An atlas of genetic effects on cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment.

Deciphering the composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical for understanding tumorigenesis and to design immunotherapies. In the present study, we mapped genetic effects on cell-type proportions using single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data, identifying 3,494 immunity quantitative trait loci (immunQTLs) across 23 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Functional annotation revealed regulatory potential and we further assigned 1,668 genes that regulate TME composition. We constructed a combined immunQTL map by integrating data from European and Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) samples. A polygenic risk score that incorporates these immunQTLs and hits on a genome-wide association study outperformed in CRC risk stratification within 447,495 multiethnic individuals. Using large-scale population cohorts, we identified that the immunQTL rs1360948 is associated with CRC risk and prognosis. Mechanistically, the rs1360948-G-allele increases CCL2 expression, recruiting regulatory T cells that can exert immunosuppressive effects on CRC progression. Blocking the CCL2-CCR2 axis enhanced anti-programmed cell death protein 1 ligand therapy. Finally, we have established a database (CancerlmmunityQTL2) to serve the research community and advance our understanding of immunogenomic interactions in cancer pathogenesis.

Negative feedback enhances robustness in the yeast polarity establishment circuit.

Many cells undergo symmetry-breaking polarization toward a randomly oriented "front" in the absence of spatial cues. In budding yeast, such polarization involves a positive feedback loop that enables amplification of stochastically arising clusters of polarity factors. Previous mathematical modeling suggested that, if more than one cluster were amplified, the clusters would compete for limiting resources and the largest would "win," explaining why yeast cells always make one and only one bud. Here, using imaging with improved spatiotemporal resolution, we show the transient coexistence of multiple clusters during polarity establishment, as predicted by the model. Unexpectedly, we also find that initial polarity factor clustering is oscillatory, revealing the presence of a negative feedback loop that disperses the factors. Mathematical modeling predicts that negative feedback would confer robustness to the polarity circuit and make the kinetics of competition between polarity factor clusters relatively insensitive to polarity factor concentration. These predictions are confirmed experimentally.

UBC9-mediated SUMOylation of Lamin B1 enhances DNA-damage-induced nuclear DNA leakage and autophagy after spinal cord injury.

Recent studies have shown that nucleophagy can mitigate DNA damage by selectively degrading nuclear components protruding from the nucleus. However, little is known about the role of nucleophagy in neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI). Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence were performed to evaluate the nucleophagy after nuclear DNA damage and leakage in SCI neurons in vivo and NSC34 expression in primary neurons cultured with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro, as well as the interaction and colocalization of autophagy protein LC3 with nuclear lamina protein Lamin B1. The effect of UBC9, a Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) E2 ligase, on Lamin B1 SUMOylation and nucleophagy was examined by siRNA transfection or 2-D08 (a small-molecule inhibitor of UBC9), immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence. In SCI and OGD injured NSC34 or primary cultured neurons, neuronal nuclear DNA damage induced the SUMOylation of Lamin B1, which was required by the nuclear Lamina accumulation of UBC9. Furthermore, LC3/Atg8, an autophagy-related protein, directly bound to SUMOylated Lamin B1, and delivered Lamin B1 to the lysosome. Knockdown or suppression of UBC9 with siRNA or 2-D08 inhibited SUMOylation of Lamin B1 and subsequent nucleophagy and protected against neuronal death. Upon neuronal DNA damage and leakage after SCI, SUMOylation of Lamin B1 is induced by nuclear Lamina accumulation of UBC9. Furthermore, it promotes LC3-Lamin B1 interaction to trigger nucleophagy that protects against neuronal DNA damage.

