RESUMO
Mosquitoes and EDTA-treated blood samples from febrile racehorses were investigated for Getah virus infection from 2016 to 2019 at the Miho Training Center, where several outbreaks of Getah virus have occurred. We collected 5557 mosquitoes and 331 blood samples from febrile horses in this study. The most frequently captured mosquito species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus (51.9%), followed by Aedes vexans nipponii (14.2%) and Anopheles sinensis (11.2%). Getah virus was detected in mosquitoes (Aedes vexans nipponii) in 2016 (strain 16-0810-26) but not in 2017-2019. Six of 74 febrile horses in 2016 and one of 69 in 2019 tested positive for Getah virus; none of the horses tested positive in 2017 or 2018. Phylogenetic and sequence analysis showed that strain 16-0810-26 was closely related to strains that had been isolated from horses and a pig around the training center in 2014-2016 but have not been detected in samples collected at the training center since 2017. In contrast, the strain isolated from the infected horse in 2019 (19-I-703) was genetically distinct from the strains isolated from horses and a pig in 2014-2016 and was more closely related to a strain isolated in 1978 at the training center. The source of strain 19-I-703 is unclear, but the virus was not detected in other horses sampled in 2019. In summary, we found that the distribution of mosquito species present at the training center had not changed significantly since 1979, and although a small outbreak of Getah virus infection occurred among horses at the training center in 2016, limited Getah virus activity was detected in mosquitoes and horses at the training center from 2017 to 2019.
Assuntos
Aedes , Alphavirus , Viroses , Cavalos , Animais , Suínos , Japão/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Viroses/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mosquito control is a crucial global issue for protecting the human community from mosquito-borne diseases. There is an urgent need for the development of selective and safe reagents for mosquito control. Flavonoids, a group of chemical substances with variable phenolic structures, such as daidzein, have been suggested as potential mosquito larvicides with less risk to the environment. However, the mode of mosquito larvicidal action of flavonoids has not been elucidated. RESULTS: Here, we report that several flavonoids, including daidzein, inhibit the activity of glutathione S-transferase Noppera-bo (Nobo), an enzyme used for the biosynthesis of the insect steroid hormone ecdysone, in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. The crystal structure of the Nobo protein of Ae. aegypti (AeNobo) complexed with the flavonoids and its molecular dynamics simulation revealed that Glu113 forms a hydrogen bond with the flavonoid inhibitors. Consistent with this observation, substitution of Glu113 with Ala drastically reduced the inhibitory activity of the flavonoids against AeNobo. Among the identified flavonoid-type inhibitors, desmethylglycitein (4',6,7-trihydroxyisoflavone) exhibited the highest inhibitory activity in vitro. Moreover, the inhibitory activities of the flavonoids correlated with the larvicidal activity, as desmethylglycitein suppressed Ae. aegypti larval development more efficiently than daidzein. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the mode of action of flavonoids on the Ae. aegypti Nobo protein at the atomic, enzymatic, and organismal levels.
Assuntos
Aedes , Animais , Flavonoides , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Humanos , Larva , Controle de MosquitosRESUMO
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is spreading rapidly in Asia. This virus is transmitted by the Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis), which has parthenogenetically and sexually reproducing populations. Parthenogenetic populations were found in ≥15 provinces in China and strongly correlated with the distribution of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome cases. However, distribution of these cases was poorly correlated with the distribution of populations of bisexual ticks. Phylogeographic analysis suggested that the parthenogenetic population spread much faster than bisexual population because colonization is independent of sexual reproduction. A higher proportion of parthenogenetic ticks was collected from migratory birds captured at an SFTSV-endemic area, implicating the contribution to the long-range movement of these ticks in China. The SFTSV susceptibility of parthenogenetic females was similar to that of bisexual females under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that parthenogenetic Asian longhorned ticks, probably transported by migratory birds, play a major role in the rapid spread of SFTSV.
