The benefits of a virtual emergency department observation unit for hospital observation patients.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of virtual emergency department observation unit (EDOU) care relative to traditional observation care in an inpatient bed is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine if virtual observation care in an EDOU is associated with improved length of stay, cost, inpatient admission rate, and adverse events relative to traditional observation care in non-observation unit (NOU) inpatient bed. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational cohort study of observation patients managed over 24 months in two urban teaching hospitals. Following an ED visit, observation care occurred in a virtual-EDOU or NOU inpatient setting based on bed availability, physician discretion, and observation guidelines. Primary outcomes were length of stay, total cost, inpatient admission rate, and adverse events (death or ICU admission). Hospital cost and clinical databases were used. Analysis with a doubly-robust regression with entropy balancing and propensity scores was used to control for subgroup differences. RESULTS: 30,191 observation patients were divided into 13,753 NOU patients and 16,438 EDOU patients with similar distributions for age and gender, and differences in health insurance and diagnosis. For both discharged and admitted patients, the mean cost was higher in the NOU setting at $7989 than the virtual-EDOU setting at $4876 with an adjusted difference of $1951 (95% CI: $1762-$2133). The mean total length of stay was higher in the NOU setting (60.5 h) than the virtual-EDOU setting (36.4 h) with an adjusted difference of 20.4 h (95% CI: 19.2 h - 21.3 h). NOU inpatient admission rates were higher (25.3% vs 18.4%). Cost and length of stays were lower in discharged observation patients, with differences favoring the virtual-EDOU group. Adverse events were higher in the NOU setting (2.1% vs 0.8%). 30-day ED recidivism did not differ significantly between NOU and virtual-EDOU study groups. The virtual-EDOU saved the two hospitals $16,036,913 and 6986 bed-days annually. CONCLUSION: Management of observation patients in a virtual-EDOU setting is superior to care in a traditional inpatient setting in terms of costs, length of stays, inpatient admission and adverse events rates.

The feasibility of emergency department observation units in the management of mild to moderate hyponatremia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the feasibility of managing hyponatremia patients under outpatient observation status in an academic medical center, and compare outcomes based on the use of an emergency department observation unit (EDOU). METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of emergency department hyponatremic patients managed in four hospitals within a large urban academic medical center over 27 months. All patients had an admit-to-observation order, ICD-10 codes for hyponatremia, and mild (130-135 mmol/L) to moderate (121-129 mmol/L) hyponatremia. Observation settings were divided into two groups: EDOU and Non-Observation Unit (NOU) inpatient beds. Severe hyponatremia (≤120 mmol/L) was excluded. Primary clinical outcomes were inpatient admit rate, length of stay (LOS), total direct cost, the rate of adverse events and 30-day recidivism. RESULTS: 188 patients were managed as an observation patient, with 64 managed in an EDOU setting (age 74.0 yr, 70.3% female) and 124 managed in a NOU setting (age 71.5 yr, 64.5% female). Patient subgroups were similar in terms of presenting complaints, comorbidities, and medication histories. Initial and final sodium levels were similar between settings: EDOU (125.1 to 132.6 mmol/L) vs NOU (123.5 to 132.0 mmol/L). However, outcomes differed by setting for observation to inpatient admit rate (EDOU 28.1% vs NOU 37.9%, adjusted effect 0.70), overall length of stay (EDOU 19.2 h vs NOU 31.9 h; adjusted effect -10.5 h and total direct cost ($1230 vs $1531; adjusted effect -$167). EDOU sodium correction rates were faster (EDOU 0.44 mmol/L/h vs 0.24 mmol/L/h; adjusted effect 0.15 mmol/L/h) and 30-day recidivism rate was similar (EDOU 13% vs NOU 15%). There were no index visit deaths or intensive care unit admissions. CONCLUSION: Management of selected hyponatremia patients under observation status is feasible, with the EDOU setting demonstrating lower admit rates, shorter length of stay, and lower total direct costs with similar clinical outcomes.