Genetic Control of Alternative Splicing and its Distinct Role in Colorectal Cancer Mechanisms.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Dysregulation of alternative splicing is implicated in many human diseases, and understanding the genetic variation underlying transcript splicing is essential to dissect the molecular mechanisms of cancers. We aimed to provide a comprehensive functional dissection of splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) in cancer and focus on elucidating its distinct role in colorectal cancer (CRC) mechanisms. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive sQTL analysis to identify genetic variants that control messenger RNA splicing across 33 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas and independently validated in our 154 CRC tissues. Then, large-scale, multicenter, multi-ethnic case-control studies (34,585 cases and 76,023 controls) were conducted to examine the association of these sQTLs with CRC risk. A series of biological experiments in vitro and in vivo were performed to investigate the potential mechanisms of the candidate sQTLs and target genes. RESULTS: The molecular characterization of sQTL revealed its distinct role in cancer susceptibility. Tumor-specific sQTL further showed better response to cancer development. In addition, functionally informed polygenic risk score highlighted the potentiality of sQTLs in the CRC prediction. Complemented by large-scale population studies, we identified that the risk allele (T) of a multi-ancestry-associated sQTL rs61746794 significantly increased the risk of CRC in Chinese (odds ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.12-1.29; P = 8.82 × 10-7) and European (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.16; P = 1.13 × 10-7) populations. rs61746794-T facilitated PRMT7 exon 16 splicing mediated by the RNA-binding protein PRPF8, thus increasing the level of canonical PRMT7 isoform (PRMT7-V2). Overexpression of PRMT7-V2 significantly enhanced the growth of CRC cells and xenograft tumors compared with PRMT7-V1. Mechanistically, PRMT7-V2 functions as an epigenetic writer that catalyzes the arginine methylation of H4R3 and H3R2, subsequently regulating diverse biological processes, including YAP, AKT, and KRAS pathway. A selective PRMT7 inhibitor, SGC3027, exhibited antitumor effects on human CRC cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides an informative sQTLs resource and insights into the regulatory mechanisms linking splicing variants to cancer risk and serving as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

ZNF131 facilitates the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by acting as a transcriptional activator of SMC4 expression.

ZNF131 is a Zinc finger protein that acts as a transcription factor with oncogenic effects in multiple cancers. In this study, we aimed to explore the alternative splicing profile of ZNF131 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), its regulatory effects on cell-cycle progression, and the downstream effectors. ZNF131 transcriptional profile and HCC survival analysis were conducted using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-Liver Hepatocellular Cancer (LIHC) dataset. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR and dual-luciferase reporter assays were utilized to explore transcriptional regulation. CCK-8, colony formation and xenograft tumor models were used to study HCC tumor growth. Results showed that ZNF131 isoform 2 is upregulated in HCC tissues and its upregulation was associated with unfavorable overall survival (OS) and progression-free interval (PFI). Knockdown of endogenous ZNF131 inhibits HCC cell growth and induces G2/M cell-cycle arrest. ZNF131 binds to the SMC4 promoter by interacting with ZBTB33 and the ZBTB33 recognizing motif. ZNF131 transcriptionally activates SMC4 expression in HCC cells. The tumor-suppressive effects of ZNF131 shRNA could be partially reversed by enforced SMC4 overexpression. In summary, this study highlights the ZNF131/ZBTB33/SMC4 axis as a driver of pathological cell cycling and proliferation in HCC.

Anti-PD-1 antibody in combination with radiotherapy as first-line therapy for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) has a poor prognosis despite treatment with standard combination chemotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiotherapy in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody in unresectable iCCA without distant metastases. METHODS: In this phase II study, patients with histopathologically confirmed unresectable primary or postoperative recurrent iCCA without distant metastases were enrolled. Patients received external radiotherapy with a dose of ≥45 Gy (2-2.5 Gy per fraction), followed by anti-PD-1 immunotherapy (camrelizumab 200 mg once, every 3 weeks) initiated within 7 days after completion of radiotherapy as first-line therapy. The primary endpoint was 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate. The secondary end points included safety, objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: From December 2019 to March 2021, 36 patients completed radiotherapy and at least one cycle of immunotherapy and were included in efficacy and safety analyses. The median follow-up was 19.0 months (IQR 12.0-24.0), and the one-year PFS rate was 44.4% (95% CI, 30.8-64.0). The median PFS was 12.0 months (95% CI, 7.5-not estimable); the median OS was 22.0 months (95% CI, 15.0-not estimable). The ORR was 61.1% and the DCR was 86.1%. Seventeen of 36 (47.2%) patients experienced treatment-related adverse effects (AEs) of any grade. The most common AE was reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation (25.0%). Five (13.9%) patients experienced grade ≥3 treatment-related AEs, including decreased lymphocyte (5.6%), bullous dermatitis (2.8%), decreased platelet count (2.8%), and deep-vein thrombosis (2.8%). CONCLUSIONS: External radiotherapy plus camrelizumab, as first-line therapy, met its primary endpoint and showed antitumor activity and low toxicity levels in patients with unresectable iCCA without distant metastases, warranting further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03898895. Registered 2 April 2019.