Assuntos
Infecções por Bunyaviridae , Ixodidae , Phlebovirus , Febre Grave com Síndrome de Trombocitopenia , Carrapatos , Animais , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/epidemiologia , Feminino , Phlebovirus/genética , FilogeniaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is indispensable for diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in autopsy cases. In this study, we performed comprehensive reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and rapid antigen tests for COVID-19 on forensic postmortem specimens, regardless of the antemortem symptoms and causes of death. Immediately before forensic external examination and autopsy, a wiping solution was collected from the nasopharynx with a dry swab, and rapid antigen testing and RT-qPCR were performed. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected by RT-qPCR in 12 of the 487 cases; the infection rate was 2.46%. Of the RT-qPCR-positive cases, 7 were associated with COVID-19-related deaths. Cycle threshold values were not correlated with the cause of death or postmortem time. The sensitivity and specificity of the rapid antigen test were 91.67% and 100.00%, respectively. The RT-qPCR positivity rate of forensic cases was higher than the cumulative infection rate for the entire population. SARS-CoV-2 could be detected with the rapid antigen test and RT-qPCR within 216 hours of death. Because the rapid antigen test showed the same sensitivity and specificity as those observed in clinical practice, the test combined with RT-qPCR may be useful for diagnosing COVID-19 even in postmortem specimens.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Autopsia , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Teste para COVID-19 , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
ABSTRACT: The polymerase chain reaction is indispensable for diagnosing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in forensic cases. However, studies regarding the effectiveness of rapid antigen testing (RAT) in forensic cases remain limited. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of RAT compared with reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for confirming SARS-CoV-2 infection (including the delta variant). Before the external examination or autopsy, we collected samples from the nasopharyngeal mucosa, which were then assessed via RAT (QuickNavi COVID-19 Ag kit, QuickNavi-Flu+COVID-19 Ag kit) and RT-qPCR. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction results were positive in 73 of 1255 cases, and 21 cases were identified as those of delta variants. Low RT-qPCR threshold cycle value cases and delta variant infections were more likely to result in coronavirus disease-related deaths. The sensitivity of the QuickNavi COVID-19 Ag kit was 76.32%, and that of the QuickNavi-Flu+COVID-19 Ag kit was 77.14%. The specificity of both RATs was 100%. In QuickNavi COVID-19 Ag kit cases, delta variant cases showed lower sensitivity than non-delta variant cases, even for a similar viral load. Thus, RAT in forensic cases is sufficiently useful as a screening test for SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, RAT carries a risk of false negatives, especially for delta variant cases.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , SARS-CoV-2 , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Teste para COVID-19RESUMO
In this retrospective study, we analysed clinical and demographic data from the medical records of 31 pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who were treated at our hospital between April 2020 and April 2021. The most common symptom was a fever; â¼10% of patients were asymptomatic. One patient with rapidly worsening pneumonia needed a Caesarean Section at 30 weeks and was admitted for intensive care. Twelve patients received perinatal care in our hospital (10 live births, one stillbirth, and one artificial abortion). Six patients delivered vaginally; the others delivered via caesarean section. Two patients had complications, including severe hypertensive disorders and preeclampsia. All patients recovered from COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was not detected in the placenta, umbilical cord, cord blood, amniotic fluid, vaginal fluid, or breast milk in any patient. There were no neonatal adverse outcomes. The possibility of transmitting the coronavirus to pregnancy-related samples was low.