The Increasing Burden of Emergency Department and Inpatient Consultations for "Papilledema".

BACKGROUND: Increasing incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), overreported radiologic signs of intracranial hypertension, difficult access to outpatient neuro-ophthalmology services, poor insurance coverage, and medicolegal concerns have lowered the threshold for emergency department (ED) visits for "papilledema." Our objective was to examine referral patterns and outcomes of neuro-ophthalmology ED and inpatient consultations for concern for papilledema. METHODS: At one university-based quaternary care center, all adults referred for "papilledema" over one year underwent a standardized ED "papilledema protocol." We collected patient demographics, final diagnoses, and referral patterns. RESULTS: Over 1 year, 153 consecutive patients were referred for concern for papilledema. After papilledema protocol, 89 of 153 patients (58%) had bilateral optic disc edema, among whom 89% (79/89) had papilledema (intracranial hypertension). Of the 38 of 153 (25%) consultations for suspected disorder of intracranial pressure without previous fundus examination (Group 1), 74% (28/38) did not have optic disc edema, 21% (8/38) had papilledema, and 5% (2/38) had other causes of bilateral disc edema. Of the 89 of 153 (58%) consultations for presumed papilledema seen on fundus examination (Group 2), 58% (66/89) had confirmed papilledema, 17% (15/89) had pseudopapilledema, and 9% (8/89) had other causes of bilateral optic disc edema. Of the 26 of 153 (17%) patients with known IIH (Group 3), 5 had papilledema and 4 required urgent intervention. The most common diagnosis was IIH (58/79). Compared with IIH, patients with secondary causes of intracranial hypertension were older (P = 0.002), men (P < 0.001), not obese (P < 0.001), and more likely to have neurologic symptoms (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Inpatient and ED consultations for "papilledema" are increasing. Of the 153 ED and inpatient neuro-ophthalmology consultations seen for "papilledema" over 1 year, one-third of patients with optic disc edema of unknown cause before presentation to our ED had new vision- or life-threatening disease, supporting the need for prompt identification and evaluation of optic disc edema in the ED. In the face of limited access to neuro-ophthalmologists, this study supports the need for emergency department access to expert eye-care evaluation or ocular fundus camera for prompt identification of optic disc edema and standardized evaluation for neurologic emergencies.

Eye stroke protocol in in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Visual outcomes of acute central and branch retinal artery occlusions (CRAO/BRAO) are poor and acute treatment options are limited by delayed diagnosis. In the hyper-acute setting, the ocular fundus may appear "normal", making recognition challenging, but is facilitated by retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is seldom available in emergency departments (ED). We evaluated the use of non-mydriatic ocular fundus photographs (NMFP) combined with OCT to facilitate ultra-rapid remote diagnosis and stroke alert for patients with acute vision loss presenting to the ED. METHODS: Prospective evaluation of all CRAO/BRAO between 06/06/2023-06/06/2024 who had NMFP-OCT in our general ED affiliated with a stroke center. RESULTS: Over 1 year, 22 patients were diagnosed with CRAO, 4 with BRAO. Five patients presented within 4.5 hours of vision loss onset, 6 within 4.5 to ≤12 hours and 15 within >12 to 24 hours. On average, NMFP-OCT was performed within 141 minutes of presentation to the ED (range 27- 422 minutes). Diagnosis of acute RAO was made remotely with NMFP-OCT within 4.5 hours in 4 patients, 2 of whom received intravenous thrombolysis. Of the 9 patients with NMFP-OCT within 12 hours of symptom onset, 5 patients had subtle retinal whitening on color fundus photograph, but all had OCT inner retinal hyper-reflectivity/edema. CONCLUSION: Implementation of NMFP-OCT in a general ED enables rapid remote diagnosis of CRAO/BRAO and facilitates initiation of an eye stroke protocol in acute patients. OCT complements color fundus photography and provides greater diagnostic accuracy in hyperacute cases with near-normal appearing ocular fundi.

