UHRF2 commissions the completion of DNA demethylation through allosteric activation by 5hmC and K33-linked ubiquitination of XRCC1.

The transition of oxidized 5-methylcytosine (5mC) intermediates into the base excision repair (BER) pipeline to complete DNA demethylation remains enigmatic. We report here that UHRF2, the only paralog of UHRF1 in mammals that fails to rescue Uhrf1-/- phenotype, is physically and functionally associated with BER complex. We show that UHRF2 is allosterically activated by 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and acts as a ubiquitin E3 ligase to catalyze K33-linked polyubiquitination of XRCC1. This nonproteolytic action stimulates XRCC1's interaction with the ubiquitin binding domain-bearing RAD23B, leading to the incorporation of TDG into BER complex. Integrative epigenomic analysis in mouse embryonic stem cells reveals that Uhrf2-fostered TDG-RAD23B-BER complex is functionally linked to the completion of DNA demethylation at active promoters and that Uhrf2 ablation impedes DNA demethylation on latent enhancers that undergo poised-to-active transition during neuronal commitment. Together, these observations highlight an essentiality of 5hmC-switched UHRF2 E3 ligase activity in commissioning the accomplishment of active DNA demethylation.

The brassinosteroid receptor StBRI1 promotes tuber development by enhancing plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in potato.

The brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) plays a critical role in plant growth and development. Although much is known about how BR signaling regulates growth and development in many crop species, the role of StBRI1 in regulating potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber development is not well understood. To address this question, a series of comprehensive genetic and biochemical methods were applied in this investigation. It was determined that StBRI1 and Solanum tuberosum PLASMA MEMBRANE (PM) PROTON ATPASE2 (PHA2), a PM-localized proton ATPase, play important roles in potato tuber development. The individual overexpression of StBRI1 and PHA2 led to a 22% and 25% increase in tuber yield per plant, respectively. Consistent with the genetic evidence, in vivo interaction analysis using double transgenic lines and PM H+-ATPase activity assays indicated that StBRI1 interacts with the C-terminus of PHA2, which restrains the intramolecular interaction of the PHA2 C-terminus with the PHA2 central loop to attenuate autoinhibition of PM H+-ATPase activity, resulting in increased PHA2 activity. Furthermore, the extent of PM H+-ATPase autoinhibition involving phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms corresponds to phosphorylation of the penultimate Thr residue (Thr-951) in PHA2. These results suggest that StBRI1 phosphorylates PHA2 and enhances its activity, which subsequently promotes tuber development. Altogether, our results uncover a BR-StBRI1-PHA2 module that regulates tuber development and suggest a prospective strategy for improving tuberous crop growth and increasing yield via the cell surface-based BR signaling pathway.

Phosphorylation of the transcription factor SlBIML1 by SlBIN2 kinases delays flowering in tomato.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are well known for their important role in the regulation of plant growth and development. Plants with deficiency in BR signaling show delayed plant development and exhibit late flowering phenotypes. However, the precise mechanisms involved in this process require investigation. In this study, we cloned homologs of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (SlBIN2), the GSK3-like protein kinase in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We characterized growth-related processes and phenotypic changes in the transgenic lines and found that SlBIN2s transgenic lines have delayed development and slow growing phenotypes. SlBIN2s work redundantly to negatively regulate BR signaling in tomato. Furthermore, the transcription factor SlBIN2.1-INTERACTING MYB-LIKE 1 (SlBIML1) was identified as a downstream substrate of SlBIN2s that SlBIN2s interact with and phosphorylate to synergistically regulate tomato developmental processes. Specifically, SlBIN2s modulated protein stability of SlBIML1 by phosphorylating multiple amino acid residues, including the sites Thr266 and Thr280. This study reveals a branch of the BR signaling pathway that regulates the vegetative growth phase and delays floral transition in tomato without the feedback affecting BR signaling. This information enriches our understanding of the downstream transduction pathway of BR signaling and provides potential targets for adjusting tomato flowering time.

Chromodomain Protein CDYL Acts as a Crotonyl-CoA Hydratase to Regulate Histone Crotonylation and Spermatogenesis.

Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a newly identified histone modification that is associated with active transcription in mammalian cells. Here we report that the chromodomain Y-like transcription corepressor CDYL negatively regulates histone Kcr by acting as a crotonyl-CoA hydratase to convert crotonyl-CoA to ß-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. We showed that the negative regulation of histone Kcr by CDYL is intrinsically linked to its transcription repression activity and functionally implemented in the reactivation of sex chromosome-linked genes in round spermatids and genome-wide histone replacement in elongating spermatids. Significantly, Cdyl transgenic mice manifest dysregulation of histone Kcr and reduction of male fertility with a decreased epididymal sperm count and sperm cell motility. Our study uncovers a biochemical pathway in the regulation of histone Kcr and implicates CDYL-regulated histone Kcr in spermatogenesis, adding to the understanding of the physiology of male reproduction and the mechanism of the spermatogenic failure in AZFc (Azoospermia Factor c)-deleted infertile men.

Cell Taxonomy: a curated repository of cell types with multifaceted characterization.

Single-cell studies have delineated cellular diversity and uncovered increasing numbers of previously uncharacterized cell types in complex tissues. Thus, synthesizing growing knowledge of cellular characteristics is critical for dissecting cellular heterogeneity, developmental processes and tumorigenesis at single-cell resolution. Here, we present Cell Taxonomy (https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/celltaxonomy), a comprehensive and curated repository of cell types and associated cell markers encompassing a wide range of species, tissues and conditions. Combined with literature curation and data integration, the current version of Cell Taxonomy establishes a well-structured taxonomy for 3,143 cell types and houses a comprehensive collection of 26,613 associated cell markers in 257 conditions and 387 tissues across 34 species. Based on 4,299 publications and single-cell transcriptomic profiles of ∼3.5 million cells, Cell Taxonomy features multifaceted characterization for cell types and cell markers, involving quality assessment of cell markers and cell clusters, cross-species comparison, cell composition of tissues and cellular similarity based on markers. Taken together, Cell Taxonomy represents a fundamentally useful reference to systematically and accurately characterize cell types and thus lays an important foundation for deeply understanding and exploring cellular biology in diverse species.

Wnt5a-mediated autophagy contributes to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human bronchial epithelial cells during asthma.

BACKGROUND: The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) is essential for airway remodeling during asthma. Wnt5a has been implicated in various lung diseases, while its role in the EMT of HBECs during asthma is yet to be determined. This study sought to define whether Wnt5a initiated EMT, leading to airway remodeling through the induction of autophagy in HBECs. METHODS: Microarray analysis was used to investigate the expression change of WNT5A in asthma patients. In parallel, EMT models were induced using 16HBE cells by exposing them to house dust mites (HDM) or interleukin-4 (IL-4), and then the expression of Wnt5a was observed. Using in vitro gain- and loss-of-function approaches via Wnt5a mimic peptide FOXY5 and Wnt5a inhibitor BOX5, the alterations in the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and the mesenchymal marker protein were observed. Mechanistically, the Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathway and autophagy were evaluated. An autophagy inhibitor 3-MA was used to examine Wnt5a in the regulation of autophagy during EMT. Furthermore, we used a CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 to determine whether Wnt5a induced autophagy overactivation and EMT via the Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathway. RESULTS: Asthma patients exhibited a significant increase in the gene expression of WNT5A compared to the healthy control. Upon HDM and IL-4 treatments, we observed that Wnt5a gene and protein expression levels were significantly increased in 16HBE cells. Interestingly, Wnt5a mimic peptide FOXY5 significantly inhibited E-cadherin and upregulated α-SMA, Collagen I, and autophagy marker proteins (Beclin1 and LC3-II). Rhodamine-phalloidin staining showed that FOXY5 resulted in a rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and an increase in the quantity of stress fibers in 16HBE cells. Importantly, blocking Wnt5a with BOX5 significantly inhibited autophagy and EMT induced by IL-4 in 16HBE cells. Mechanistically, autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 reduced the EMT of 16HBE cells caused by FOXY5, as well as the increase in stress fibers, cell adhesion, and autophagy. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates a new link in the Wnt5a-Ca2+/CaMKII-autophagy axis to triggering airway remodeling. Our findings may provide novel strategies for the treatment of EMT-related diseases.

