Correction to: The sbGnRH-GTH system in the female short mackerel, Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851), during breeding season: implications for low gamete production in captive broodstock.

The published online version of this article contained outdated Figs. 4 and 5. The original article has been corrected.

The sbGnRH-GTH system in the female short mackerel, Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851), during breeding season: implications for low gamete production in captive broodstock.

The short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) is one of the most economically important fish in Thailand; it is also a prime candidate for mariculture but unfortunately is plagued by reproductive problems that cause low production of gametes in captivity. An understanding of how the brain, pituitary, and gonad axis (BPG) from the neuroendocrine system are involved in the reproductive activity of wild and captive R. brachysoma should help clarify the situation. In this study, we investigated changes in the sea bream gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sbGnRH)-gonadotropin (GTH) system in the female short mackerel, Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851), during breeding season. sbGnRH-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies were detected in the nucleus preopticus-periventricularis including nucleus periventricularis (NPT), nucleus preopticus (Np), and nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT). Additionally, the sbGnRH-ir fibers protruded into the proximal par distalis (PPD) where GTH (FSH and LH) cells were detected. The number of sbGnRH-ir cell bodies and GTH cells and level of LH mRNA were significantly higher in the breeding season than those in the non-breeding season. Moreover, the number of sbGnRH-ir cell bodies and GTH cells and levels of sbGnRH and GTH (FSH and LH) mRNA were significantly higher in the wild fish than those in the cultured broodstock. It is suggested that the wild fish tended to have better reproductive system than hatchery fishes. This could be related to the endocrinological dysfunction and the reproductive failure in the hatchery condition. Moreover, the changes of all of the hormonal level could potentially be applied to R. brachysoma aquaculture.

SCHISTOSOMICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE CRUDE EXTRACT OF ARTOCARPUS LAKOOCHA.

Puag-Haad is a traditional anthelmintic drug used to treat taeniasis in Thailand and Lao PDR. It is derived from the aqueous extract of the plant Artocarpus lakoocha. We investigated the in vitro anthelmintic properties of Puag-Haad against Schistosoma mansoni. Adult worms were incubated in M-199 medium containing 250, 500 and 750 µg/ml of Puag-Haad or praziquantel (PZQ) at a concentration of 175 µg/ml for 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. The relative motility (RM value), survival index (SI) and tegument alterations seen under scanning electron microscope were assessed at each incubation time. The results showed the crude extract of A. lakoocha at a concentration of 250 µg/ml was more effective in causing damage than PZQ at a concentration of 175 µg/ml using RM and SI values. The major target organ affected by Puag-Haad was the tegument. The damage was greater at higher concentrations of the crude extract. It is likely tetrahydroxystilbene (THS), the main compound in Puag-Haad, caused the damage. THS could be a future candidate as a schistosomal drug. Further studies are needed to explore its mechanism, efficiency and safety in vivo.

Reduction of copper-induced histopathological alterations by calcium exposure in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

This study was undertaken to determine whether calcium could render any protection against copper (Cu) toxicity in Nile tilapia with emphasis on histopathological and histochemical analysis. The copper LC(50) values for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h to tilapia in the laboratory were 210.27, 213.34, 193.30, and 185. 75 mg/L, respectively. Prior to Cu exposure, fish were exposed to 0 (G1 and G3) and 30 mg/L calcium carbonate (G2 and G4) for 4 days. After that, fish were exposed to 46 mg/L copper, which corresponds to 25% of the 96 h LC(50) (G3 and G4) for 96 h and 7 days. In the gills of the copper treatment group, primary filament cell hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, or edema, secondary lamellar fusion, and aneurysm were observed. Swollen hepatocytes showing vacuoles and congestion in sinusoids were observed. Necrosis was observed in some areas. In the kidney, glomerulus's atrophy, tubular swelling, and also necrosis were seen. Fish that were pre-exposed to calcium showed slight alteration when compared to copper alone-treatment groups. Histochemical staining for calcium and copper by alizarin red S and rhodanine staining, respectively, indicated no accumulation of calcium and copper in kidney, liver, gills, and muscle. In conclusion, calcium appears to be beneficial in reducing the effects of heavy metal contaminations in aquatic organisms.

Efficiency of Tinospora crispa against Culex quinquefasciatus larva.