Neuro-ophthalmology Emergency Department and Inpatient Consultations at a Large Academic Referral Center.

PURPOSE: Prompt neuro-ophthalmology consultation prevents diagnostic errors and improves patient outcomes. The scarcity of neuro-ophthalmologists means that the increasing outpatient demand cannot be met, prompting many emergency department (ED) referrals by non-neuro-ophthalmologists. We describe our quaternary care institution's ED and inpatient neuro-ophthalmology consultation patterns and patient outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive neuro-ophthalmology ED and inpatient consultation requests over 1 year. METHODS: We collected patient demographics, distance traveled, insurance status, referring provider details, consultation question, final diagnosis, complexity of consultation, time of consultation, and need for outpatient follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Consultation patterns and diagnoses, complexity, and follow-up. RESULTS: Of 494 consecutive adult ED and inpatient neuro-ophthalmology consultations requested over 1 year, 241 of 494 consultations (49%) occurred at night or during weekends. Of ED consultations (322 of 494 [65%]), 127 of 322 consultations (39%) occurred during weekdays, 126 of 322 consultations (39%) occurred on weeknights, and 69 of 322 consultations (22%) occurred on weekends or holidays. Of 322 ED consultations, 225 of 322 consultations (70%) were patients who initially sought treatment in the ED with a neuro-ophthalmic chief symptom. Of the 196 patients sent to the ED by a health care professional, 148 patients (148/196 [76%]) were referred by eye care specialists (74 optometrists and 74 ophthalmologists). The most common ED referral questions were for papilledema (75 of 322 [23%]) and vision loss (72 of 322 [22%]). A total of 219 of 322 patients (68%) received a final active neuro-ophthalmic diagnosis, 222 of 322 patients (69%) were cases of high or very high complexity, and 143 of 322 patients (44%) required admission. Inpatient consultations (n = 172) were requested most frequently by hospitalists, including neurologists (71 of 172 [41%]) and oncologists (20 of 172 [12%]) for vision loss (43 of 172 [25%]) and eye movement disorders (36 of 172 [21%]) and by neurosurgeons (58 of 172 [33%]) for examination for mass or a preoperative evaluation (19 of 172 [11%]). An active neuro-ophthalmic diagnosis was confirmed in 67% of patients (116 of 172). Outpatient neuro-ophthalmology follow-up was required for 291 of 494 patients (59%). CONCLUSIONS: Neuro-ophthalmology consultations are critical to the diagnosis and management in the hospital setting. In the face of a critical shortage of neuro-ophthalmologists, this study highlights the need for technological and diagnostic aids for greater outpatient access. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

The Impact of Virtual Care in an Emergency Department Observation Unit.

STUDY OBJECTIVE(S): We report the impact of telemedicine virtual rounding in emergency department observation units (EDOU) on the effectiveness, safety, and cost relative to traditional observation care. METHODS: In this retrospective diff-in-diff study, we compared observation visit outcomes from 2 EDOUs before (pre) and after (post) full adoption of telemedicine rounding tele-observation (tele-obs) with usual care in control EDOU and care in a hospital bed in an integrated health system without tele-obs. Tele-obs physicians did not work at the control hospital. Outcomes were the length of stay, total direct costs, admission status, and adverse events (ICU and death). Difference-in-differences modeling evaluated outcomes with covariates including age, sex, payer type, and clinical classification software diagnostic category. Data from a system data warehouse and a cost accounting database were used. RESULTS: Of the 20,861 EDOU visits, 15,630 (74.9%) were seen in the preperiod and 6,657 (31.9%) in control EDOU. Of 23,055 non-EDOU inpatient visits assigned to observation status (nonobservation unit), 76% were seen in the preperiod. Adjusted length of stay was not significantly different for tele-obs and control EDOUs (26.4 hours versus 23.5 hours), which remained lower than in hospital settings (37.9 hours). The pre-post diff-in-diff was not significant (P=.78). Inpatient admission status was similar for tele-obs and control EDOUs (20.9% versus 22.4.%) and lower than in hospital settings (30.3%). Prepost odds ratios for inpatient admission and adverse outcomes did not change significantly for all study groups. Adjusted costs increased over time for all settings; however, the prepost median cost change was not significantly different between tele-obs EDOUs and control EDOUs ($162.5 versus $235) and was lower than the change for control hospital settings ($783). Median tele-obs EDOU cost over both periods ($1,541) remained significantly lower than hospital costs ($2,413). CONCLUSION: Using tele-obs to manage observation patients in an ED observation unit was not associated with significant differences in length of stay, admission status, measured adverse events, or total direct cost.

