Priapism: What cause: mental illness, psychotropic medications or poly-substance abuse?

We present a case of priapism in a homeless patient with a psychiatric history of major depression, PTSD, polysubstance abuse (alcohol and cocaine) and past psychotropic medication use who was admitted to a local hospital for suicidal ideation. Priapism is a serious urological and a medical emergency which has often been associated with psychotropic medications (including the antidepressant trazodone), use of marijuana and alcohol, and other factors. This clinical case highlights the additive risks of medications and comorbid conditions in contributing to onset of priapism, emphasizing the importance of any pre-existing medical illness, diagnoses, and comorbid mental illnesses. Moreover, clinicians should consider potential side effects of all medications used and their drug interactions as they manage patients who develop this condition.

Signal persistence of bispectral index and state entropy during surgical procedure under sedation.

INTRODUCTION: Bispectral index (BIS) and state entropy (SE) are prone to artifacts, especially due to electrocautery (EC). We compared the incidence of artifacts in BIS and SE during surgery under local anesthesia and sedation. METHODS: 28 females undergoing breast surgery under local anesthesia and sedation were studied. Simultaneous BIS and SE measurements were recorded every 10 seconds. Artifact was defined as a failure of the device to display a numerical value while the electrodes remained appropriately attached to the patient's forehead. Ratio of artifact to good signal was compared between BIS and SE in the presence or absence of EC use. RESULTS: 7679 data points were collected from 28 patients. Overall, artifact incidence was similar in BIS and SE (6.2% and 6.3%, resp.). In the presence of EC (1370 data points), BIS had significantly more artifact compared to SE (18.6% versus 6.4%, P < 0.0001). Without EC (6309 data points), BIS had significantly less artifact compared to SE (4.1% versus 7.3%, P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: BIS and SE were comparable for incidence of artifacts in patients under sedation. Use of EC lead to more artifact in BIS than SE. Conversely, BIS had fewer artifacts than SE when there was no EC use.

Associations of biological stress markers in hurricane survivors: Heartrate variability, Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-6 in depression and PTSD.

OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory and immunologic cytokines and vagal activity have important roles in health and mental health, and may influence each other. The authors assessed relationships of representative biomarkers linked to disaster exposure-heart rate variability (HRV) with Interleukin-2 (IL-2, cell-medicated immunity) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6, pro-inflammatory and pro-immunologic), stratified by psychiatric diagnosis. DESIGN: Participants were assessed for psychiatric diagnosis, IL-2, IL-6, HRV, and HR reactivity to trauma reminders. SETTING: Outpatient university psychiatry clinics in Oklahoma City and Tulsa. PARTICIPANTS: Relocated Katrina survivors and demographically matched controls, not on psychiatric, cardiovascular, or inflammatory medications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SCID-IV, baseline serum IL-2 and IL-6, HRV through power spectral analysis. RESULTS: Survivors had higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic activity at baseline and lower parasympathetic HR reactivity than controls, with flattened parasympathetic reactivity in the presence of depression and of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Survivors' IL-2 and IL-6 did not differ from controls and did not differ in PTSD or depression. Depressed survivors' sympathetic reactivity correlated negatively with IL-2 and parasympathetic reactivity correlated positively with IL-2. CONCLUSIONS: HRV differed after hurricane exposure and with survivors& depression and/or PTSD, more sensitively capturing somatic sequelae than assessed cytokines. Higher sympathetic HR reactivity associated with lower immuno-logic IL-2 may indicate a double biological "hit" in depressed disaster survivors, possibly rendering them more vulnerable to cardiovascular and immunologic illness as well as depression. Associations of HRV with IL-2 may support reciprocal influences of cytokines and vagal activity. Lack of significant correlations of IL-6 with HRV measures is consistent with its pleiotropic role.

Subsidized sales of insecticide-treated nets in Afghan refugee camps demonstrate the feasibility of a transition from humanitarian aid towards sustainability.

BACKGROUND: Introducing sustainability and self-reliance is essential in chronic humanitarian emergencies before financial assistance is phased out. In Pakistan-based Afghan refugee camps, this was attempted through shifting from indoor residual spraying (IRS) to the subsidized sale of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for prevention of malaria and anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Here we outline the strategy and document the progress to provide guidance for replication of similar approaches in other chronic refugee situations. METHODS: The operational monitoring data presented were collected through: (i) two surveys of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP); (ii) routine sales reporting of health-care providers; (iii) records completed during field visits; and (iv) registers used during annual re-treatment campaigns. RESULTS: From 2000 until 2003, subsidized ITN sales expanded from 17 to 44 camps. Based on 2003 sales records, maximum coverage from subsidized sales exceeded 50% in 13 camps and 20% in an additional 14 camps. Free annual treatment campaigns showed that many refugees were in possession of non-programme nets, which were either locally-made or had leaked from an ITN programme in Afghanistan. Estimated re-treatment coverage of sold and existing nets through annual campaigns exceeded 43% in all camps and was above 70% in the majority. CONCLUSION: Subsidized sales of ITNs have effectively introduced the components of sustainability and self-reliance to the prevention of malaria and ACL in Afghan refugee camps. Similar approaches should be investigated in other chronic refugee situations to discourage expectations of continuing humanitarian donations that cannot be fulfilled.

Does nitrous oxide affect bispectral index and state entropy when added to a propofol versus sevoflurane anesthetic?

BACKGROUND: In earlier studies, nitrous oxide (N2O) did not affect bispectral index (BIS) or state entropy (SE) when administered as the sole anesthetic agent. We investigated the effect of adding N2O to sevoflurane or propofol anesthesia on BIS and SE. METHODS: A total of 28 patients were randomized to receive general anesthesia using either 2% sevoflurane or 120 mcg/kg/min propofol during surgery. After 20 minutes of stable anesthetic and surgical conditions (baseline), 60% N2O was added for 20 minutes. Another 20 minutes was allowed for washout after N2O was discontinued. Sevoflurane concentration was closely monitored using the standard end-tidal gas analysis and vaporizer output was constantly adjusted to offset the second-gas effect caused by the addition and discontinuation of N2O. Mean values for BIS and SE were calculated for the last 5 minutes of the baseline, nitrous oxide, and washout periods. RESULTS: In the propofol group, BIS and SE values in baseline versus N2O periods were 40±10 versus 39±10 and 43±11 versus 43±12, respectively (mean±SD, P>0.05). In the sevoflurane group, addition of N2O decreased both BIS (36±7 to 32±7, P<0.001) and SE (37±10 to 31±11, P=0.001). The magnitude of change from the baseline in BIS and SE in the sevoflurane group was 3.6±3.8 (95% CI: 0.8-6.5) and 6.1±5.5 (95% CI: 3.7-8.6), respectively. Average baseline and washout values of BIS and SE were not different in both groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: N2O decreased both BIS and SE when added to sevoflurane, but not propofol. The observed changes in the sevoflurane group were not clinically significant. Decreases in BIS and SE in the sevoflurane group could result from a true additive effect and second-gas effect of N2O that was unaccounted for despite a meticulous titration of sevoflurane using end-tidal gas monitoring.