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on the subject? COVID-19 has been affecting different countries in diverse ways, and the incidence, mortality, and morbidity rates of patients with COVID-19 vary widely by country or region and race. These differences in results may reflect racial differences and differences in national health care systems. Moreover, the information about the perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and their newborns from Japan is limited.What do the results of this study add to what is known? We described the perinatal outcomes of 31 Japanese pregnant women with COVID-19 who were managed safely in a perinatal medical centre in Tokyo Japan, during the first 1 year of the pandemic.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Severe pneumonia and perinatal complications may occur, although no maternal and neonatal deaths were observed for COVID-19-positive pregnant women in our facility. Therefore, it is important to prevent this infection during pregnancy with the provision of effective medical care.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Feminino , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Cesárea , Gestantes , Pandemias , Japão/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/terapia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Natimorto/epidemiologia , Hospitais , Resultado da Gravidez/epidemiologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças InfecciosasRESUMO
Memory T helper (mTh) cells play important roles in the reinfection of pathogens and drive the pathogenesis of diseases. While recent studies have characterized the pathogenic mTh2 cell subpopulations driving allergic inflammation, those that induce immune responses against helminth infection remain unknown. We found that IL-5-producing CXCR6+ST2+CD44+ mTh2 cells play a crucial role in the IL-33-dependent inhibition of the fecundity of helminth, whereas other ST2- mTh2 cells do not. Although both cell types induced the infiltration of granulocytes, especially eosinophils, into the lungs in response to helminth infection, the ST2+ mTh2 cell-induced eosinophils expressed higher levels of major basic protein (MBP), which is important for reducing the fecundity of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), than ST2- mTh2 cell-induced ones. Notably, we also found that ST2+ Treg cells but not ST2- Treg cells suppressed CXCR6+ST2+ mTh2 cell-mediated immune responses. Taken together, these findings show that we identified a mechanism against helminth elicited by a subpopulation of IL-5-producing mTh2 cells through the accumulation of eosinophils strongly expressing MBP in the lungs.
Assuntos
Eosinófilos/imunologia , Fertilidade/imunologia , Memória Imunológica/imunologia , Proteína 1 Semelhante a Receptor de Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Proteína Básica da Mielina/metabolismo , Nippostrongylus/imunologia , Receptores CXCR6/metabolismo , Células Th2/imunologia , Animais , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Eosinófilos/parasitologia , Fertilidade/fisiologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/parasitologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Receptores de Interleucina/metabolismo , Infecções por Strongylida/complicações , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th1/metabolismo , Células Th2/metabolismoRESUMO
HIV infection, in particular in patients with developing AIDS, carries a risk of causing toxoplasmosis with encephalitis, which is mostly caused by a form (bradyzoite) of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. HIV/AIDS in Japan has been recognized as a serious health issue in recent years. In this study, to elucidate T. gondii seroprevalence in HIV-positive patients in Japan and associated characteristics with Toxoplasma parasite infection, the titer of T. gondii IgG (Tg-IgG) was measured in 399 HIV-positive patients who visited a hospital in Tokyo, Japan, between 2015 and 2017. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to investigate associations between lifestyle and customs. As a result, the overall prevalence of Tg-IgG-positive serum was 8.27% (33 cases of 399). All the cases positive for Tg-IgG were confirmed using the Sabin-Feldman dye test; the titers between each examination correlated robustly (p < 0.001, r = 0.6). A correlation between Toxoplasma infection rate and age was determined (p < 0.001), whereas there was no significant correlation with lifestyle customs such as consuming undercooked meat or owning a cat. An association between Toxoplasma infection and experience of dwelling in the Hokkaido area, the northern part of Japan, was observed (p = 0.001). These results suggested that the proportion of those who were previously exposed to Toxoplasma parasites in the HIV-positive population has been maintained at a similar level as that of the HIV-negative population in Japan, providing clear information about the potential risk of toxoplasmic encephalitis.