Fundus Photography vs. Ophthalmoscopy Outcomes in the Emergency Department (FOTO-ED) Phase III: Web-based, In-service Training of Emergency Providers.

We evaluated a web-based training aimed at improving the review of fundus photography by emergency providers. 587 patients were included, 12.6% with relevant abnormalities. Emergency providers spent 31 minutes (median) training and evaluated 359 patients. Median post-test score improvement was 6 percentage points (IQR: 2-14; p = 0.06). Pre- vs. post-training, the emergency providers reviewed 45% vs. 43% of photographs; correctly identified abnormals in 67% vs. 57% of cases; and correctly identified normals in 80% vs. 84%. The Fundus photography vs. Ophthalmoscopy Trial Outcomes in the Emergency Department studies have demonstrated that emergency providers perform substantially better with fundus photography than direct ophthalmoscopy, but our web-based, in-service training did not result in further improvements at our institution.

The Impact of a High Sensitivity Troponin HEART Pathway Based Clinical Decision Protocol on Observation Visits.

BACKGROUND: Use of high-sensitivity troponin (hs-cTn) might lead to an increase in hospital observation visits due to higher number of abnormal troponin levels. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of incorporating hs-cTn into a chest pain clinical decision protocol (CDP) on observation visits in a large academic health system. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational cohort study of all chest pain observation patients in four hospitals in an academic health system over 24 months. All hospitals used the Beckman Coulter Unicel Dxi instrument, and all shared the same emergency department (ED) chest pain protocol, which used the HEART pathway and serial troponins and directed ED dispositions to either an observation stay, ED discharge, or inpatient admission. Outcomes studied before and after introduction of a hs-cTn protocol included daily chest pain observation census, cost, observation hours, and inpatient admit rate. Census was reported as the daily chest pain observation census and as a proportion of all observation visits. Data was retrieved from a health system data warehouse and a cost accounting program. RESULTS: There were 6,712 chest pain observation visits over 24-months, with 4,087 visits before and 2,634 visits after the hs-cTn protocol implementation. Comparison groups were similar in terms of age, gender, and type of insurance. There were 10.59 (95% CI: 10.24 - 10.95) daily chest pain observation visits before and 7.66 (95% CI: 7.34 - 7.97) visits after implementation, with a 28% (95% CI: 35% - 20%) decrease in the total daily census. As a portion of all observation visits, there was a 22% drop in the proportion that were observed for chest pain. The daily number of chest pain patients requiring inpatient admission was unchanged. The daily total direct cost for chest pain observation decreased with an effective daily cost savings of $4,313 USD (95% CI: $1,534 - $6,998). The total daily number of chest pain observation bed hours also decreased by 41.5 hours (95% CI 13.4 - 96.4 hr). CONCLUSION: Implementation of a hs-cTn chest pain protocol was associated with a significant decrease in the number and proportion of observation visits, a decrease in total daily cost and bed hours used, and no increase in inpatient admissions.

Application of a Deep Learning System to Detect Papilledema on Nonmydriatic Ocular Fundus Photographs in an Emergency Department.

