Utilizing a novel model of PANoptosis-related genes for enhanced prognosis and immune status prediction in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma.

Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is the most common histopathologic type of renal cell carcinoma. PANoptosis, a cell death pathway that involves an interplay between pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis, is associated with cancer immunity and development. However, the prognostic significance of PANoptosis in KIRC remains unclear. RNA-sequencing expression and mutational profiles from 532 KIRC samples and 72 normal samples with sufficient clinical data were retrieved from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A prognostic model was constructed using differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to PANoptosis in the TCGA cohort and was validated in a Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts. Incorporating various clinical features, the risk model remained an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis, and it demonstrated superior performance compared to unsupervised clustering of the 21 PANoptosis-related genes alone. Further mutational analysis showed fewer VHL and more BAP1 alterations in the high-risk group, with alterations in both genes also associated with patient prognosis. The high-risk group was characterized by an unfavorable immune microenvironment, marked by reduced levels of CD4 + T cells and natural killer cells, but increased M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells. Finally, the risk model was predictive of response to immune checkpoint blockade, as well as sensitivity to sunitinib and paclitaxel. The PANoptosis-related risk model developed in this study enables accurate prognostic prediction in KIRC patients. Its associations with the tumor immune microenvironment and drug efficacy may offer potential therapeutic targets and inform clinical decisions.

Antitumor immunity and prognosis value elicited by FAT3 and LRP1B co-mutation in endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: FAT3 and LRP1B are two tumor suppressor genes with high mutation frequency in multiple cancer types, we sought to investigate the prognostic and immunological significance of these two genes in EC. METHODS: Based on a cohort of 502 EC samples, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of its multidimensional data types including genomic, transcriptomic, and clinical information, the potential impact of FAT3 and LRP1B co-mutation on antitumor immune response and prognosis were systematically discussed. RESULTS: We observed that FAT3 and LRP1B co-mutation was not only defined a dataset with prominently increased TMB, decreased tumor aneuploidy, and specially enriched in MSI-H subtype, but also manifested increased expression of immune-related markers, especially exclusive upregulation of PD-L1 levels and higher PD-L1+/CD8A+ proportion. Further analysis focused on lymphocyte infiltration and pathway enrichment explored the immune cell composition of the microenvironment and underlying molecular mechanisms affecting tumor development. Furthermore, EC patients with FAT3 and LRP1B co-mutation possessed significantly prolonged PFS and OS, and the co-mutation status was proved to be an independent prognostic factor. And a nomogram with high predictive performance was constructed by incorporating co-mutation with clinical features. More strikingly, the prognosis of MSI-H patients in EC with co-mutation was significantly improved, and their survival reached a level consistent with the POLE subtype. CONCLUSIONS: In endometrial cancer, co-mutation of FAT3 and LRP1B not only leads to activation of the immune state, but also represents a subgroup with an improved prognosis, particularly in the MSI-H subtype.

Optimal therapy for concomitant EGFR and TP53 mutated non-small cell lung cancer: a real-world study.

BACKGROUND: Non-small cell cancer (NSCLC) patients with concomitant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and TP53 mutations have a poor prognosis with the treatment of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and may benefit from a combination regimen preferentially. The present study aims to compare the benefits of EGFR-TKIs and its combination with antiangiogenic drugs or chemotherapy in patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR and TP53 co-mutation in a real-life setting. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 124 patients with advanced NSCLC having concomitant EGFR and TP53 mutations, who underwent next-generation sequencing prior to treatment. Patients were classified into the EGFR-TKI group and combination therapy group. The primary end point of this study was progression-free survival (PFS). The Kaplan-Meier (KM) curve was drawn to analyze PFS, and the differences between the groups were compared using the logarithmic rank test. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis was performed on the risk factors associated with survival. RESULTS: The combination group included 72 patients who received the regimen of EGFR-TKIs combined with antiangiogenic drugs or chemotherapy, while the EGFR-TKI monotherapy group included 52 patients treated with TKI only. The median PFS was significantly longer in the combination group than in the EGFR-TKI group (18.0 months; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.1-23.9 vs. 7.0 months; 95% CI: 6.1-7.9; p < 0.001) with greater PFS benefit in TP53 exon 4 or 7 mutations subgroup. Subgroup analysis showed a similar trend. The median duration of response was significantly longer in the combination group than in the EGFR-TKI group. Patients with 19 deletions or L858R mutations both achieved a significant PFS benefit with combination therapy versus EGFR-TKI alone. CONCLUSION: Combination therapy had a higher efficacy than EGFR-TKI alone for patients with NSCLC having concomitant EGFR and TP53 mutations. Future prospective clinical trials are needed to determine the role of combination therapy for this patient population.