Tinospora crispa stem aqueous extractions for various time durations were determined regarding their total phenolic content and their larvicidal abilities. The results revealed that the total phenolic content in 1-, 3-, 5-, 10-, and 24-h extracts were 8.26, 8.43, 13.57, 12.52, and 12.43 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, respectively. The 5-h extract of T. crispa was evaluated against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larva in concentrations 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/l, by determining the lethal concentration (LC) within 24 h and by histopathological analysis. The 24-h LC50 and LC90 values were 16.95 and 30.12 mg/l, respectively. The histopathological lesions after exposure to 50% of the 24-h LC50 were observed primarily in the midgut of the larva. The lesions observed were for the example epithelial cells lifting from the basement membrane, cell elongation protruding into the lumen, brush border disrupting with absent microvilli, and vesicle appearance. The present study indicated that the aqueous extract of this herb may have a suitable property for a larvicidal natural product and may replace harmful chemical pesticides.

Cytotoxicity and histopathological analysis of titanium nanoparticles via Artemia salina.

The consumption trend of nanoparticles by industry in this moment pays attention to titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs), due to their various applications: personal care products, household products, food industry, electronic devices, and healthcare products. Rising consumption of TiNPs without specific regulatory criteria for control safety releasing quantification leads to concern on the topic of environmental contamination and injurious effect. Therefore, this study investigates TiNP toxicities on aquatic animals representing hazardous effects to natural water resource, by determining 24-h LC50 of TiNPs with histopathology investigation. We select brine shrimp (Artemia salina) as a model. Ten adults A. salina were incubated at room temperature for 24 h with various concentrations of TiNPs in triplicate. The mortality number of A. salina was recorded and LC50 value was calculated. The LC50 result is 1693.43 mg/L. Next, A. salina histopathology investigation was done by selecting the living ones after incubation for 24 h with 25% LC50 of TiNPs. We performed tissue processing, embedding, sectioning, and H&E staining, and observed under light microscope. Histopathology reveals TiNP occlusion throughout the intestinal tract. Epithelial cells show abnormal morphology such as hyperplasia, villus deformation, disorganized arrangement, severe edema, and necrosis area. Consequently, the current study shows the severity of TiNP effects on aquatic microcrustaceans and their negative impact on the ecosystem. Furthermore, this information will aid the elucidation of TiNP toxicity effect and the risk of ecosystem disruptions.

Antifertility Effect of Bougainvillea spectabilis or Paper Flower.

Bougainvillea spectabilis (Family: Nyctaginaceae), commonly referred to as Great Bougainvillea or Paper Flower, is one of the traditional medicinal plants with potential antifertility activity. The aqueous extract and decoction of this plant have been used as fertility control among the tribal people in many countries. Furthermore, it has been shown to possess anticancer, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiulcer properties. Its phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, glycosides, oxalates, phenolics, phlobotannins, quinones, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids were reported as the basis of its efficacious therapeutic properties. The other important constituents which contribute to the remedial properties are bougainvinones, pinitol, quercetagetin, quercetin, and terpinolene. Published information on the antifertility property of B. spectabilis was gathered by the use of different database platforms including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SciFinder, and Scopus. These database platforms were used to provide an up-to-date review on its importance.

Fingerroot, Boesenbergia rotunda and its Aphrodisiac Activity.

Boesenbergia rotunda (Family: Zingiberaceae) as known as fingerroot is a daily food ingredient and traditional medicinal plant in Southeast Asia and Indo-China. It has been shown to possess anti-allergic, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiulcer activities and also shown wound healing. Its common phytochemical components include alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, and phenolics. This plant is rich in boesenbergin, krachaizin, panduratin, and pinostrobin, all of which has been reported to contribute to its remedial properties including aphrodisiac property. Based on established literature on the aphrodisiac property of B. rotunda and possible mode of action, this review article has attempted to compile that B. rotunda could be further explored for the development of potential aphrodisiac treatment.

An Update Review on the Anthelmintic Activity of Bitter Gourd, Momordica charantia.

Momordica charantia (Family: Cucurbitales), as known as bitter melon or gourd, is a daily consumption as food and traditional medicinal plant in Southeast Asia and Indo-China. It has been shown to possess anticancer, antidepressant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiobesity, antioxidant, and antiulcer properties. Its common phytochemical components include alkaloids, charantin, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids. This plant is rich in various saponins including momordicin, momordin, momordicoside, karavilagenin, karaviloside, and kuguacin, all of which have been reported to contribute to its remedial properties including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic infections. Based on established literature on the anthelmintic activity of M. charantia and possible mode of action, this review article has attempted to compile M. charantia could be further explored for the development of potential anthelmintic drug.

Wound Healing Property Review of Siam Weed, Chromolaena odorata.