PURPOSE: The Fundus photography vs Ophthalmoscopy Trial Outcomes in the Emergency Department (FOTO-ED) studies showed that ED providers poorly recognized funduscopic findings in patients in the ED. We tested a modified version of the Brain and Optic Nerve Study Artificial Intelligence (BONSAI) deep learning system on nonmydriatic fundus photographs from the FOTO-ED studies to determine if the deep learning system could have improved the detection of papilledema had it been available to ED providers as a real-time diagnostic aid. DESIGN: Retrospective secondary analysis of a cohort of patients included in the FOTO-ED studies. METHODS: The testing data set included 1608 photographs obtained from 828 patients in the FOTO-ED studies. Photographs were reclassified according to the optic disc classification system used by the deep learning system ("normal optic discs," "papilledema," and "other optic disc abnormalities"). The system's performance was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity using a 1-vs-rest strategy, with reference to expert neuro-ophthalmologists. RESULTS: The BONSAI deep learning system successfully distinguished normal from abnormal optic discs (AUC 0.92 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.90-0.93]; sensitivity 75.6% [73.7%-77.5%] and specificity 89.6% [86.3%-92.8%]), and papilledema from normal and others (AUC 0.97 [0.95-0.99]; sensitivity 84.0% [75.0%-92.6%] and specificity 98.9% [98.5%-99.4%]). Six patients with missed papilledema in 1 eye were correctly identified by the deep learning system as having papilledema in the other eye. CONCLUSIONS: The BONSAI deep learning system was able to reliably identify papilledema and normal optic discs on nonmydriatic photographs obtained in the FOTO-ED studies. Our deep learning system has excellent potential as a diagnostic aid in EDs and non-ophthalmology clinics equipped with nonmydriatic fundus cameras. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.

Breaking the barriers: Methodology of implementation of a non-mydriatic ocular fundus camera in an emergency department.

Despite evidence that non-mydriatic fundus cameras are beneficial in non-ophthalmic settings, they are only available in a minority of hospitals in the US. The lag from research-based evidence to change in clinical practice highlights the complexities of implementation of new technology and practice. We describe the steps used to implement successfully a non-mydriatic ocular fundus camera combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a general emergency department (ED) using Kotter's 8-Step Change Model. We prospectively collected the number of trained personnel in the ED, the number of imaging studies obtained each week during the first year following implementation, and we documented major achievements each month, as well as outcome measures, barriers to implementation and possible solutions. Between 12 and 42 patients were imaged per week, resulting in a total of 1274 patients imaged demonstrating sustained usage of non-mydriatic fundus camera/OCT in the ED one year after implementation. The implementation process was contingent upon multidisciplinary collaboration, extensive communication, coordinated training of staff, and continuous motivation. The future will likely include the use of artificial intelligence deep learning systems for automated interpretation of ocular imaging as an immediate diagnostic aid for ED or other non-eye care providers.

Diagnostic accuracy and use of nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography by emergency physicians: phase II of the FOTO-ED study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: During the first phase of the Fundus Photography vs Ophthalmoscopy Trial Outcomes in the Emergency Department study, 13% (44/350; 95% confidence interval [CI] 9% to 17%) of patients had an ocular fundus finding, such as papilledema, relevant to their emergency department (ED) management found by nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography reviewed by neuro-ophthalmologists. All of these findings were missed by emergency physicians, who examined only 14% of enrolled patients by direct ophthalmoscopy. In the present study, we evaluate the sensitivity of nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography, an alternative to direct ophthalmoscopy, for relevant findings when photographs are made available for use by emergency physicians during routine clinical care. METHODS: Three hundred fifty-four patients presenting to our ED with headache, focal neurologic deficit, visual change, or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 120 mm Hg had nonmydriatic fundus photography obtained (Kowa nonmydriatic α-D). Photographs were placed on the electronic medical record for emergency physician review. Identification of relevant findings on photographs by emergency physicians was compared with a reference standard of neuro-ophthalmologist review. RESULTS: Emergency physicians reviewed photographs of 239 patients (68%). Thirty-five patients (10%; 95% CI 7% to 13%) had relevant findings identified by neuro-ophthalmologist review (6 disc edema, 6 grade III/IV hypertensive retinopathy, 7 isolated hemorrhages, 15 optic disc pallor, and 1 retinal vascular occlusion). Emergency physicians identified 16 of 35 relevant findings (sensitivity 46%; 95% CI 29% to 63%) and also identified 289 of 319 normal findings (specificity 91%; 95% CI 87% to 94%). Emergency physicians reported that photographs were helpful for 125 patients (35%). CONCLUSION: Emergency physicians used nonmydriatic fundus photographs more frequently than they performed direct ophthalmoscopy, and their detection of relevant abnormalities improved. Ocular fundus photography often assisted ED care even when results were normal. Nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography offers a promising alternative to direct ophthalmoscopy.