The prognostic impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective study.

Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is an aggressive and poorly differentiated type of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Because of the rarity of PSC, the efficacy and toxicity of immunotherapy remain unclear. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of advanced PSC. The study cohort was limited to 33 patients with pathologically confirmed PSC treated with ICIs in four hospitals in China from March 2018 to March 2022. Expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Categorical variables were compared with the Fisher exact test and survival analysis was conducted with the Kaplan-Meier method. Of the 33 PSC patients, 8 (24.2%) received monotherapy with ICIs and 25 (75.8%) received combination therapy with ICIs. The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 36.4% and 78.8%, respectively. The median durations of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 6.07 and 21.33 months, respectively. PD-L1 status in 16 available samples was assessed, which included 30.3% PD-L1-positive patients. The ORRs for PD-L1-positive vs. -negative patients were 50.0% and 90.0%, the DCR was 33.3% and 83.3%, and the median PFS was 17.50 and 6.07 months, respectively (p=0.812). The median OS was not reached in PD-L1-positive and -negative patients (p=0.655). The incidence of immune-related adverse (irAEs) was 48.5% and mainly included grade 1 or 2 (39.4%), while the incidence of grade 3 or 4 was 9.1%. Pneumonia (9.1%) and skin rash (9.1%) were the most frequent irAEs. Immunotherapy with ICIs was a promising regimen to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced PSC.

Epifriedelinol Ameliorates DMBA-Induced Breast Cancer in Albino Rats by Regulating the PI3K/AKT Pathway.

We evaluated the protective effect of epifriedelinol against breast cancer and postulated an underlying mechanism. Breast cancer was induced by a single dose of 50 mg/kg 7,12-Dimethylbenanthracene (DMBA), and rats were treated with 100 or 200 mg/kg (i.p.) epifriedelinol for 4 weeks. We then evaluated the effect of epifriedelinol on tumor growth, oxidative stress and serum inflammatory cytokine levels in DMBA-induced breast cancer. Protein and mRNA levels were determined using western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The tumor volume and weight were significantly (p < 0.01) decreased in the epifriedelinol-treated group compared to the negative control group. Epifriedelinol decreased the altered levels of oxidative stress and serum inflammatory cytokines in rats with DMBA-induced breast cancer. Protein levels of PI3K, AKT and mTOR and mRNA levels of PI3K, AKT, Map3k1, Erbb2 and Pdk1 were decreased in the mammary tissue of epifriedelinol-treated rats with DMBA-induced breast cancer. Apoptosis was significantly induced in the epifriedelinol-treated group compared to the negative control group. In conclusion, epifriedelinol ameliorates DMBA-induced breast cancer by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Anlotinib optimizes anti-tumor innate immunity to potentiate the therapeutic effect of PD-1 blockade in lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Many anti-angiogenic agents have the potential to modulate the tumor microenvironment and improve immunotherapy. Anlotinib has demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in third-line clinical trials. However, its roles in immune regulation and potentially synergistic anti-tumor effect in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition remain unclear. METHODS: Here, based on a syngeneic lung cancer mouse model, the intratumoral immunological changes post-anlotinib treatment in the model were assessed. Furthermore, it was tested whether anlotinib could enhance the anti-tumor effect of αPD-1 in vivo. RESULTS: This study shows that anlotinib increased infiltration of the innate immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APC), which include M1-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and dendritic cells (DC), whereas the percentage of M2-like TAM was dramatically reduced. Subsequently, when combined with PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1/PD-1 ligand 1) blockade, anlotinib conferred significantly synergistic therapeutic benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings describe a role for anlotinib in the innate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and a potentially synergistic anti-tumor combination with immune checkpoint inhibition.