Genetic architectures of the human hippocampus and those involved in neuropsychiatric traits.

BACKGROUND: The hippocampus, with its complex subfields, is linked to numerous neuropsychiatric traits. While most research has focused on its global structure or a few specific subfields, a comprehensive analysis of hippocampal substructures and their genetic correlations across a wide range of neuropsychiatric traits remains underexplored. Given the hippocampus's high heritability, considering hippocampal and subfield volumes (HASV) as endophenotypes for neuropsychiatric conditions is essential. METHODS: We analyzed MRI-derived volumetric data of hippocampal and subfield structures from 41,525 UK Biobank participants. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 24 HASV traits were conducted, followed by genetic correlation, overlap, and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses with 10 common neuropsychiatric traits. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) based on HASV traits were also evaluated for predicting these traits. RESULTS: Our analysis identified 352 independent genetic variants surpassing a significance threshold of 2.1 × 10-9 within the 24 HASV traits, located across 93 chromosomal regions. Notably, the regions 12q14.3, 17q21.31, 12q24.22, 6q21, 9q33.1, 6q25.1, and 2q24.2 were found to influence multiple HASVs. Gene set analysis revealed enrichment of neural differentiation and signaling pathways, as well as protein binding and degradation. Of 240 HASV-neuropsychiatric trait pairs, 75 demonstrated significant genetic correlations (P < 0.05/240), revealing 433 pleiotropic loci. Particularly, genes like ACBD4, ARHGAP27, KANSL1, MAPT, ARL17A, and ARL17B were involved in over 50 HASV-neuropsychiatric pairs. Leveraging Mendelian randomization analysis, we further confirmed that atrophy in the left hippocampus, right hippocampus, right hippocampal body, and right CA1-3 region were associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, PRS for all four HASVs were significantly linked to a higher risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), with the highest hazard ratio (HR) of 1.30 (95% CI 1.18-1.43, P = 6.15 × 10⁻8) for right hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the extensive distribution of pleiotropic genetic determinants between HASVs and neuropsychiatric traits. Moreover, they suggest a significant potential for effectively managing and intervening in these diseases during their early stages.

Renal Clearable Nanodots-Engineered Erythrocytes with Enhanced Circulation and Tumor Accumulation for Photothermal Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Living cell-mediated nanodelivery system is considered a promising candidate for targeted antitumor therapy; however, their use is restricted by the adverse interactions between carrier cells and nanocargos. Herein, a novel erythrocyte-based nanodelivery system is developed by assembling renal-clearable copper sulfide (CuS) nanodots on the outer membranes of erythrocytes via a lipid fusion approach, and demonstrate that it is an efficient photothermal platform against hepatocellular carcinoma. After intravenous injection of the nanodelivery system, CuS nanodots assembled on erythrocytes can be released from the system, accumulate in tumors in response to the high shear stress of bloodstream, and show excellent photothermal antitumor effect under the near infrared laser irradiation. Therefore, the erythrocyte-mediated nanodelivery system holds many advantages including prolonged blood circulation duration and enhanced tumor accumulation. Significantly, the elimination half-life of the nanodelivery system is 74.75 ± 8.77 h, which is much longer than that of nanodots (33.56 ± 2.36 h). Moreover, the other two kinds of nanodots can be well assembled onto erythrocytes to produce other erythrocyte-based hitchhiking platforms. Together, the findings promote not only the development of novel erythrocyte-based nanodelivery systems as potential platforms for tumor treatment but also their further clinical translation toward personalized healthcare.

Model-based precision dosing and remedial dosing recommendations for delayed or missed doses of isoniazid in Chinese patients with tuberculosis.