Impact of an emergency department observation unit transient ischemic attack protocol on length of stay and cost.

This study examined the impact of an emergency department (ED) observation unit's accelerated diagnostic protocol (ADP) on hospital length of stay (LOS), cost of care, and clinical outcome of patients who had sustained a transient ischemic attack (TIA). All patients with TIA presenting to the ED over a 18-consecutive month period were eligible for the study. During the initial 11 months of the study (pre-ADP period), all patients were admitted to the neurology service. Over the subsequent 7 months (post-ADP period), patients were either managed using the ADP or were admitted based on ADP exclusion criteria or at a physician's discretion. All patients had orders for serial clinical examinations, neurologic evaluation, cardiac monitoring, vascular imaging of the brain and neck, and echocardiography. A total of 142 patients were included in the study (mean age, 67.9 ± 13.9 years; 61% female; mean ABCD(2) score, 4.3 ± 1.4). In the post-ADP period, 68% of the patients were managed using the ADP. Of these patients, 79% were discharged with a median LOS of 25.5 hours (ED + observation unit). Compared with the pre-ADP patients, the post-ADP patients (ADP and non-ADP) had a 20.8-hour shorter median LOS (95% confidence interval, 16.3-25.1 hours; P < .01) than pre-ADP patients and lower median associated costs (cost difference, $1643; 95% confidence interval, $1047-$2238). The stroke rate at 90 days was low in both groups (pre-ADP, 0%; post-ADP, 1.2%). Our findings indicate that introduction of an ED observation unit ADP for patients with TIA at a primary stroke center is associated with a significantly shorter LOS and lower costs compared with inpatient admission, with comparable clinical outcomes.

Scribe Impacts on Provider Experience, Operations, and Teaching in an Academic Emergency Medicine Practice.

INTRODUCTION: Physicians dedicate substantial time to documentation. Scribes are sometimes used to improve efficiency by performing documentation tasks, although their impacts have not been prospectively evaluated. Our objective was to assess a scribe program's impact on emergency department (ED) throughput, physician time utilization, and job satisfaction in a large academic emergency medicine practice. METHODS: We evaluated the intervention using pre- and post-intervention surveys and administrative data. All site physicians were included. Pre- and post-intervention data were collected in four-month periods one year apart. Primary outcomes included changes in monthly average ED length of stay (LOS), provider-specific average relative value units (RVUs) per hour (raw and normalized to volume), self-reported estimates of time spent teaching, self-reported estimates of time spent documenting, and job satisfaction. We analyzed data using descriptive statistics and appropriate tests for paired pre-post differences in continuous, categorical, and ranked variables. RESULTS: Pre- and post-survey response rates were 76.1% and 69.0%, respectively. Most responded positively to the intervention, although 9.5% reported negative impressions. There was a 36% reduction (25%-50%; p<0.01) in time spent documenting and a 30% increase (11%-46%, p<0.01) in time spent in direct patient contact. No statistically significant changes were seen in job satisfaction or perception of time spent teaching. ED volume increased by 88 patients per day (32-146, p=0.04) pre- to post- and LOS was unchanged; rates of patients leaving against medical advice dropped, and rates of patients leaving without being seen increased. RVUs per hour increased 5.5% and per patient 5.3%; both were statistically significant. No statistically significant changes were seen in patients seen per hour. There was moderate correlation between changes in ED volume and changes in productivity metrics. CONCLUSION: Scribes were well received in our practice. Documentation time was substantially reduced and redirected primarily to patient care. Despite an ED volume increase, LOS was maintained, with fewer patients leaving against medical advice but more leaving without being seen. RVUs per hour and per patient both increased.

