A Series of Oral Lesions Presenting to an Otolaryngology Department.

This study was performed to assess the incidence and intraoral distribution of different mucosal lesions in a representative population. Retrospective review of clinical notes and assessment of histology reports of patients were performed, who presented with different oral lesions to University Hospital Galway, between January 2007 and December 2008.Of the 106 histology reports evaluated, 94 were identified as benign lesions while 12 were malignant lesions. 96 of these patients were referred from G.P services, 6 patients were referred from other departments while 4 patients came through emergency department by self referral. The numbers and incidence of the commonest lesions in order of frequency were chronic inflammation 20 (18.8%), papilloma 19 (17.1%), fibroma 09 (8.4%), mucocele 09 (8.4%) and leukoplakia 08 (7.5%).We concluded that majority of the presented oral lesions are benign (88.%). Chronic inflammation (18.8%) is the commonest benign oral lesion and all white lesions which represents 34% of oral lesions are not true leukoplakia.

Digital Subtraction Angiography is Superior to Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Diagnosis of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation.

This study was carried out to compare MRA and DSA in diagnosis of cerebral AVM. It was a retrospective observational study conducted in the Department of Neurology Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka during the period of January 2010 to December 2010. Thirty patients with haemorrhagic stroke age ranging from 13 to 65 years were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria as the study sample. MRA and DSA were done in all the selected patients. The mean age of the patients of haemorrhagic stroke was 30.3 ± 14.3 years and male female ratio was 2.7:1. Regarding the venous drainage of AVM 13 and 12 were superficial and deep respectively, and evaluated 100% by MRA. In the diagnosis of cerebral AVM nidus size S1: <3 and S2: 3-6 cm sensitivity was 100% but accuracy was 100% and 73.3% respectively. DSA was 100% sensitive in the diagnosis of superficial and deep venous drainage AVM. Regarding the eloquence of brain area 15 had no eloquence by both MRA and DSA and identification of eloquence of brain area sensitivity was 73.3% and accuracy was 86.7%. The main feeding vessels was found (22, 73.3%) in both DSA and MRA findings. Distal vessels was seen (8, 26.7%) in DSA but not seen in MRA findings. Intranidal aneurysm and Angiopathic AVM were seen in 3(10.0%) and 4(13.3%) respectively in DSA. This study was carried out to diagnose the patients presented with cerebral AVM by MRA and DSA. MRA could not be evaluated flow status of AVM, distal feeding arteries, intranidal aneurysm and angiopathic AVM which could be detected by DSA. So, DSA is superior to MRA in diagnosis of cerebral AVM.

Correction of faulty sensors in phased array radars using symmetrical sensor failure technique and cultural algorithm with differential evolution.

Three issues regarding sensor failure at any position in the antenna array are discussed. We assume that sensor position is known. The issues include raise in sidelobe levels, displacement of nulls from their original positions, and diminishing of null depth. The required null depth is achieved by making the weight of symmetrical complement sensor passive. A hybrid method based on memetic computing algorithm is proposed. The hybrid method combines the cultural algorithm with differential evolution (CADE) which is used for the reduction of sidelobe levels and placement of nulls at their original positions. Fitness function is used to minimize the error between the desired and estimated beam patterns along with null constraints. Simulation results for various scenarios have been given to exhibit the validity and performance of the proposed algorithm.

Stroke in Bangladeshi patients and risk factor.

To evaluate comprehensively the distribution of established risk factors of stroke among Bangladeshi patients. This is an observational study. It involved 8400 stroke patients from different hospitals in Bangladesh over a period of sixteen years. Common established risk factors of stroke e.g. age, sex, family history, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, smoking, obesity, dyslipidaemia, alcoholism, use of oral contraceptive pill, lack of fresh fruit consumption etc. were evaluated in these patients through a preformed questionnaire and data were analyzed. Majority of the stroke events occurred after the age of forty (82.3%) and the ischemic stroke (72%) is the most common. Apart from non modifiable risk factors (advancing age, sex, Family history of stroke) hypertension was the most common modifiable risk factor found in stroke patients (57.6%) followed by smoking (44.6%), tobacco use (24.3%), OCP use in female (40% of female stroke), diabetes (23%), ischemic heart disease (17.1%), obesity (10.6%) and dyslipidaemia (5.3%). Lack of fresh fruit consumption and alcoholism were found in some of the patients. Stroke is common after the age of forty. Ischemic events are commonest type of stroke. Hypertension, smoking, tobacco use, diabetes and ischemic heart disease were five most common risk factors of stroke. Outlining the common stroke risk factors in our settings, may help the physicians and care givers in managing this disabling disease properly.

Into the night: factors affecting response to abnormal Early Warning Scores out-of-hours and implications for service improvement.

BACKGROUND: Early Warning Scores alert staff to preventable deterioration. Raised scores should lead to escalation of care. AIMS: To establish response of staff to patients scoring National Early Warning Score (NEWS) of six or above and to identify patient and environmental factors affecting escalation by nursing staff. METHODS: Service evaluation with prospective review of patient records of 118 beds on four medical wards during 20 night-shifts. RESULTS: During 2360 observed bed days 109 patients triggered NEWS>=6 at least once during the observation period. Nursing staff escalated only 18 (17%) of these patients; nearly all of them had predefined chronic health conditions, the majority fulfilled criteria for frailty. Despite their higher 30-day mortality patients with COPD had lower escalation rates. Additionally wards that had more patients with a NEWS>=6 had lower escalation rates. CONCLUSION: Alarm fatigue and clinical judgement of staff might result in deviation from escalation protocols.