Chromolaena odorata (Family: Asteraceae) synonyms as Eupatorium odoratum is a traditional medicinal plant that is widely used for its wound healing property. In particular, the several parts of this herb have been used to treat wounds, burns, and skin infections. Furthermore, it has also been shown to possess anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Its phytochemical components are alkaloids, flavonoids, flavanone, essential oils, phenolics, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. The other important constituents of this plant are Eupolin, chromomoric acid, quercetagetin, and quercetin, all of which contribute to its remedial properties. Published information on the wound healing property of C. odorata was gathered by the use of different scientific websites such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge to provide an up-to-date review showing its importance.

Pea, Pisum sativum, and Its Anticancer Activity.

Pisum sativum (Family: Fabaceae), as known as green pea or garden pea, has long been important in diet due to its content of fiber, protein, starch, trace elements, and many phytochemical substances. It has been shown to possess antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antihypercholesterolemia, and antioxidant activities and also shown anticancer property. Its nonnutritive biologically active components include alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, isoflavones, phenols, phytosterols, phytic acid, protease inhibitors, saponins, and tannins. This plant is rich in apigenin, hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, luteolin, and quercetin, all of which have been reported to contribute to its remedial properties including anticarcinogenesis property. Based on established literature on the anticancer property of P. sativum and possible mode of action, this review article has focused to demonstrate that P. sativum could be further explored for the development of anticancer treatment.

Current Understanding of Antiobesity Property of Capsaicin.

The capsaicin is an ingredient that we normally mix in food in many cultural cuisines even in fresh and dried production. Because of its anticancer, anticholesterolemic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, capsaicin is used worldwide. Moreover, capsaicin is also used for the protection of cardiovascular and hepatic diseases. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were searched since 2000 to present for antiobesity term. This review article is provided the update information about the antiobesity property and mechanism of capsaicin for further researches.

Review of Neuro-nutrition Used as Anti-Alzheimer Plant, Spinach, Spinacia oleracea.

Neuro-nutrition is the nutrition needed to achieve health brain and neurocognitive function. Diets rich in antioxidants, vitamins, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds will help suppress the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Spinacia oleracea (Family: Amaranthaceae) commonly known as spinach or Buai Leng (in Thai), one of the traditional medicinal plants with high in those mention nutrients. The micronutrients in spinach include a range of vitamins and minerals, which can prevent deficiency diseases and are essential for normal physiological function. Its phytochemicals are carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, which can prevent chronic health problems, as well as other diseases associated with aging. The objective of this article was to conduct a review on various ethnomedicinal uses of the spinach and its influences on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease based on a literature review.

Anticancer Activity of Key Lime, Citrus aurantifolia.

Citrus aurantifolia (family: Rutaceae) is mainly used in daily consumption, in many cultural cuisines, and in juice production. It is widely used because of its antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammation, anti-lipidemia, and antioxidant properties; moreover, it can protect heart, liver, bone, and prevent urinary diseases. Its secondary metabolites are alkaloids, carotenoids, coumarins, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids. The other important constituents are apigenin, hesperetin, kaempferol, limonoids, quercetin, naringenin, nobiletin, and rutin, all of these contribute to its remedial properties. The scientific searching platforms were used for publications from 1990 to present. The abstracts and titles were screened, and the full-text articles were selected. The present review is up-to-date of the phytochemical property of C. aurantifolia to provide a reference for further study.

An Updated Review on Phytochemical Properties of "Golden Dewdrop" Duranta erecta.

Duranta erecta (family: Verbenaceae) commonly referred to golden dewdrop, pigeon berry, angel whisper, or skyflower is one of the traditional medicinal plants. It has been shown to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and insecticide properties. Its phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids are reported as the basis of its efficacious therapeutic properties. The other important constituents which contribute to the remedial properties are durantol, pectolinaringenin, repennoside, repenins, and scutellarein. Published information on the phytochemical property of D. erecta was gathered by the use of different database platforms, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SciFinder, and Scopus, that provided an up-to-date review on its importance.

Review Ergogenic Effect of Long Jack, Eurycoma Longifolia.

Eurycoma longifolia (family: Simaroubaceae) is commonly distributed in the Southeast Asia and Indo-China. In particular, the aqueous extract and decoction of its root are a well-known folk medicine which enhances sexuality, fertility, and antiaging. Furthermore, it has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Its common phytochemical components include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, and triterpenes. This plant is rich in various quassinoids including eurycolactone, eurycomalactone, eurycomanol, eurycomanone, and eurycomaoside all of which has been reported to contribute to its remedial properties including increased muscle strength, endurance in cycling time, and reduced anxiety and stress. Based on established literature on the health benefits of E. longifolia, this review article has attempted to compile E. longifolia to be one of the choices of ergogenic plants.