AIMS: Isoniazid (INH) has been used as a first-line drug to treat tuberculosis (TB) for more than 50 years. However, large interindividual variability was found in its pharmacokinetics, and effects of nonadherence to INH treatment and corresponding remedy regime remain unclear. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of INH in Chinese patients with TB to provide model-informed precision dosing and explore appropriate remedial dosing regimens for nonadherent patients. METHODS: In total, 1012 INH observations from 736 TB patients were included. A nonlinear mixed-effects modelling was used to analyse the PPK of INH. Using Monte Carlo simulations to determine optimal dosage regimens and design remedial dosing regimens. RESULTS: A 2-compartmental model, including first-order absorption and elimination with allometric scaling, was found to best describe the PK characteristics of INH. A mixture model was used to characterize dual rates of INH elimination. Estimates of apparent clearance in fast and slow eliminators were 28.0 and 11.2 L/h, respectively. The proportion of fast eliminators in the population was estimated to be 40.5%. Monte Carlo simulations determined optimal dosage regimens for slow and fast eliminators with different body weight. For remedial dosing regimens, the missed dose should be taken as soon as possible when the delay does not exceed 12 h, and an additional dose is not needed. delay for an INH dose exceeds 12 h, the patient only needs to take the next single dose normally. CONCLUSION: PPK modelling and simulation provide valid evidence on the precision dosing and remedial dosing regimen of INH.

The Effects of Excipients on Freeze-dried Monoclonal Antibody Formulation Degradation and Sub-Visible Particle Formation during Shaking.

PURPOSES: We previously reported an unexpected phenomenon that shaking stress could cause more protein degradation in freeze-dried monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations than liquid ones (J Pharm Sci, 2022, 2134). The main purposes of the present study were to investigate the effects of shaking stress on protein degradation and sub-visible particle (SbVP) formation in freeze-dried mAb formulations, and to analyze the factors influencing protein degradation during production and transportation. METHODS: The aggregation behavior of mAb-X formulations during production and transportation was simulated by shaking at a rate of 300 rpm at 25°C for 24 h. The contents of particles and monomers were analyzed by micro-flow imaging, dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, and ultraviolet - visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy to compare the protective effects of excipients on the aggregation of mAb-X. RESULTS: Shaking stress could cause protein degradation in freeze-dried mAb-X formulations, while surfactant, appropriate pH, polyol mannitol, and high protein concentration could impact SbVP generation. Water content had little effect on freeze-dried protein degradation during shaking, as far as the water content was controlled in the acceptable range as recommended by mainstream pharmacopoeias (i.e., less than 3%). CONCLUSIONS: Shaking stress can reduce the physical stability of freeze-dried mAb formulations, and the addition of surfactants, polyol mannitol, and a high protein concentration have protective effects against the degradation of model mAb formulations induced by shaking stress. The experimental results provide new insight for the development of freeze-dried mAb formulations.

Anti-thrombotic effect of protoparaxotriol saponins from Panax notoginseng using zebrafish model.

Panax notoginseng has the effect of stimulating circulation to end stasis. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti-thrombotic effect of protoparaxotriol saponins (PTS) from Panax notoginseng and the involved mechanisms. A thrombosis model was constructed, and the anti-thrombotic activity of PTS was determined by erythrocyte staining, heart rate, and blood flow velocity. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to identify changes in the expression of genes related to coagulation, inflammation, and apoptosis. PTS alleviated arachidonic acid (AA)-induced caudal vein thrombosis, restored blood flow, and increased the area of cardiac erythrocyte staining, heart rate and blood flow velocity. It reduced the ponatinib-induced cerebral thrombus area and decreased the intensity of erythrocyte staining. The qPCR data showed that the anti-thrombotic effect of PTS was mediated by suppression of genes related to coagulation, inflammation and apoptosis, and also involved inhibition of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways.

The alleviative effect of C-phycocyanin peptides against TNBS-induced inflammatory bowel disease in zebrafish via the MAPK/Nrf2 signaling pathways.