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Toxoplasmose , Adulto , Idoso , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Tóquio/epidemiologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/complicações , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The rapid geographical spread of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) worldwide has recently provoked significant concerns amongst public health authorities. Tick-borne pathogens are maintained in enzootic cycles involving ticks and wild animal hosts, with epizootic spread to other mammals, including livestock and humans. Despite the increasing public health concern, current TBD diagnostic tests and treatments are inadequate, and predictive models of future risks posed by TBDs are limited by the heterogeneity of environmental, vector, and host factors, even in neighboring regions. In recent years, infections resulting in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), Japanese spotted fever, and the scrub typhus pathogens have been reported frequently in addition to traditional TBDs in Japan. The Japanese archipelago is extremely elongated from north to south and its climate varies considerably, creating remarkable regional differences in tick species. The importance of continuous surveillance of TBDs has been growing in terms of geopathology - studies dealing with the relationships between geographic factors and the causes of specific diseases - in Japan and neighboring areas among eastern Asian countries, including China and Korea. In this review, we summarize detailed information regarding the history and epidemic status of human TBDs in Japan.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/transmissão , Reservatórios de Doenças , Vetores de Doenças , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/transmissão , Animais , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/transmissão , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Doença de Lyme/epidemiologia , Doença de Lyme/transmissão , Tifo por Ácaros/epidemiologia , Tifo por Ácaros/transmissão , Rickettsiose do Grupo da Febre Maculosa/epidemiologia , Rickettsiose do Grupo da Febre Maculosa/transmissãoRESUMO
A vertical confocal observation system capable of high-resolution observation of intracellular structure is demonstrated. The system consists of magnet-active microplates to rotate, incline, and translate single adherent cells in the applied magnetic field. Appended to conventional confocal microscopes, this system enables high-resolution cross-sectional imaging with single-molecule sensitivity in single scanning.
Assuntos
Desenho de Equipamento , Microscopia Confocal/instrumentação , Humanos , MagnetismoRESUMO
Developmental processes of hematopoietic cells are orchestrated by transcriptional networks. GATA-1, the founding member of the GATA family of transcription factors, has been demonstrated to play crucial roles in the differentiation of erythroid cells, magakaryocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. However, the role of GATA-1 in basophils remains elusive. Here we show that basophils abundantly express Gata1 mRNAs, and that siRNA-mediated knockdown of Gata1 resulted in impaired production of IL-4 by basophils in response to the stimulation with IgE plus antigens. ΔdblGATA mice that carry the mutated Gata1 promoter and are widely used for functional analysis of eosinophils owing to their selective loss of eosinophils showed a decreased number of basophils with reduced expression of Gata1 mRNAs. The number of basophil progenitors in bone marrow was reduced in these mice, and the generation of basophils from their bone marrow cells in culture with IL-3 or thymic stromal lymphopoietin was impaired. ΔdblGATA basophils responded poorly ex vivo to stimulation with IgE plus antigens compared with wild-type basophils as assessed by degranulation and production of IL-4 and IL-6. Moreover, ΔdblGATA mice showed impaired responses in basophil-mediated protective immunity against intestinal helminth infection. Thus, ΔdblGATA mice showed numerical and functional aberrancy in basophils in addition to the known deficiency of eosinophils. Our findings demonstrate that GATA-1 plays a key role in the generation and function of basophils and underscore the need for careful distinction of the cell lineage responsible for each phenotype observed in ΔdblGATA mice.