Coronavirus GenBrowser for monitoring the transmission and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

Genomic epidemiology is important to study the COVID-19 pandemic, and more than two million severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomic sequences were deposited into public databases. However, the exponential increase of sequences invokes unprecedented bioinformatic challenges. Here, we present the Coronavirus GenBrowser (CGB) based on a highly efficient analysis framework and a node-picking rendering strategy. In total, 1,002,739 high-quality genomic sequences with the transmission-related metadata were analyzed and visualized. The size of the core data file is only 12.20 MB, highly efficient for clean data sharing. Quick visualization modules and rich interactive operations are provided to explore the annotated SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary tree. CGB binary nomenclature is proposed to name each internal lineage. The pre-analyzed data can be filtered out according to the user-defined criteria to explore the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Different evolutionary analyses can also be easily performed, such as the detection of accelerated evolution and ongoing positive selection. Moreover, the 75 genomic spots conserved in SARS-CoV-2 but non-conserved in other coronaviruses were identified, which may indicate the functional elements specifically important for SARS-CoV-2. The CGB was written in Java and JavaScript. It not only enables users who have no programming skills to analyze millions of genomic sequences, but also offers a panoramic vision of the transmission and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

KDM4B down-regulation facilitated breast cancer cell stemness via PHGDH upregulation in H3K36me3-dependent manner.

Despite recent advances have been made in clinical treatments of breast cancer, the general prognosis of patients remains poor. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a more effective therapeutic strategy. Lysine demethylase 4B (KDM4B) has been reported to participate in breast cancer development recently, but its exact biological role in breast cancer remains unclear. Here, we observed that KDM4B was down-regulated in human primary BRCA tissues and the low levels of KDM4B expression were correlated with poor survival. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that KDM4B inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Besides, knockdown of KDM4B promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell stemness in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, KDM4B down-regulates PHGDH by decreasing the enrichment of H3K36me3 on the promoter region of PHGDH. Knockdown of PHGDH could significantly reversed proliferation, migration, EMT, and cell stemness induced by KDM4B silencing in breast cancer cells. Collectively, we propose a model for a KDM4B/PHGDH axis that provides novel insight into breast cancer development, which may serve as a potential factor for predicting prognosis and a therapeutic target for breast cancer.

scMethBank: a database for single-cell whole genome DNA methylation maps.

Single-cell bisulfite sequencing methods are widely used to assess epigenomic heterogeneity in cell states. Over the past few years, large amounts of data have been generated and facilitated deeper understanding of the epigenetic regulation of many key biological processes including early embryonic development, cell differentiation and tumor progression. It is an urgent need to build a functional resource platform with the massive amount of data. Here, we present scMethBank, the first open access and comprehensive database dedicated to the collection, integration, analysis and visualization of single-cell DNA methylation data and metadata. Current release of scMethBank includes processed single-cell bisulfite sequencing data and curated metadata of 8328 samples derived from 15 public single-cell datasets, involving two species (human and mouse), 29 cell types and two diseases. In summary, scMethBank aims to assist researchers who are interested in cell heterogeneity to explore and utilize whole genome methylation data at single-cell level by providing browse, search, visualization, download functions and user-friendly online tools. The database is accessible at: https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/methbank/scm/.

Regeneration Roadmap: database resources for regenerative biology.

Regeneration plays an instrumental role in biological development and damage repair by constructing and replacing cells, tissues, and organs. Since regenerative capacity declines with age, promoting regeneration is heralded as a potential strategy for delaying aging. On this premise, mechanisms that regulate regeneration have been extensively studied across species and in different tissues. However, an open and comprehensive database collecting and standardizing the abundant data generated in regeneration research, such as high-throughput sequencing data, remains to be developed. In this work, we constructed Regeneration Roadmap to systematically and comprehensively collect such information over 2.38 million data entries across 11 species and 36 tissues, including regeneration-related genes, bulk and single-cell transcriptomics, epigenomics, and pharmacogenomics data. In this database, users can explore regulatory and expression changes of regeneration-associated genes in different species and tissues. Regeneration Roadmap provides the research community with a long-awaited and valuable data resource featuring convenient computing and visualizing tools, which is publicly available at https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/regeneration/index.

A comprehensive quality evaluation strategy of Shensong Yangxin capsules based on qualitative, fingerprint and quantitative analyses.