INTRODUCTION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an incurable and highly complex chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affecting millions of people worldwide. C-phycocyanin (C-PC) has been reported to possess outstanding anti-inflammatory activities and can effectively inhibit various inflammation-related diseases. Whether C-PC-derived bioactive peptides can inhibit intestinal inflammation is worth research and consideration. METHODS: The inhibition activities of three anti-neuroinflammatory peptides were evaluated using 2-4-6-trinitrobenzen sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced zebrafish colitis model. Subsequently, the abilities of peptides to promote gastrointestinal motility were also examined. The changes in the intestinal pathological symptoms and ultrastructure of intestinal, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and antioxidant enzymes were then determined after co-treatment with peptides and TNBS. Transcriptome analysis was used to investigate the underlying ameliorating TNBS-induced colitis effects molecular mechanisms of better activity peptide. Furthermore, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and molecular docking techniques verified the mRNA sequencing results. RESULTS: Three peptides, MHLWAAK, MAQAAEYYR and MDYYFEER, which significantly inhibit macrophage migration, were synthesized. The results showed that these peptides could effectively alleviate the inflammatory responses in the TNBS-induced zebrafish model of colitis. In addition, co-treatment with TNBS and C-PC peptides could decrease ROS production and increase antioxidant enzyme activities in zebrafish larvae. Moreover, MHLWAAK had the most significantly therapeutic effects on colitis in zebrafish. The transcriptome analysis suggests that the effect of MHLWAAK on TNBS-induced colitis may be associated with the modulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway associated genes. In addition, molecular docking was conducted to study the prospective interaction between peptides and the key proteins that streamline the Nrf2 and MAPK signaling pathways. IL-6, JNK3, TNF-α, KEAP1-NRF2 complex and MAPK may be the core targets of MHLWAAK in treating colitis. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the three C-PC-derived peptides could ameliorate TNBS-induced colitis in zebrafish, and these peptides might be a promising therapeutic candidate for UC treatment.

Characterization of primary small intestinal lymphoma: a retrospective study based on double balloon endoscopy.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of primary small intestinal lymphoma (PSIL) is difficult. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, radiological and endoscopic characteristics of PSIL and provide clue for diagnosis. METHODS: A total of 30 patients diagnosed with PSIL who underwent double balloon endoscopy (DBE) in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical, radiological and endoscopic data were collected. Univariate analysis was used to determine significant indicators for differentiating three main subtypes of PSIL. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors for survival. RESULTS: In this study, 10 patients were pathologically diagnosed as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 11 were indolent B-cell lymphoma (BCL) and 9 were T-cell lymphoma (TCL). Compared with DLBCL patients, the body mass index (BMI) of TCL patients was significantly lower (p = 0.004). Meanwhile, compared with patients with DLBCL, the patients with indolent BCL had lower levels of C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), fibrinogen and D-Dimer (p = 0.004, p = 0.004, p = 0.006, and p = 0.002, respectively), and lower proportion of thicker intestinal wall and aneurysmal dilation in CT scan (p = 0.003 and p = 0.020, respectively). In terms of ulcer morphology, patients with DLBCL had significantly higher proportion of deep ulcers than patients with indolent BCL (p = 0.020, respectively). Cox regression analysis showed that drink (p = 0.034), concomitant colonic ulcers (p = 0.034) and elevated LDH (p = 0.043) are risk factors for mortality in patients with PSIL. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides clinical characteristics of patients with PSIL. Thicker intestinal wall and aneurismal dilation detected on CT scan and deeper ulcer on DBE examination helps to establish a diagnosis of DLBCL.

Discovery of a highly selective fluorescent probe for hydrogen peroxide and its biocompatibility evaluation and bioimaging applications in cells and zebrafish.

As one of the most widely distributed reactive oxygen species in vivo, hydrogen peroxide plays divergent and important roles in cell growth, differentiation and aging. When the level of hydrogen peroxide in the body is abnormal, it will lead to genome mutation and induce irreversible oxidative modification of proteins, lipids and polysaccharides, resulting in cell death or even disease. Therefore, it is significant to develop a sensitive and specific probe for real-time detection of hydrogen peroxide in vivo. In this study, the response mechanism between hydrogen peroxide and probe QH was investigated by means of HRMS and the probe showed good optical properties and high selectivity to hydrogen peroxide. Note that the evaluating of probe biocompatibility resulted from cytotoxicity test, behavioral test, hepatotoxicity test, cardiotoxicity test, blood vessel toxicity test, immunotoxicity test and neurotoxicity test using cell and transgenic zebrafish models with more than 20 toxic indices. Furthermore, the detection performance of the probe for hydrogen peroxide was evaluated by multiple biological models and the probe was proved to be much essential for the monitoring of hydrogen peroxide in vivo.