Assuntos
Basófilos/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Fator de Transcrição GATA1/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/imunologia , Animais , Basófilos/metabolismo , Primers do DNA/genética , Citometria de Fluxo , Fator de Transcrição GATA1/genética , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/citologia , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Malaria vectors have developed resistance to the four families of insecticides available for public health purposes. For example, the kdr mutation is associated with organochlorines and pyrethroids resistance. It is of particular concern that organophosphate and carbamate resistance associated with the G119S ace-1 (R) mutation has recently increased in West Africa in extent and frequency, and is now spreading through the Anopheles gambiae malaria vector population. There is an urgent need to improve resistance management using existing insecticides and new tools to quickly assess resistance level for rapid decision-making. METHODS: DNA extracted from field-collected mosquitoes was used to develop the method. Specific primers were designed manually to match the mutation region and an additional mismatched nucleotide in the penultimate position to increase specificity. Other primers used are common to both wild and mutant types. The allele specific (AS)-LAMP method was compared to the PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) methods using the genomic DNA of 104 field-collected mosquitoes. RESULTS: The primers designed for LAMP were able to distinguish between the wild type (ace-1 (S) ) and mutated type allele (ace-1 (R) ). Detection time was 50 min for the wild type homozygous and 64 min for the heterozygous. No amplification of the resistant allele took place within the 75-min test period when using the wild type primers. For the ace-1 (R) resistant type, detection time was 51 min for the resistant homozygous and 55 min for the heterozygous. No amplification of the wild type allele took place within the 75-min test period when using the resistant type primers. Gel electrophoresis of LAMP products confirmed that amplification was primer-DNA specific, i.e., primers could only amplify their target specific DNA. AS-LAMP, PCR-RFLP, and RT-PCR showed no significant difference in the sensitivity and specificity of their ace-1 (R) detection ability. CONCLUSIONS: The AS-LAMP method could detect the ace-1 (R) mutation within 60 min, which is faster than conventional PCR-RFLP. This method may be used to quickly detect the ace-1 (R) mutation for rapid decision-making, even in less well-equipped laboratories.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/genética , Anopheles/genética , Entomologia/métodos , Insetos Vetores/genética , Resistência a Inseticidas , Proteínas Mutantes/genética , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , África Ocidental , Animais , Anopheles/efeitos dos fármacos , Anopheles/enzimologia , Primers do DNA/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Insetos Vetores/efeitos dos fármacos , Insetos Vetores/enzimologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Mucin is a major component of mucus on gastrointestinal mucosa. Mucin alteration in the host is considered to be the principal event for expulsion of intestinal helminths. However, it is unclear what mucin alterations are induced by various helminth infections. In this study, the alterations of mouse small intestinal mucin after infection with two nematodes, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus, which parasitize the jejunal epithelium, and a cestode, Vampirolepis nana, which parasitizes the ileal epithelium, were examined biochemically and histologically using two anti-mucin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), HCM31 and PGM34, which recognize Sd(a) antigen, NeuAcα2-3(GalNAcß1-4)Galß1-4GlcNAcß-, and sulphated H type 2 antigen, Fucα1-2Galß1-4GlcNAc(6SO3H)ß-, respectively. The goblet cell mucins that reacted with HCM31 increased conspicuously on the jejunal mucosa concurrently with expulsion of N. brasiliensis. Increased levels of HCM31-reactive mucins were observed in the jejunal mucosa after H. polygyrus infection, despite the ongoing parasitism. Goblet cell mucins that reacted with PGM34 increased on the ileal mucosa during V. nana parasitism. Small intestinal goblet cells reacting with the two mAbs were not observed in non-infected mice, although sialomucins and sulfomucins were abundantly present. Additionally, the number of ileal goblet cells that reacted with the two mAbs was increased at the time of expulsion of heterophyid trematode. These results indicate that the type of specific acidic mucins expressed after infection varies among species of intestinal helminth, and, furthermore, that the relationship with worm expulsion is also different.
Assuntos
Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Jejuno/metabolismo , Mucinas/metabolismo , Nematospiroides dubius/fisiologia , Nippostrongylus/fisiologia , Sialomucinas/metabolismo , Infecções por Strongylida/metabolismo , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologia , Animais , Células Caliciformes/metabolismo , Células Caliciformes/parasitologia , Células Caliciformes/patologia , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Jejuno/parasitologia , Jejuno/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mucinas/genética , Sialomucinas/genética , Infecções por Strongylida/genética , Infecções por Strongylida/patologiaRESUMO
In metazoan development, the precise mechanisms that regulate the completion of morphogenesis according to a developmental timetable remain elusive. The Drosophila male terminalia is an asymmetric looping organ; the internal genitalia (spermiduct) loops dextrally around the hindgut. Mutants for apoptotic signaling have an orientation defect of their male terminalia, indicating that apoptosis contributes to the looping morphogenesis. However, the physiological roles of apoptosis in the looping morphogenesis of male terminalia have been unclear. Here, we show the role of apoptosis in the organogenesis of male terminalia using time-lapse imaging. In normal flies, genitalia rotation accelerated as development proceeded, and completed a full 360° rotation. This acceleration was impaired when the activity of caspases or JNK or PVF/PVR signaling was reduced. Acceleration was induced by two distinct subcompartments of the A8 segment that formed a ring shape and surrounded the male genitalia: the inner ring rotated with the genitalia and the outer ring rotated later, functioning as a 'moving walkway' to accelerate the inner ring rotation. A quantitative analysis combining the use of a FRET-based indicator for caspase activation with single-cell tracking showed that the timing and degree of apoptosis correlated with the movement of the outer ring, and upregulation of the apoptotic signal increased the speed of genital rotation. Therefore, apoptosis coordinates the outer ring movement that drives the acceleration of genitalia rotation, thereby enabling the complete morphogenesis of male genitalia within a limited developmental time frame.