Shensong Yangxin capsule (SSYXC), an effective Chinese patent medicine, has been recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, mainly for the treatment of coronary heart disease and ventricular premature beat. To further complete the quality evaluation of SSYXC, a comprehensive analysis strategy was established. Firstly, the components of SSYXC were qualitatively analysed using ultra-high- performance liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. A total of 134 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized. Additionally, the fingerprint of SSYXC was established by HPLC, and the similarity of 10 batches of SSYXC was elucidated by similarity analysis. The result indicated that the consistency of chemical composition is good. Finally, to enhance the quality control of SSYXC, according to the results of the fingerprint analysis, the contents of the seven active components was determined, comprising morroniside, loganin, paeoniflorin, salvianolic acid B, palmatine hydrochloride, berberine hydrochloride and tanshinone IIA. In conclusion, the established method, comprising identification of components, fingerprint analysis and quantification of multicomponents, can be sensitively and comprehensively applied to the quality evaluation of SSYXC, which can provide chemical ingredients bases for quality control and the pharmacodynamic mechanism of SSYXC, which could serve as a benchmark for controlling the quality of other Chinese patent medicines.

A comprehensive strategy for quality evaluation of Changan powder by fingerprinting combined with rapid qualitative and quantitative multi-ingredients profiling.

INTRODUCTION: Changan powder (CAP) is mainly used to treat various intestinal diseases. Few studies on CAP have been reported; therefore, it is necessary to clarify the material basis of CAP to lay the foundation for further elucidating its functional mechanism and support the rational use of drugs. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we aimed to propose a methodology for the quality control of CAP based on qualitative and quantitative analysis of its components. METHODS: An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (UPLC-FT-ICR-MS) method was developed to identify chemical components in CAP. In addition, fingerprints of 10 different batches of CAP were established, and quantitative analysis based on UPLC was performed to analyze the quality of CAP. RESULTS: A total of 58 compounds were preliminarily characterized. The similarity of 10 batches of CAP was greater than 0.995, and 23 common peaks were calibrated. Investigation of the quantitative analytical methodology showed that the four components had good linear relationships within their respective concentration ranges (r2 ≥ 0.9992), and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of precision and stability was less than 2%. The RSD of sample recovery ranged from 0.78% to 1.52%. CONCLUSION: The established method can quickly and effectively identify the chemical components of CAP and accurately quantify the known components in CAP. The established fingerprinting and content determination method is stable, reliable, and easy to operate and can be applied in quality control and in vivo research on CAP.

Curved and Annular Diaphragm Coupled Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers for High Transmit Biomedical Applications.

In this paper, we present a novel three-dimensional (3D) coupled configuration of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (pMUTs) by combing a curved and an annular diaphragm for transmit performance optimization in biomedical applications. An analytical equivalent circuit model (EQC) is developed with varied excitation methods to incorporate the acoustic-structure coupling of the curved and annular diaphragm-coupled pMUTs (CAC-pMUTs). The model-derived results align well with the reference simulated by the finite element method (FEM). Using this EQC model, we optimize the key design parameters of the CAC-pMUTs in order to improve the output sound pressure, including the width of the annular membrane, the thickness of the passive layer, and the phase difference of the driving voltage. In the anti-phase mode, the designed CAC-pMUTs demonstrate a transmit efficiency 285 times higher than that of single annular pMUTs. This substantial improvement underscores the potential of CAC-pMUTs for large array applications.

Comprehensive Analysis of 11 Species of Euodia (Rutaceae) by Untargeted LC-IT-TOF/MS Metabolomics and In Vitro Functional Methods.

The Euodia genus comprises numerous untapped medicinal plants that warrant thorough evaluation for their potential as valuable natural sources of herbal medicine or food flavorings. In this study, untargeted metabolomics and in vitro functional methods were employed to analyze fruit extracts from 11 significant species of the Euodia genus. An investigation of the distribution of metabolites (quinolone and indole quinazoline alkaloids) in these species indicated that E. rutaecarpa (Euodia rutaecarpa) was the most widely distributed species, followed by E. compacta (Euodia compacta), E. glabrifolia (Euodia glabrifolia), E. austrosinensis (Euodia austrosinensis), and E. fargesii (Euodia fargesii). There have been reports on the close correlation between indole quinazoline alkaloids and their anti-tumor activity, especially in E. rutaecarpa fruits which exhibit effectiveness against various types of cancer, such as SGC-7901, Hela, A549, and other cancer cell lines. Additionally, the E. rutaecarpa plant contains indole quinazoline alkaloids, which possess remarkable antibacterial properties. Our results offer novel insights into the utilization of Euodia resources in the pharmaceutical industry.