Full-Length Transcriptome Profile of Apis cerana Revealed by Nanopore Sequencing.

The Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) plays a crucial role in providing abundant bee products and in maintaining ecological balance. Despite the availability of the genomic sequence of the Asian honey bee, its transcriptomic information remains largely incomplete. To address this issue, here we constructed three pooled RNA samples from the queen, drone, and worker bees of A. cerana and performed full-length RNA sequencing using Nanopore single-molecule sequencing technology. Ultimately, we obtained 160,811 full-length transcript sequences from 19,859 genes, with 141,189 being novel transcripts, of which 130,367 were functionally annotated. We detected 520, 324, and 1823 specifically expressed transcripts in the queen, worker, and drone bees, respectively. Furthermore, we identified 38,799 alternative splicing (AS) events from 5710 genes, 44,243 alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites from 1649 gene loci, 88,187 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and 17,387 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Leveraging these transcripts as references, we identified 6672, 7795, and 6804 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in comparisons of queen ovaries vs drone testes, worker ovaries vs drone testes, and worker ovaries vs queen ovaries, respectively. Our research results provide a comprehensive set of reference transcript datasets for Apis cerana, offering important sequence information for further exploration of its gene functions.

Characterizing the distribution pattern of traffic-related air pollutants in near-road neighborhoods.

In near-road neighborhoods, residents are more frequently exposed to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), and they are increasingly aware of pollution levels. Given this consideration, this study adopted portable air pollutant sensors to conduct a mobile monitoring campaign in two near-road neighborhoods, one in an urban area and one in a suburban area of Shanghai, China. The campaign characterized spatiotemporal distributions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) to help identify appropriate mitigation measures in these near-road micro-environments. The study identified higher mean TRAP concentrations (up to 4.7-fold and 1.7-fold higher for PM2.5 and BC, respectively), lower spatial variability, and a stronger inter-pollutant correlation in winter compared to summer. The temporal variations of TRAP between peak hour and off-peak hour were also investigated. It was identified that district-level PM2.5 increments occurred from off-peak to peak hours, with BC concentrations attributed more to traffic emissions. In addition, the spatiotemporal distribution of TRAP inside neighborhoods revealed that PM2.5 concentrations presented great temporal variability but almost remained invariant in space, while the BC concentrations showed notable spatiotemporal variability. These findings provide valuable insights into the unique spatiotemporal distributions of TRAP in different near-road neighborhoods, highlighting the important role of hyperlocal monitoring in urban micro-environments to support tailored designing and implementing appropriate mitigation measures.

Mechanochemical "Cage-on-MOF" Strategy for Enhancing Gas Adsorption and Separation through Aperture Matching.

Post-modification of porous materials with molecular modulators has emerged as a well-established strategy for improving gas adsorption and separation. However, a notable challenge lies in maintaining porosity and the limited applicability of the current method. In this study, we employed the mechanochemical "Cage-on-MOF" strategy, utilizing porous coordination cages (PCCs) with intrinsic pores and apertures as surface modulators to improve the gas adsorption and separation properties of the parent MOFs. We demonstrated the fast and facile preparation of 28 distinct MOF@PCC composites by combining 7 MOFs with 4 PCCs with varying aperture sizes and exposed functional groups through a mechanochemical reaction in 5 mins. Only the combinations of PCCs and MOFs with closely matched aperture sizes exhibited enhanced gas adsorption and separation performance. Specifically, MOF-808@PCC-4 exhibited a significantly increased C2H2 uptake (+64%) and a longer CO2/C2H2 separation retention time (+40%). MIL-101@PCC-4 achieved a substantial C2H2 adsorption capacity of 6.11 mmol/g. This work not only highlights the broad applicability of the mechanochemical "Cage-on-MOF" strategy for the functionalization of a wide range of MOFs but also establishes potential design principles for the development of hybrid porous materials with enhanced gas adsorption and separation capabilities, along with promising applications in catalysis and intracellular delivery.

