and the specificity 94.64% (95% CI 85.13-98.88%). The accuracy for the correct histopathological diagnosis was 93.48% (95% CI 87.98-96.97%). Post-procedural minor complications occurred in 19 patients (13.8%). In conclusion, a core needle biopsy can identify malignancy in the parotid gland with high sensitivity and specificity in a safe manner and therefore guide surgical treatment.

Cancer-specific and overall survival of patients with primary and metastatic malignancies of the parotid gland - A retrospective study.

The aim of this study was to display the cancer-specific and overall survival of patients with primary and metastatic malignancies of the parotid gland. In this retrospective study all patients with primary parotid malignancy and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) of the parotid gland treated surgically with curative intent at a tertiary care institution were included. Patients were followed with regards to their oncologic outcome for a minimum of two years. Management approaches, overall, and cancer-specific survival were compared between patients with primary and secondary parotid gland carcinomas. Ninety-four patients (43 patients with primary parotid malignancy; 51 patients with metastatic cSCC of the parotid gland) were included. Patients with metastatic cSCC were older (p = 0.001) and more frequently male (p = 0.002). Adjuvant therapy (p = 0.001) and neck dissection (p = 0.009) were more frequently performed among patients with metastatic cSCC of the parotid gland than among those with primary parotid malignancy. Mean follow-up was 50 (95% CI: 40-65) months. Five-year cancer-specific survival was 87.3% among patients with primary parotid malignancies and 54.5% among patients with metastatic cSCC (p = 0.006). Cancer-specific survival of patients with metastatic cSCC of the parotid gland is still low. An earlier diagnosis of parotid metastases of cSCC may potentially lead to a better prognosis.

Can Ultrasound in Combination with Virtual Touch Imaging Quantification Predict the Dignity of a Parotid Tumor?

Pre-operative evaluation of a parotid gland tumor is crucial in guiding treatment. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of B-mode ultrasound in combination with Virtual Touch imaging quantification (VTIQ) in the assessment of parotid lesions. A prospective study of 268 patients with parotid lesions was conducted. Pre-operative ultrasound findings and VTIQ data were compared against histologic results. Ill-defined margins on ultrasound were associated with a significantly higher risk of malignancy (odds ratio [OR] = 1224.0, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 151.8-9872.7). Faster mean shear waves on VTIQ (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.47-2.23, per 1 m/s increase) and an area with shear wave velocity >6.0 m/s involving >70 % of the lesion (OR = 19.80, 95 % CI: 6.22-63.07) were associated with higher risk of malignancy. Addition of VTIQ to routine pre-operative B-mode ultrasound can provide supplemental information on the dignity of a parotid tumor, allowing for peri-operative procedural optimization.

Prospective study on complications using different techniques for parotidectomy for benign tumors.

OBJECTIVES: Long-term prospective studies on procedure-related complications after parotid surgery for benign neoplasms (BNs) are scarce. This is the first prospective study on the use of extracapsular dissection (ECD) for BNs, and it aimed to examine the incidence of postoperative complications after parotid surgery for BN. METHODS: We collected data obtained in a prospective study of parotidectomy for BN at a university hospital and analyzed the transient and long-term complications. RESULTS: The incidence rates of transient facial palsy immediately and 18 months after surgery were 15.0% and 3.7%, respectively. The rates of immediate postoperative facial palsy in patients who underwent ECD, partial superficial, superficial, and total parotidectomy were 5.8%, 29.3%, 20.0%, and 44.1%, respectively. Significant risk factors for facial palsy included multiple and larger lesions as well as surgery duration and extension. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative facial palsy remains a common complication after parotidectomy for BN and is associated with the extent of parotidectomy, presence of multiple neoplasms, and operative duration. The results of this study showed that ECD could be a safe technique for avoiding facial palsy. Level of Evidence: 2.

Multimodal Ultrasound Including Virtual Touch Imaging Quantification for Differentiating Cervical Lymph Nodes.

Defining the entity of cervical lymph nodes (LNs) is essential for the diagnosis and staging of head and neck malignancies. Virtual Touch imaging quantification (VTIQ) is a relatively new method of elastography that measures tissue stiffness quantitatively. A prospective study was conducted that included 108 patients (57 benign and 51 metastatic lymph nodes [MLNs]). Shear wave velocities (SWVs) were analyzed using VTIQ and were compared with the histopathological results. Both maximum and minimum SWVs within the LNs significantly differed between benign masses and MLNs (p < 0.001). Percentage areas of the node with SWVs >6 m/s and <3.5 m/s differed significantly (p < 0.001). Intralesional areas with SWVs ≤3.5 m/s of 0-29% (odds ratio: 93.7) and 30%-69% (odds ratio: 46.3) were predictive of malignant LNs as well as ill-defined tumor (odds ratio: 5.2). VTIQ can provide more information on the entity of cervical LNs.

Ultrasound can help to indirectly predict contact of parotid tumors to the facial nerve, correct intraglandular localization, and appropriate surgical technique.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this prospective study is to evaluate the role of ultrasound in benign parotid tumor surgery, particularly by helping to identify the tumor location and its relationship to the facial nerve (FN) and by predicting the appropriate surgical approach. METHODS: Fifty patients underwent preoperative ultrasound. The course of the FN was indirectly defined, and the following predictions were made: contact of the tumor with the FN, the necessity for intraoperative nerve exposure, localization in the correct parotid lobe, and choice of the appropriate surgical technique. RESULTS: Contact of parotid tumors with the FN was determined with an accuracy of 96%. The need for intraoperative nerve exposure was incorrectly determined only once. The appropriate surgical technique was correctly predicted in 98% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound is helpful for indirectly predicting the relationship between parotid tumors and the FN. The retromandibular vein is the most important landmark.

Cervical Hyperostosis Leading to Dyspnea, Aspiration and Dysphagia: Strategies to Improve Patient Management.

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a rare but well known cause of dysphagia. In very few cases aspiration and dyspnea are described as a clinical manifestation. An 82-year-old man presented himself in our clinic with severe dyspnea, aspiration, and pneumonia. After performing a microlaryngoscopy an emergency tracheotomy became necessary. In laryngoscopy a severe bulging of the posterior oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal wall was detected. The glottis area was not observable and immobilisation of the right vocal cord could be detected. The CT showed anterior osteophytes and ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament from C2-C7. We performed a panendoscopy in order to explore the upper aerodigestive area. Postoperatively an emergency tracheotomy was needed due to the development of laryngeal edema. The osteophytes were removed in cooperation with the department of orthopaedics. Three months postoperative the patient had no dyspnea or dysphagia, so the tracheotomy could be closed. Cervical hyperostosis is commonly described in elderly patients and usually presenting without symptoms, therefore a surgical treatment is usually not necessary. Nevertheless it can lead to severe morbidity and dyspnea with airway obstruction. Therefore it is essential that cervical hyperostosis is recognized early enough and appropriate treatment is initiated. Flexible endoscopy should be preferred over direct panendoscopy because it could lead to life-threatening edema and a prophylactic tracheostomy should be strongly considered in patients that present with severe dyspnea.