Transcription factor ETS proto-oncogene 1 contributes to neuropathic pain by regulating histone deacetylase 1 in primary afferent neurons.

Nerve injury can induce aberrant changes in ion channels, enzymes, and cytokines/chemokines in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs); these changes are due to or at least partly governed by transcription factors that contribute to the genesis of neuropathic pain. However, the involvement of transcription factors in neuropathic pain is poorly understood. In this study, we report that transcription factor (TF) ETS proto-oncogene 1 (ETS1) is required for the initiation and development of neuropathic pain. Sciatic nerve chronic constrictive injury (CCI, a clinical neuropathic pain model) increases ETS1 expression in the injured male mouse DRG. Blocking this upregulation alleviated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, with no apparent effect on locomotor function. Mimicking this upregulation results in the genesis of nociception hypersensitivity; mechanistically, nerve injury-induced ETS1 upregulation promotes the expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1, a key initiator of pain) via enhancing its binding activity to the HDAC1 promotor, leading to the elevation of spinal central sensitization, as evidenced by increased expression of p-ERK1/2 and GFAP in the dorsal spinal horn. It appears that the ETS1/HDAC1 axis in DRG may have a critical role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, and ETS1 is a potential therapeutic target in neuropathic pain.

Direct Fast-Neutron Detection by 2D Perovskite Semiconductor.

Fast-neutrons play a critical role in a range of applications, including medical imaging, therapy, and nondestructive inspection. However, direct detecting fast-neutrons by semiconductors has proven to be challenging due to their weak interaction with most matter and the requirement of high carrier mobility-lifetime (µτ) product for efficient charge collection. Herein, a novel approach is presented to direct fast-neutron detection using 2D Dion-Jacobson perovskite semiconductor BDAPbBr4 . This material features a high fast-neutron caption cross-section, good electrical stability, high resistivity, and, most importantly, a record-high µτ product of 3.3 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 , outperforming most reported fast-neutron detection semiconductors. As a result, BDAPbBr4 detector exhibited good response to fast-neutrons, not only achieving fast-neutron energy spectra in counting mode, but also obtaining linear and fast response in integration mode. This work provides a paradigm-shifting strategy for designing materials that efficiently detect fast-neutrons and paves the way toward exciting applications in fast-neutron imaging and therapy.

In Situ Formed Gradient Composite Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes.

Lithium (Li) metal anode (LMA) is highly considered as a desirable anode material for next-generation rechargeable batteries because of its high specific capacity and the lowest reduction potential. However, uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites, large volume change, and unstable interfaces between LMA and electrolyte hinder its practical application. Herein, a novel in situ formed artificial gradient composite solid electrolyte interphase (GCSEI) layer for highly stable LMAs is proposed. The inner rigid inorganics (Li2 S and LiF) with high Li+ ion affinity and high electron tunneling barrier are beneficial to achieve homogeneous Li plating, while the flexible polymers (poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(vinylidene fluoride)) on the surface of GCSEI layer can accommodate the volume change. Furthermore, the GCSEI layer demonstrates fast Li+ ion transport capability and increased Li+ ion diffusion kinetics. Accordingly, the modified LMA enables excellent cycling stability (over 1000 h at 3 mA cm-2 ) in the symmetric cell using carbonate electrolyte, and the corresponding Li-GCSEI||LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 full cell demonstrates 83.4% capacity retention after 500 cycles. This work offers a new strategy for the design of dendrite-free LMAs for practical applications.