Dicopper(I) Sites Confined in a Single Metal-Organic Layer Boosting the Electroreduction of CO2 to CH4 in a Neutral Electrolyte.

It is challenging and important to achieve high performance for an electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) to yield CH4 under neutral conditions. So far, most of the reported active sites for eCO2RR to yield CH4 are single metal sites; the performances are far below the commercial requirements. Herein, we reported a nanosheet metal-organic layer in single-layer, namely, [Cu2(obpy)2] (Cuobpy-SL, Hobpy = 1H-[2,2']bipyridinyl-6-one), possessing dicopper(I) sites for eCO2RR to yield CH4 in a neutral aqueous solution. Detailed examination of Cuobpy-SL revealed high performance for CH4 production with a faradic efficiency of 82(1)% and a current density of ∼90 mA cm-2 at -1.4 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). No obvious degradation was observed over 100 h of continuous operation, representing a remarkable performance to date. Mechanism studies showed that compared with the conventional single-copper sites and completely exposed dicopper(I) sites, the dicopper(I) sites in the confined space formed by the molecular stacking have a strong affinity to key C1 intermediates such as *CO, *CHO, and *CH2O to facilitate the CH4 production, yet inhibiting C-C coupling.

Saturated fatty acid intake, genetic risk and colorectal cancer incidence: A large-scale prospective cohort study.

Previous investigations mainly focused on the associations of dietary fatty acids with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, which ignored gene-environment interaction and mechanisms interpretation. We conducted a case-control study (751 cases and 3058 controls) and a prospective cohort study (125 021 participants) to explore the associations between dietary fatty acids, genetic risks, and CRC. Results showed that high intake of saturated fatty acid (SFA) was associated with a higher risk of CRC than low SFA intake (HR =1.22, 95% CI:1.02-1.46). Participants at high genetic risk had a greater risk of CRC with the HR of 2.48 (2.11-2.91) than those at low genetic risk. A multiplicative interaction of genetic risk and SFA intake with incident CRC risk was found (PInteraction = 7.59 × 10-20 ), demonstrating that participants with high genetic risk and high SFA intake had a 3.75-fold greater risk of CRC than those with low genetic risk and low SFA intake. Furthermore, incorporating PRS and SFA into traditional clinical risk factors improved the discriminatory accuracy for CRC risk stratification (AUC from 0.706 to 0.731). Multi-omics data showed that exposure to SFA-rich high-fat dietary (HFD) can responsively induce epigenome reprogramming of some oncogenes and pathological activation of fatty acid metabolism pathway, which may contribute to CRC development through changes in gut microbiomes, metabolites, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. These findings suggest that individuals with high genetic risk of CRC may benefit from reducing SFA intake. The incorporation of SFA intake and PRS into traditional clinical risk factors will help improve high-risk sub-populations in individualized CRC prevention.

NLRP3-GABA signaling pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of impulsive-like behaviors and cognitive deficits in aged mice.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND), such as delirium and cognitive impairment, are commonly encountered complications in aged patients. The inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is aberrantly synthesized from reactive astrocytes following inflammatory stimulation and is implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the activation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in PND. Herein, we aimed to investigate whether the NLRP3-GABA signaling pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of aging mice's PND. METHODS: 24-month-old C57BL/6 and astrocyte-specific NLRP3 knockout male mice were used to establish a PND model via tibial fracture surgery. The monoamine oxidase-B (MAOB) inhibitor selegiline (1 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered once a day for 7 days after the surgery. PND, including impulsive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment, was evaluated by open field test, elevated plus maze, and fear conditioning. Thereafter, pathological changes of neurodegeneration were explored by western blot and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS: Selegiline administration significantly ameliorated TF-induced impulsive-like behaviors and reduced excessive GABA production in reactive hippocampal astrocytes. Moreover, astrocyte-specific NLRP3 knockout mice reversed TF-induced impulsive-like and cognitive impairment behaviors, decreased GABA levels in reactive astrocytes, ameliorated NLRP3-associated inflammatory responses during the early stage, and restored neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that anesthesia and surgical procedures trigger neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits, which may be due to NLRP3-GABA activation in the hippocampus of aged mice.