Application of New Yarrowia lipolytica Transformants in Production of Citrates and Erythritol from Glycerol.

Citric acid and erythritol are obtained on an industrial scale using biotechnological methods. Due to the growing market demand for these products, research is underway to improve the process economics by introducing new microorganisms, in particular of the species Yarrowia lipolytica. The aim of this study was to evaluate transformants of Y. lipolytica for growth and ability to overproduce citric acids and erythritol from glycerol. The transformants were constructed by overexpressing glycerol kinase, methylcitrate synthase and mitochondrial succinate-fumarate transporter in the mutant Wratislavia 1.31. Next, strains were assessed for biosynthesis of citrate (pH 5.5; nitrogen limitation) and erythritol (pH 3.0; high osmotic pressure) from glycerol. Regardless of culture conditions strains, 1.31.GUT1/6 and 1.31.GUT1/6.CIT1/3 exhibited high rates of substrate utilization. Under conditions favoring citrate biosynthesis, both strains produced several percent more citrates, accompanied by higher erythritol production compared to the parental strain. During erythritol biosynthesis, the strain 1.31.GUT1/6.CIT1/3.E34672g obtained as a result of co-expression of all three genes stood out, producing 84.0 g/L of erythritol with yield and productivity of 0.54 g/g and 0.72 g/Lh, respectively, which places it in the group of the highest-ranked producers of erythritol among Y. lipolytica species.

Enhanced Production of Erythritol from Glucose by the Newly Obtained UV Mutant Yarrowia lipolytica K1UV15.

Erythritol is a polyol with a sweet taste but low energy value. Thanks to its valuable properties, as well as growing social awareness and nutritional trends, its popularity is growing rapidly. The aim of this study was to increase the effectiveness of erythritol production from glucose using new UV mutants of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica obtained in the Wratislavia K1 strain. The ability of the new strains to biosynthesize erythritol and utilize this polyol was examined in shake-flask cultures and fed-batch processes conducted in a stirred tank reactor with a total glucose concentration of 300 and 400 g/L. The Wratislavia K1 strain produced erythritol most efficiently (97.5 g/L; 192 h) at an initial glucose concentration of 250 g/L (total: 300 g/L). New strains were assessed under such conditions, and it was noted that the highest erythritol concentration (145 g/L; 183 h) was produced by the K1UV15 strain. A significant improvement in the erythritol biosynthesis efficiency (148 g/L; 150 h) was achieved upon the increase in (NH4)2SO4 to 3.6 g/L. Further, in the culture with such a concentration of the nitrogen source and increased total glucose level (400 g/L), the K1UV15 strain produced 226 g/L of erythritol within 281 h.

Sugar Alcohol Sweetener Production by Yarrowia lipolytica Grown in Media Containing Glycerol.

Most of the world's annual production of mannitol is by chemical means, but, due to increasing demand for natural sweeteners, alternative production methods are being sought. The aim of the study was to screen Yarrowia lipolytica yeast strains and select culture conditions for the efficient and selective biosynthesis of mannitol from glycerol. From 21 strains examined in the shake-flask culture for mannitol biosynthesis from glycerol (100 g/L), three strains were selected-S2, S3, and S4-and further evaluated in batch bioreactor cultures with technical and raw glycerol (150 g/L). The best production parameters were observed for strain S3, which additionally was found to be the most resistant to NaCl concentration. Next, strain S3 was examined in batch culture with regard to the initial glycerol concentration (from 50 to 250 g/L). It was found that the substrate concentrations of 50 and 75 g/L resulted in the highest mannitol selectivity, about 70%. The fed-batch culture system proposed in this paper (performed in two variants in which glycerol was dosed in four portions of about 50 or 75 g/L) resulted in increased mannitol production, up to 78.5 g/L.

Application of a New Engineered Strain of Yarrowia lipolytica for Effective Production of Calcium Ketoglutarate Dietary Supplements.