Assuntos
Apoptose/fisiologia , Genitália Masculina/citologia , Morfogênese/fisiologia , Animais , Caspases/metabolismo , Drosophila , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência , Genitália Masculina/metabolismo , Genitália Masculina/ultraestrutura , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de VarreduraRESUMO
An approach for manipulating single adherent cells is developed that is integrated with an enzymatic batch release. This strategy uses an array of releasable microfabricated mobile substrates, termed microplates, formed from a biocompatible polymer, parylene. A parylene microplate array of 10-70 µm in diameter can be formed on an alginate hydrogel sacrificial layer by using a standard photolithographic process. The parylene surfaces are modified with fibronectin to enhance cell attachment, growth, and stretching. To load single cells onto these microplates, cells are initially placed in suspension at an optimized seeding density and are allowed to settle, stretch, and grow on individual microplates. The sacrificial layer underneath the microplate array can be dissolved on a time-scale of several seconds without cytotoxicity. This system allows the inspection of selected single adherent cells. The ability to assess single cells while maintaining their adhesive properties will broaden the examination of a variety of attributes, such as cell shape and cytoskeletal properties.
Assuntos
Enzimas/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/citologia , Polímeros/química , Análise de Célula Única/instrumentação , Xilenos/química , Animais , Adesão Celular , Linhagem Celular , Fibroblastos/parasitologia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Ratos , Toxoplasma/fisiologiaRESUMO
Female mosquitoes engage in blood feeding from their hosts to facilitate egg maturation but cease feeding once a sufficient blood meal has been acquired. Abdominal distention has been proposed as a contributing factor; however, it has also been suggested that there are chemical controls. In this study, we focus on negative chemical regulators of blood feeding, particularly those present in the host blood. Serum derived from animal blood inhibits the feeding of ATP, a phagostimulant of blood feeding in Aedes aegypti. Fibrinopeptide A (FPA), a 16-amino acid peptide cleaved from fibrinogen during blood coagulation, serves as an inhibitory factor in the serum. Our findings suggest that blood-feeding arrest in female mosquitoes is triggered by the detection of FPA in the host blood, which increases as blood coagulation proceeds in the mosquito's midgut, highlighting the role of host-derived substances as negative regulators of mosquito behavior.