Impacts of neoadjuvant therapy on the number of dissected lymph nodes in esophagogastric junction cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant therapy favors the prognosis of various cancers, including esophagogastric junction cancer (EGC). However, the impacts of neoadjuvant therapy on the number of dissected lymph nodes (LNs) have not yet been evaluated in EGC. METHODS: We selected EGC patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2006-2017). The optimal number of resected LNs was determined using X-tile software. Overall survival (OS) curves were plotted with the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were evaluated using univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses. RESULTS: Neoadjuvant radiotherapy significantly decreased the mean number of LN examination compared to the mean number of patients without neoadjuvant therapy (12.2 vs. 17.5, P = 0.003). The mean LN number of patients with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was 16.3, which was also statistically lower than 17.5 (P = 0.001). In contrast, neoadjuvant chemotherapy caused a significant increase in the number of dissected LNs (21.0, P < 0.001). For patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the optimal cutoff value was 19. Patients with > 19 LNs had a better prognosis than those with 1-19 LNs (P < 0.05). For patients with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the optimal cutoff value was 9. Patients with > 9 LNs had a better prognosis than those with 1-9 LNs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy decreased the number of dissected LNs, while neoadjuvant chemotherapy increased it in EGC patients. Hence, at least 10 LNs should be dissected for neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and 20 for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which could be applied in clinical practice.

DHX9/DNA-tandem repeat-dependent downregulation of ciRNA-Fmn1 in the dorsal horn is required for neuropathic pain.

Circular RNAs (ciRNAs) are emerging as new players in the regulation of gene expression. However, how ciRNAs are involved in neuropathic pain is poorly understood. Here, we identify the nervous-tissue-specific ciRNA-Fmn1 and report that changes in ciRNA-Fmn1 expression in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons play a key role in neuropathic pain after nerve injury. ciRNA-Fmn1 was significantly downregulated in ipsilateral dorsal horn neurons after peripheral nerve injury, at least in part because of a decrease in DNA helicase 9 (DHX9), which regulates production of ciRNA-Fmn1 by binding to DNA-tandem repeats. Blocking ciRNA-Fmn1 downregulation reversed nerve-injury-induced reductions in both the binding of ciRNA-Fmn1 to the ubiquitin ligase UBR5 and the level of ubiquitination of albumin (ALB), thereby abrogating the nerve-injury-induced increase of ALB expression in the dorsal horn and attenuating the associated pain hypersensitivities. Conversely, mimicking downregulation of ciRNA-Fmn1 in naïve mice reduced the UBR5-controlled ubiquitination of ALB, leading to increased expression of ALB in the dorsal horn and induction of neuropathic-pain-like behaviors in naïve mice. Thus, ciRNA-Fmn1 downregulation caused by changes in binding of DHX9 to DNA-tandem repeats contributes to the genesis of neuropathic pain by negatively modulating UBR5-controlled ALB expression in the dorsal horn.

Detection of Antibiotic Resistance in Feline-Origin ESBL Escherichia coli from Different Areas of China and the Resistance Elimination of Garlic Oil to Cefquinome on ESBL E. coli.

The development of drug-resistance in the opportunistic pathogen Escherichia coli has become a global public health concern. Due to the share of similar flora between pets and their owners, the detection of pet-origin antibiotic-resistant E. coli is necessary. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of feline-origin ESBL E. coli in China and to explore the resistance elimination effect of garlic oil to cefquinome on ESBL E. coli. Cat fecal samples were collected from animal hospitals. The E. coli isolates were separated and purified by indicator media and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ESBL genes were detected by PCR and Sanger sequencing. The MICs were determined. The synergistic effect of garlic oil and cefquinome against ESBL E. coli was investigated by checkerboard assays, time-kill and growth curves, drug-resistance curves, PI and NPN staining, and a scanning electronic microscope. A total of 80 E. coli strains were isolated from 101 fecal samples. The rate of ESBL E. coli was 52.5% (42/80). The prevailing ESBL genotypes in China were CTX-M-1, CTX-M-14, and TEM-116. In ESBL E. coli, garlic oil increased the susceptibility to cefquinome with FICIs from 0.2 to 0.7 and enhanced the killing effect of cefquinome with membrane destruction. Resistance to cefquinome decreased with treatment of garlic oil after 15 generations. Our study indicates that ESBL E. coli has been detected in cats kept as pets. The sensitivity of ESBL E. coli to cefquinome was enhanced by garlic oil, indicating that garlic oil may be a potential antibiotic enhancer.