The present study aimed to develop a technology for the production of dietary supplements based on yeast biomass and α-ketoglutaric acid (KGA), produced by a new transformant of Yarrowia lipolytica with improved KGA biosynthesis ability, as well to verify the usefulness of the obtained products for food and feed purposes. Transformants of Y. lipolytica were constructed to overexpress genes encoding glycerol kinase, methylcitrate synthase and mitochondrial organic acid transporter. The strains were compared in terms of growth ability in glycerol- and oil-based media as well as their suitability for KGA biosynthesis in mixed glycerol-oil medium. The impact of different C:N:P ratios on KGA production by selected strain was also evaluated. Application of the strain that overexpressed all three genes in the culture with a C:N:P ratio of 87:5:1 allowed us to obtain 53.1 g/L of KGA with productivity of 0.35 g/Lh and yield of 0.53 g/g. Finally, the possibility of obtaining three different products with desired nutritional and health-beneficial characteristics was demonstrated: (1) calcium α-ketoglutarate (CaKGA) with purity of 89.9% obtained by precipitation of KGA with CaCO3, (2) yeast biomass with very good nutritional properties, (3) fixed biomass-CaKGA preparation containing 87.2 µg/g of kynurenic acid, which increases the health-promoting value of the product.

Platelet-Based Liquid Biopsies through the Lens of Machine Learning.

Liquid biopsies offer minimally invasive diagnosis and monitoring of cancer disease. This biosource is often analyzed using sequencing, which generates highly complex data that can be used using machine learning tools. Nevertheless, validating the clinical applications of such methods is challenging. It requires: (a) using data from many patients; (b) verifying potential bias concerning sample collection; and (c) adding interpretability to the model. In this work, we have used RNA sequencing data of tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) and performed a binary classification (cancer vs. no-cancer). First, we compiled a large-scale dataset with more than a thousand donors. Further, we used different convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and boosting methods to evaluate the classifier performance. We have obtained an impressive result of 0.96 area under the curve. We then identified different clusters of splice variants using expert knowledge from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Employing boosting algorithms, we identified the features with the highest predictive power. Finally, we tested the robustness of the models using test data from novel hospitals. Notably, we did not observe any decrease in model performance. Our work proves the great potential of using TEP data for cancer patient classification and opens the avenue for profound cancer diagnostics.

Roots and Leaf Extracts of Dipsacus fullonum L. and Their Biological Activities.

The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the content of iridoids and phenolic compounds in the leaves and roots of Dipsacus fullonum L. They were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Five iridoid compounds (loganic acid, loganin, sweroside, cantleyoside, and sylvestroside III) were identified in Dipsacus fullonum L. leaves and roots. Seven phenolic acids and three flavones were identified in the leaves, and seven phenolic acids were detected in the roots. The leaves contained more iridoids and phenolic compounds than the roots. We also evaluated the antimicrobial (anti-bacterial and anti-yeast), antioxidant (ORAC methods), and antiacetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities of Dipsacus fullonum L. leaves and roots. Leaf extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity, but roots showed stronger antiacetylcholinesterase activity than leaves. The study also confirmed antibacterial activity of root-derived compounds against Staphylococcus aureus DSM 799 and Escherichia coli ATCC 10536.

Production of pyruvic acid from glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytica.

The aim of the study was to screen Yarrowia lipolytica strains for keto acid production and determine optimal conditions for pyruvic acid biosynthesis from glycerol by the best producer. The analyzed parameters were thiamine concentration, medium pH, stirring speed, and substrate concentration. The screening was performed in flask cultures, whereas pyruvic acid production was carried out in 5-L stirred-tank reactor with 2 L of working volume. In total, 24 Y. lipolytica strains were compared for their abilities to produce pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric acids. The total concentration of both acids ranged from 0.1 to 15.03 g/L. Ten strains were selected for keto acid biosynthesis in bioreactor. The Y. lipolytica SKO 6 strain was identified as the best producer of pyruvic acid. In the selected conditions (thiamine concentration 1.5 µg/L, pH 4.0, stirring speed 800 rpm, 150 g/L of glycerol), the strain Y. lipolytica SKO 6 produced 99.3 g/L of pyruvic acid, with process yield of 0.63 g/g and volumetric production rate of 1.18 g/L/h. Higher titer of pyruvic acid was obtained during fed-batch culture with 200 g/L of glycerol, reaching 125.8 g/L from pure glycerol (yield 0.68 g/g) and 124.4 g/L from crude glycerol (yield 0.62 g/g). Results obtained for the strain Y. lipolytica SKO 6 proved the suitability of microbial production of pyruvic acid at industrial scale.