Assuntos
Aedes , Animais , Aedes/fisiologia , Feminino , Comportamento Alimentar , Febre Amarela/transmissão , Mosquitos VetoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ae. aegypti is the vector of important µ arboviruses, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. Despite not being specifically targeted by insecticide-based control programs in West Africa, resistance to insecticides in Ae. aegypti has been reported in countries within this region. In this study, we investigated the status and mechanisms of Ae. aegypti resistance in Niamey, the capital of Niger. This research aims to provide baseline data necessary for arbovirus outbreak prevention and preparedness in the country. METHODS: Ovitraps were used to collect Ae. aegypti eggs, which were subsequently hatched in the insectary for bioassay tests. The hatched larvae were then reared to 3-5-day-old adults for WHO tube and CDC bottle bioassays, including synergist tests. The kdr mutations F1534C, V1016I, and V410L were genotyped using allele-specific PCR and TaqMan qPCR methods. RESULTS: Ae. aegypti from Niamey exhibited moderate resistance to pyrethroids but susceptibility to organophosphates and carbamates. The kdr mutations, F1534C, V1016I and V410L were detected with the resistant tri-locus haplotype 1534C+1016L+410L associated with both permethrin and deltamethrin resistance. Whereas the homozygote tri-locus resistant genotype 1534CC+1016LL+410LL was linked only to permethrin resistance. The involvement of oxidase and esterase enzymes in resistance mechanisms was suggested by partial restoration of mosquitoes' susceptibility to pyrethroids in synergist bioassays. CONCLUSION: This study is the first report of Ae. aegypti resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Niamey. The resistance is underpinned by target site mutations and potentially involves metabolic enzymes. The observed resistance to pyrethroids coupled with susceptibility to other insecticides, provides data to support evidence-based decision-making for Ae. aegypti control in Niger.
Assuntos
Aedes , Resistência a Inseticidas , Inseticidas , Mutação , Piretrinas , Animais , Aedes/genética , Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Inseticidas/genética , Piretrinas/farmacologia , Níger , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Mosquitos Vetores/genética , Mosquitos Vetores/efeitos dos fármacos , Genótipo , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismoRESUMO
Upon microbial invasion the innate immune system of Drosophila melanogaster mounts a response that comes in two distinct but complimentary forms, humoral and cellular. A screen to find genes capable of conferring resistance to the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus upon ectopic expression in immune response tissues uncovered imd gene. This resistance was not dependent on cellular defenses but rather likely a result of upregulation of the humoral response through increased expression of antimicrobial peptides, including a Toll pathway reporter gene drosomycin. Taken together it appears that Imd pathway is capable of playing a role in resistance to the Gram-positive S. aureus, counter to notions of traditional roles of the Imd pathway thought largely to responsible for resistance to Gram-negative bacteria.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/imunologia , Drosophila melanogaster/microbiologia , Hemócitos/imunologia , Imunidade Humoral/imunologia , Staphylococcus aureus/imunologia , Animais , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Imunidade Humoral/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Malaria is the most significant human parasitic disease, and yet understanding of the energy metabolism of the principle pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum, remains to be fully elucidated. Amino acids were shown to be essential nutritional requirements since early times and much of the current knowledge of Plasmodium energy metabolism is based on early biochemical work, performed using basic analytical techniques, carried out almost exclusively on human plasma with considerable inter-individual variability. METHODS: In order to further characterize the fate of amino acid metabolism in malaria parasite, multivariate analysis using statistical modelling of amino acid concentrations (aminogram) of plasma and liver were determined in host infected with rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium yoelii. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Comprehensive and statistical aminogram analysis revealed that P. yoelii infection caused drastic change of plasma and liver aminogram, and altered intra- and inter-correlation of amino acid concentration in plasma and liver. These findings of the interactions between amino acids and Plasmodium infection may provide insight to reveal the interaction between nutrients and parasites.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/análise , Fígado/química , Malária/patologia , Plasma/química , Plasmodium yoelii/patogenicidade , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
Mosquitoes are vectors of various deadly infectious diseases, including malaria and dengue fever. Because these pathogens are transmitted by mosquito blood-feeding behavior, it is important to understand how mosquitoes are attracted to their hosts and how they feed on blood. The simplest method is to observe their behavior with the naked eye or video recording. Furthermore, various devices have been invented to assay mosquito behavior, such as olfactometers. Although each method has distinctive advantages, all have disadvantages, such as limitations in the number of individuals that can be assayed at one time and in observable durations, objective quantification methods, and others. To solve these problems, we have developed an automated device to quantify the carbon dioxide-activated heat-seeking behavior of Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti with continuous monitoring for up to 1 week. This device, which is detailed in an accompanying protocol, can be applied to search for substances and molecules that affect heat-seeking behavior. It may also be applicable to other hematophagous insects.