Review of Naturopathy of Medical Mushroom, Ophiocordyceps Sinensis, in Sexual Dysfunction.

Sexual dysfunctions including desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain disorders are increasing worldwide due to etiological factors and aging. Several types of treatment are claimed in modern medicine, but they have serious side effects and higher costs. In fact, alternative approaches, such as the intake of plants, fungi, and insects, or their extracts, have also been practiced to enhance sexuality and ameliorate illness with notable successes. However, the scientific evidence related to the mechanisms and efficacy of these alternative medicines is both scarce and all too often unconvincing. Ophiocordyceps sinensis is an Ascomycetes fungus parasitic to Lepidoptera larvae, and has long been used as medicine to treat many illnesses and promote longevity in Chinese society. Previous investigations have shown that O. sinensis has many pharmacological activities. This review has focused on illustrating that O. sinensis can enhance libido and sexual performance, and can restore impaired reproductive functions, such as impotency or infertility, in both sexes.

Efficacy of Eosin Dye Removal by Peanut Shell Agrowaste Adsorbent

Abstract Peanut shell (PS) which is an excessive waste-product from agricultural processes, it can be recycled to a natural adsorbent for example it uses as removal dyes. Synthetic dye effluent without improperly discharged from industries to the river cause wastewater and damage to living organisms, especially, anionic dyes are difficult removed by conventional treatments such as biological, chemical, oxidation, and physical-filtration. However, an adsorption treatment is widely used for decolorization of dyes and give the best results for removal of various types of dissolved coloring materials. This research was used Eosin Y (EO) for the anionic model of dyeing wastewater and used PS for agrowaste adsorbent. The purpose of this study was investigated the efficiency adsorption of EO removal by PS. This efficiency adsorption was measured by different PS dosages, contact times, adsorbate concentration and equilibrium data. The results can be concluded that the PS had the efficiency adsorption of EO removal due to the equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) and the highest dose of PS were balanced to adsorption of dye. The highest EO removal percentage was found in 87.7%, the qe was 0.351 mg g-1 and can adsorb from 10 mg L-1 to 1.23 mg L-1 in 25 g L-1 of PS dose at 30 minutes. In addition, the PS structure was found in multi-layer and many porous which is suitable for adsorbent. The morphological examination of PS was shown before and after adsorption that not changed. Therefore, PS might be an alternative choice for removal dye, and be used for the recycle adsorbent agrowaste as a commercial product for adding their values.

Effects of praziquantel and artesunate on the tegument of adult Schistosoma mekongi harboured in mice.

The effects of praziquantel and artesunate on the tegument of adult Schistosoma mekongi harboured in mice were compared using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Forty-two mice infected with S. mekongi for 49 days were treated intragastrically with either 300 mg/kg praziquantel or 300 mg/kg artesunate. Mice were sacrificed 1 or 3 days post-treatment. Worms were collected by perfusion and examined by SEM. One to 3 days after administration of artesunate, the tegument of S. mekongi showed severe swelling, vacuolization, fusion of the tegumental ridges and loss or shortening of the spines on the trabeculae, collapse and peeling. Praziquantel induced similar tegumental alterations as those observed after administration of artesunate, but they were less severe. Three days post-treatment, there was evidence of recovery only in the case of praziquantel. The results of our study suggest that artesunate is more effective than praziquantel in causing tegumental damage in adult S. mekongi, and provides a basis for subsequent clinical trials.

Larvicidal and Histopathological Effects of Cassia siamea Leaf Extract against Culex quinquefasciatus.

A traditional Thai medicinal extract from Cassia siamea was evaluated with respect to its larvicidal properties by determining the median lethal concentration (LC50) at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h against the fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, which is a carrier of mosquito-borne diseases, by studying the histopathological alterations. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values were 394.29, 350.24, 319.17 and 272.42 ppm, respectively. The histopathological lesions after exposure to 25% of the 24-h LC50 were observed primarily in the midgut of the larva. Lesions with edema, swelling, and deformation or elongation of the epithelial cells were observed. Moreover, cells protruding into the lumen and absent microvilli were also found in some areas. The present study reveals that aqueous C. siamea leaf extracts have natural biopesticide properties.