Cardiac Arrest: A Treatment Algorithm for Emergent Invasive Cardiac Procedures in the Resuscitated Comatose Patient.

Patients who are comatose after cardiac arrest continue to be a challenge, with high mortality. Although there is an American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Class I recommendation for performing immediate angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (when indicated) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, no guidelines exist for patients without ST-segment elevation. Early introduction of mild therapeutic hypothermia is an established treatment goal. However, there are no established guidelines for risk stratification of patients for cardiac catheterization and possible percutaneous coronary intervention, particularly in patients who have unfavorable clinical features in whom procedures may be futile and affect public reporting of mortality. An algorithm is presented to improve the risk stratification of these severely ill patients with an emphasis on consultation and evaluation of patients prior to activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory.

A comprehensive acute coronary syndrome algorithm for centers with percutaneous coronary intervention capability.

A comprehensive acute coronary syndrome (ACS) protocol was developed to improve the quality of care for patients admitted with definite or probable ACS. These protocols were constructed to streamline the practice for diverse clinicians who care for ACS patients across a variety of clinical settings. They are applicable in the emergency department, the cardiac catheterization laboratory, and the inpatient settings for hospitals with primary percutaneous coronary intervention capability. These protocols standardized the care by selecting the best therapy for each clinical scenario based on available established guidelines to insure the safest and highest value (quality/cost) medical care.

Ability of triage decision rules for rapid electrocardiogram to identify patients with suspected ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: : The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for ST-elevation myocardial infarction state that an electrocardiogram (ECG) should be performed on patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome upon presentation to the emergency department (ED) within 10 minutes. OBJECTIVE: : To determine how previously published clinical criteria for obtaining an ECG at ED triage perform in a population of patients receiving emergency cardiac catheterization for suspected myocardial infarction. This rule was originally derived by Graff to identify clinical criteria for obtaining an ECG at triage to rapidly identify patients with acute myocardial infarction. The Graff rule was developed in a setting where lytic therapy was the primary reperfusion strategy. A modification proposed by Glickman adds several more criteria in an effort to capture additional patients. We hypothesized that the Graff rule would identify most patients for whom the cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) was activated and that the Glickman rule would capture the remaining patients. METHODS: : Three trained physician reviewers retrospectively applied the Graff decision rule to 430 consecutive patients from a database of emergency CCL activations by ED physicians. The Graff rule recommends that patients between the ages of 30 and 49 years received a rapid ECG if they complained of chest pain and those aged 50 years or older received a rapid ECG when they complained of chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, weakness, or syncope. The newly developed Glickman rule, which included nausea and vomiting in patients over the age of 80 years, was applied to the patients where the Graff rule was negative. The triage note or earliest medical contact documentation was used to determine whether the patient's complaints would have resulted in a rapid ECG by the decision rule. Each case was reviewed for acute myocardial infarction as defined by high-grade stenosis on the subsequent emergent cardiac catheterization. A single data collection Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was used, and descriptive statistics were performed in Excel and Stata. RESULTS: : Of the 430 CCL activations, 415 (97%; 95% confidence interval, 95%-99%) were identified by the Graff rule. Of the 12 patients who were not identified by the rule, only 2 more were identified by the Glickman criteria. Among patients with confirmed ST-elevation myocardial infarction (79% of CCL activations), the Graff rule was 98% sensitive (95% confidence interval, 96%-99%). CONCLUSIONS: : The Graff ECG triage rule identified almost all patients for whom the CCL was activated. Modification of the rule as proposed by Glickman added very little to the rule's sensitivity, while increasing the number of ECGs required at triage.