UBR5 over-expression contributes to poor prognosis and tamoxifen resistance of ERa+ breast cancer by stabilizing ß-catenin.

BACKGROUND: Tamoxifen (TAM) resistance is a critical clinical challenge in the treatment of ERa+ breast cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in TAM-resistance are not fully understood. Here we study the efficacy of UBR5 in predicting TAM-resistance in ERa+ breast cancer. METHODS: Western blot RT-PCR and IHC staining were used to evaluate UBR5 protein and mRNA levels in ERa+ breast cancer cell and tissues. MTT assays and colony formation assays were used to measure cell proliferation. The xeno-graft tumor model was used for in vivo study. We performed protein stability assay and ubiquitin assay to detect ß-catenin protein degradation. Immuno-precipitation assay was used to detect the interaction between UBR5 and ß-catenin. The ubiquitin-based immuno-precipitation based assay was used to detect the ubiquitination of ß-catenin. RESULTS: High UBR5 expression was correlated with poor prognosis in ER+ breast cancer. Importantly, UBR5 expression was remarkably upregulated in TAM-refractory breast cancer tissues compared with their primary paired TAM-untreated tissues. Additionally, UBR5 overexpression caused tamoxifen-resistance in vitro, whereas UBR5 knockdown increased TAM sensitivity. Mechanistic investigations revealed that UBR5 overexpression, through its ubiquitin ligase catalyzing activity, led to up-regulation of ß-catenin expression and activity. Finally, our results confirmed that TAM-resistance promoting effects by UBR5 in ERa+ breast cancer cells was at least partly due to ß-catenin stabilization, and inhibition of the UBR5/ß-catenin signaling re-sensitizing the resistant breast cancer cells to tamoxifen in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that UBR5/ß-catenin signaling might be a potential therapeutic target for TAM-resistant ERa+ breast cancer.

Baicalin reverses radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by downregulating autophagy.

BACKGROUND: Radiation resistance is the main cause of recurrence after radiotherapy, and increased autophagy after radiotherapy is related to radiotherapy resistance. This study aims to investigate the reversal effect of baicalin on radioresistance and its related mechanism. METHODS: CCK-8 and flow cytometry were used to detect the effect of proliferation and apoptosis by baicalin. Clone formation test was used to verify the effect of baicalin radiosensitization. Western blot analysis and electron microscopy were employed to observe the effect of baicalin on autophagy. RESULTS: Compared with the radiation therapy (RT) group, the RT combined baicalin (RT + BA) group showed a significantly low 2 Gy survival fraction of radiation therapy (P < 0.05). LC3-II protein expression in the RT group was significantly higher than which in the RT + BA group (P < 0.05). Electron microscopy showed that more autophagic vacuoles were observed in the RT group than those in the RT + BA group. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, baicalin can reverse the radioresistance of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2R cells by downregulating RT-enhanced autophagy.

MicroRNA-223 Targeting STIM1 Inhibits the Biological Behavior of Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate the cellular effects and clinical significance of microRNA-223 (miR-223) in breast cancer by targeting stromal interaction molecule1 (STIM1). METHODS: Breast cancer cell lines (T47D, MCF-7, SKB-R3, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435) and a normal breast epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) were prepared for this study. MiR-223 mimics, anti-miR-223 and pcDNA 3.1-STIM1 were transiently transfected into cancer cells independently or together, and then RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expressions of miR-223 and STIM1 mRNA, dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to examine the effects of miR-223 on STIM1, Western blotting was used to measure the expressions of the STIM1 proteins, MTT and Trans-well assays were performed to detect cell proliferation and invasion. Finally, the correlation of miR-223 and STIM1 was investigated by detecting with ISH and IHC in breast cancer specimens or the corresponding adjacent normal tissues. RESULTS: Compared with normal cells and tissues, breast cancer tissues and cells exhibited significantly lower expression of miR-223, but higher expression of STIM1. MiR-223 could inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells by negatively regulating the expressions of STIM1. Reimplantation with STIM1 partially rescued the miRNA-223-induced inhibition of breast cancer cells. Clinical data revealed that high expression of STIM1 and miR-223 was respectively detrimental and beneficial factor impacting patient's disease-free survival (DFS) rather than overall survival (OS). Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis also confirmed that STIM1 was inversely correlated with miR-223. CONCLUSION: MiR-223 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer by targeting STIM1. The miR-223/STIM1 axis could possibly be a potential therapeutic target for treating breast cancer patients.