Regioselective ortho-Hydroxylations of Flavonoids by Yeast.

Natural flavonoids, such as naringenin, hesperetin, chrysin, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, epicatechin, and biochanin A, were subjected to microbiological transformations by Rhodotorula glutinis. Yeast was able to regioselectively C-8 hydroxylate hesperetin, luteolin, and chrysin. Naringenin was transformed to 8- and 6-hydroxyderivatives. Quercetin, epicatechin, and biochanin A did not undergo biotransformation. A metabolic pathway for the degradation of chrysin has been elucidated. The metabolism of chrysin proceeds via an initial C-8 hydroxylation to norwogonin, followed by A-ring cleavage to 4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-2H-pyran-2-one.

Biomass production by novel strains of Yarrowia lipolytica using raw glycerol, derived from biodiesel production.

This study demonstrated the potential applicability of the isolated strains of Yarrowia lipolytica for the valorization of glycerol waste generated during biodiesel production, throughout biomass production. Twenty-one strains were isolated from different environments and identified as Y. lipolytica. Biomass production from pure glycerol (25 g L(-1)) was performed in the shake-flasks experiment. Eight strains with the best biomass production ability were chosen for studies in bioreactor (pH 3.5). The analysis of technological process parameters and biomass chemical composition demonstrated that S6 strain was the most suitable for biomass production. Its application allowed obtaining 11.7 and 12.3 g L(-1) of the biomass with 1.30 and 1.37 g L(-1) h(-1) productivity, respectively when pure and raw glycerol (25 g L(-1)) was used. In the yeast protein amino acid profile the contents of lysine, threonine and phenylalanine/tyrosine were higher than required by FAO/WHO. According to the EAAI, the nutritional value of the biomass reached up to 72.3%.

Chemostat study of citric acid production from glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytica.

The aim of the study was to examine how the dilution rate and the chemical composition of the production medium impacts on the synthesis of citric acid by the Yarrowia lipolytica strain Wratislavia AWG7 from glycerol in a chemostat culture. The yeast Y. lipolytica Wratislavia AWG7, an acetate (acet(-)) and morphological (fil(-)) mutant, was cultured in a nitrogen- and phosphorus-limited medium at the dilution rate of 0.009-0.031h(-1) in the chemostat. Under steady-state conditions, the increase in the dilution rate was paralleled by the decrease in citric acid concentration (from 86.5 to 51.2gL(-1)), as well as by the increase in the volumetric rate (from 0.78 to 1.59gL(-1)h(-1)) and specific rate (from 0.05 to 0.18gg(-1)h(-1)) of citric acid production. The yield of the production process varied from 0.59 to 0.67gg(-1). In a 550-h continuous culture of the yeast test, at a dilution rate of 0.01h(-1), in a medium with enhanced concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources, the concentration of citric acid, the concentration of biomass and the volumetric rate of citric acid production were 97.8gL(-1), 22.2gL(-1) and 0.98gL(-1)h(-1), respectively. The yield of the process decreased to 0.49gg(-1). The number of dead cells did not exceed 1% while that of the budding cells accounted for about 20%. Owing to the low content of isocitric acid and polyols, the fermentation process was characterized by a high purity. This study has produced the following finding: the double mutant Y. lipolytica AWG7 is an effective citric acid producer, with the ability to preserve its properties unchanged during the long run of the continuous chemostat process. This is a valued technological feature of such mutants.