[Efficacy of lapatinib versus trastuzumab in neoadjuvant therapy of HER-2 positive breast cancer: a meta-analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of lapatinib or lapatinib plus trastuzumab versus trastuzumab in the neoadjuvant therapy of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) positive breast cancer. METHODS: MEDLINE database, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS), European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) proceedings and China Biomedical Database were searched for literatures of trastuzumab or lapatinib in neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer. There was no limit of language or time. A meta-analysis was performed for retrieved literatures meeting the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: A total of 1 794 breast cancer patients from 5 clinical trials were included. And the regimens were lapatinib plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 719), trastuzumab plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 714) and both drugs plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 361). The rate of pathological complete remission (pCR) was lower in lapatinib group than that in trastuzumab group (28.2% vs 35.4%). And the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.004). The pCR rate was significantly higher in lapatinib plus trastuzumab therapy group than that in trastuzumab group (53.2% vs 38.1%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lapatinib can not replace trastuzumab as a first-choice agent in neoadjuvant therapy of HER-2 positive breast cancer. Lapatinib plus trastuzumab achieves better pCR than trastuzumab so that it and may become a first-choice of neoadjuvant therapy for HER-2 positive breast cancer regardless of economic affordability for patients.

Circ_0006949 as a potential non-invasive diagnosis biomarker promotes the proliferation of NSCLC cells via miR-4673/GLUL axis.

The 5-year survival for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains <20 %, primarily due to the early symptoms of lung cancer are inconspicuous. Prompt identification and medical intervention could serve as effective strategies for mitigating the death rate. We therefore set out to identify biomarkers to help diagnose NSCLC. CircRNA microarray and qRT-PCR reveal that sputum circ_0006949 is a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis and therapy of NSCLC, which can enhance the proliferation and clone formation, regulate the cell cycle, and accelerate the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Circ_0006949 and miR-4673 are predominantly co-localized in the cytoplasm of NSCLC cell lines and tissues; it upregulates GLUL by adsorption of miR-4673 through competing endogenous RNAs mechanism. The circ_0006949/miR-4673/GLUL axis exerts pro-cancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Circ_0006949 can boost GLUL catalytic activity, and they are highly expressed in NSCLC tissues and correlate with poor prognosis. In summary, circ_0006949 is a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis and therapy of NSCLC. This novel sputum circRNA is statistically more predictive than conventional serum markers for NSCLC diagnosis. Non-invasive detection of patients with early-stage NSCLC using sputum has shown good potential for routine diagnosis and possible screening.

Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of NRG1/2 Gene Fusion Solid Tumors.

The fusion genes NRG1 and NRG2 , members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family, have emerged as key drivers in cancer. Upon fusion, NRG1 retains its EGF-like active domain, binds to the ERBB ligand family, and triggers intracellular signaling cascades, promoting uncontrolled cell proliferation. The incidence of NRG1 gene fusion varies across cancer types, with lung cancer being the most prevalent at 0.19 to 0.27%. CD74 and SLC3A2 are the most frequently observed fusion partners. RNA-based next-generation sequencing is the primary method for detecting NRG1 and NRG2 gene fusions, whereas pERBB3 immunohistochemistry can serve as a rapid prescreening tool for identifying NRG1 -positive patients. Currently, there are no approved targeted drugs for NRG1 and NRG2 . Common treatment approaches involve pan-ERBB inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors targeting ERBB2 or ERBB3, and monoclonal antibodies. Given the current landscape of NRG1 and NRG2 in solid tumors, a consensus among diagnostic and treatment experts is proposed, and clinical trials hold promise for benefiting more patients with NRG1 and NRG2 gene fusion solid tumors.

Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of HER2-altered non-small cell lung cancer.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) possesses tyrosine kinase activity and participates in cell growth, differentiation and migration, and survival. Its alterations, mainly including mutations, amplifications, and overexpression are associated with poor prognosis and are one of the major drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several clinical trials had been investigating on the treatments of HER2-altered NSCLC, including conventional chemotherapy, programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), however, the results were either disappointing or encouraging, but inconsistent. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration as the first targeted agent for treating HER2-mutant NSCLC. Effective screening of patients is the key to the clinical application of HER2-targeted agents such as TKIs and ADCs. Various testing methods are nowadays available, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), etc. Each method has its pros and cons and should be reasonably assigned to appropriate patients for diagnosis and guiding treatment decisions. To help standardize the clinical workflow, our expert group reached a consensus on the clinical management of HER2-altered NSCLC, focusing on the diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a malignant tumor originating from the pleura, and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. Due to the insidious onset and strong local invasiveness of MPM, most patients are diagnosed in the late stage and early screening and treatment for high-risk populations are crucial. The treatment of MPM mainly includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Immunotherapy and electric field therapy have also been applied, leading to further improvements in patient survival. The Mesothelioma Group of the Yangtze River Delta Lung Cancer Cooperation Group (East China LUng caNcer Group, ECLUNG; Youth Committee) developed a national consensus on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of MPM based on existing clinical research evidence and the opinions of national experts. This consensus aims to promote the homogenization and standardization of MPM diagnosis and treatment in China, covering epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.

Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of thymic epithelial tumors.

Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are a relatively rare type of thoracic tumor, accounting for less than 1% of all tumors. The incidence of TETs is about 3.93/10000 in China, slightly higher than that of European and American countries. For resectable TETs, complete surgical resection is recommended. Radiotherapy or chemotherapy may be used as postoperative adjuvant treatment. Treatment for advanced, unresectable TETs consist mainly of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but there is a lack of standard first- and second-line treatment regimens. Recently, targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising outcomes in TETs. Based on the currently available clinical evidences and the opinions of the national experts, the Thymic Oncology Group of Yangtze River Delta Lung Cancer Cooperation Group (East China LUng caNcer Group, ECLUNG; Youth Committee) established this Chinese expert consensus on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of TETs, covering the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and follow-up of TETs.

Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of RET gene fusion non-small cell lung cancer in China.

The rearranged during transfection (RET) gene is one of the receptor tyrosine kinases and cell-surface molecules responsible for transmitting signals that regulate cell growth and differentiation. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), RET fusion is a rare driver gene alteration associated with a poor prognosis. Fortunately, two selective RET inhibitors (sRETi), namely pralsetinib and selpercatinib, have been approved for treating RET fusion NSCLC due to their remarkable efficacy and safety profiles. These inhibitors have shown the ability to overcome resistance to multikinase inhibitors (MKIs). Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials are investigating several second-generation sRETis that are specifically designed to target solvent front mutations, which pose a challenge for first-generation sRETis. The effective screening of patients is the first crucial step in the clinical application of RET-targeted therapy. Currently, four methods are widely used for detecting gene rearrangements: next-generation sequencing (NGS), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Each of these methods has its advantages and limitations. To streamline the clinical workflow and improve diagnostic and treatment strategies for RET fusion NSCLC, our expert group has reached a consensus. Our objective is to maximize the clinical benefit for patients and promote standardized approaches to RET fusion screening and therapy.

Serum IL-35 levels is a new candidate biomarker of cancer-related cachexia in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cancer-related cachexia is a major cause of treatment resistance and poor prognosis, which is characterized by anorexia and skeletal muscle depletion. To date, there have been no reports on the relationship between IL-35 and cancer-related cachexia in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: Serum IL-35 levels in 86 patients with stage IV NSCLC were measured and statistically analyzed based on patients' clinicopathological parameters. Serum albumin levels, C-reactive protein, and skeletal muscle index (SMI) of the patients were also determined. In vivo studies using a mouse model were also conducted by subcutaneously injecting immunodeficiency (SCID) mice with overexpressing IL-35 cell lines and determining their daily food intake, bodyweight and muscle atrophy. Cachexia indicators were measured again after administering the mice with an anti-IL35 neutralizing antibody. RESULTS: Patients with stage IV NSCLC had significantly higher serum IL-35 levels than the healthy controls. Similarly, circulating IL-35 levels were significantly higher in patients with cachexia than those without. The SMI values of patients with high serum IL-35 levels were significantly lower than those with low serum IL-35 levels. Mice subcutaneously injected with LLC PLV-IL-35 cell lines exhibited anorexia, weight loss, and muscle atrophy. Moreover, these symptoms were significantly reduced after administering the mice with an anti-IL35 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that high serum IL-35 expression is associated with non-small cell lung cancer cachexia and skeletal muscle atrophy. These findings highlight its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for controlling cachexia of advanced lung cancer.

Isoliquiritigenin inhibits non-small cell lung cancer progression via m6A/IGF2BP3-dependent TWIST1 mRNA stabilization.

BACKGROUND: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been identified to regulate the tumorigenesis and development of various tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), derived from the Chinese herb licorice, shows a significant anti-tumor activity on multiple human cancers. However, the role of ISL on NSCLC through m6A is still unclear. PURPOSE: Here, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of ISL on NSCLC, and explored whether ISL affected the NSCLC phenotype by modulating its m6A modification. METHODS: Cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays were performed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ISL on NSCLC cells. M6A enrichment was determined by m6A quantitative analysis. The mechanism regarding IGF2BP3 was explored using RIP-PCR, MeRIP-qPCR and RNA decay analysis. RESULTS: ISL significantly repressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells in vitro. In addition, m6A reader IGF2BP3 expression significantly increased in NSCLC tissues compared to adjacent tissues, and was positively correlated with NSCLC patients' poor survival. Mechanistically, ISL reduced m6A modification and down-regulated IGF2BP3 expression in NSCLC. Furthermore, IGF2BP3 enhanced the mRNA stability of twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 (TWIST1) in m6A-dependent manner. Moreover, ISL treatment combined with TWSIT1 knockdown effectively reversed IGF2BP3 overexpression-induced NSCLC cells' proliferation, migration and invasion. CONCLUSION: Our findings uncover that ISL might function as an anticarcinogen through targeting IGF2BP3/m6A/TWIST1 axis for NSCLC.

Treatment outcomes and prognosis of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy in patients with advanced thymic carcinoma: A multicentre retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy has demonstrated good efficacy and survival outcomes in solid tumours. However, efficacy data for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in advanced thymic carcinoma are lacking. The present study aimed to assess the activity of ICIs in advanced thymic carcinoma. METHODS: A multicentre retrospective study was conducted to explore the efficacy and safety of ICIs for advanced thymic carcinoma. Objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were analysed. In addition, factors independently associated with treatment efficacy and survival outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 77 patients with advanced thymic carcinoma were enrolled between March 2016 and September 2021. The ORR was existing the difference between ICIs monotherapy (n = 23) and ICIs combined with chemotherapy (n = 54) (17.4% versus 44.4%, P = 0.024). The ICIs combination treatments were associated with better median PFS (mPFS) compared to ICIs monotherapy (12.7 months versus 2.1 months, P < 0.001). Notably, liver or brain metastasis was a poor prognostic factor of mPFS (1.8 months versus 3.5 months, P = 0.012) in the ICIs monotherapy group. In addition, mPFS for the first-line treatment (n = 27) was longer than that for ICIs as the second- or posterior-line treatment (n = 50) (P < 0.001). The incidence of irAEs was 54.5% (42/77) in the 77 enrolled patients. The incidence of grade 3-4 irAE was 15.6% (12/77). CONCLUSIONS: Immunotherapy is effective in advanced thymic carcinoma, especially for combination with chemotherapy showed promising antitumour activity, which indicates worthy of combination treatment strategy for further study. IrAEs also require close monitoring and management.