Endovascular management of a young patient of stroke with absent right upper limb pulse.

A 39 years old, right handed, hypertensive non-diabetic smoker presented with ischemic stroke with left sided hemiplegia and absent right upper limb peripheral pulses. Possible causes of young stroke were searched. Cerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed 95% stenosis at origin of brachiocephalic trunk with absent flow in right sub-clavian artery and 75% stenosis at osteum of left vertebral artery with flow reversal through right vertebral artery. Subsequently, stents were placed within the stenosed portion Right brachiocephalic trunk and left vertebral artery. The intervention resulted in immediate restoration of right upper limb pulses and cessation of flow reversal in vertebral artery.

Phlebectomy versus Sclerotherapy in Varicose Vein Patients: A Comparative Study.

Varicose veins are part of the spectrum of chronic venous disease and include spider telangiectasias, reticular veins, and true varicosities. It may present without advanced signs of chronic venous insufficiency. Sclerotherapy is a treatment choice for patients with varicose veins of lower extremity; it uses the intravenous injection of chemical drugs to achieve the goal of inflammatory occlusion. Phlebectomy, a minimally invasive procedure usually used for higher diameter of varicose veins at the surface of the skin. Objective of the study was to compare the outcome of Phlebectomy and Sclerotherapy in varicose vein patients. It was a quasi experimental study was conducted in the Department of Vascular Surgery in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka during the period of June 2019 to May 2020. Patients admitted with varicose vein and varicosity of the lower limbs with valves and perforator incompetence in the Department of Vascular Surgery, BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh. During this period 60 patients were selected purposive randomly. Patients were divided to 30 patients were treated with Phlebectomy (Group I) 30 patients were treated with Sclerotherapy (Group II). Data were collected according to the pre-designed semi-structured data collection sheet. After editing data analysis were carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0 Windows software. This study shows average age 40.73±15.50 years in Phlebectomy (Group I) and 38.43±11.08 years in Sclerotherapy (Group II). Males are more commonly involved than females between two groups which was 76.7% in Phlebectomy (Group I) and 70.0% in Sclerotherapy (Group II). The change CEAP improved to 93.3% in patients who underwent phlebectomy when compared to 83.3% in patients who underwent sclerotherapy. During the follow-up with duplex at treated veins showed 93.3% complete occlusion of treated veins in the phlebectomy group, while only 70.0% of the patients in the sclerotherapy group showed evidence of complete occlusion. In phlebectomy group recurrence of leg varicosities were found 6.7% of the patients, while 26.7% of the patients in the sclerotherapy group. The difference was statistically significant between two groups (p=0.038). This study shows phlebectomy to be much better option than sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicose veins and hence can be used routinely. Both phlebectomy and sclerotherapy not only revealed minimal time taken for return to normal activity but also proved to be safer with regard to complications.

Cadmium (Cd) influences calcium (Ca) levels in the skeleton of a freshwater fish Channa gachua.

Environmental contamination with heavy metals is a threat to the organisms due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in food chains. The study was aimed to assess cadmium (Cd) effect on calcium (Ca) level in bones of a freshwater fish Channa gachua. 42 fish individuals were kept into six (6) aquaria; labelled aq.0, 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 in the laboratory for treatment. Aq.0 was control group and aq.1, 2,3,4,5 were experimental with treatment solution of Cd 0, 0.1ppm, 0.5ppm, 1ppm, 2.5ppm and 5ppm respectively for three months. After exposure, bones tissue were examined for Cd accumulation and Ca concentration. Highest accumulation of Cd were recorded in aq.5 mean 46.86 ± 0.46 mgkg-1 .and lowest in the control group with mean 0.61 ± 0.06 mgkg-1. The order of Cd bioaccumulation in bones were aq.5 > aq.4 >aq.3 > aq.2 > aq.1 > aq.0. Highest concentration of Ca were noted in aq.0 (Control group) mean 7888.06 ± 4827.22 mgkg-1 and lowest were 1132.36 ± 203.73 mgkg-1 in aq.5 (at 5.0 ppm). Generally a pattern of decreasing Ca level were observed with each rise of Cd bioaccumulation aq.0 > aq.1 > aq.2 > aq.3 > aq.4 > aq.5. Current study indicated that Cd accumulation have substantial effect on Ca level in bones and hence on skeleton system. Strict rules must be implemented by government to control metals pollution and exploitations of biota.

Prevalence of stroke above forty years.

Number of elderly persons gradually increased in Bangladesh due to improved health awareness and health care. Age is the single most important risk factor for stroke. This study aims at finding the prevalence of stroke in a Bangladeshi population aged forty years and above. The cases of stroke were ascertained in two phases of door-to-door survey. In phase-I, trained interviewers performed face-to-face interview with subjects for the detection stroke cases using the World Health Organization (WHO) screening protocol for neurological diseases. In phase-II, subjects suspected to have a stroke underwent a clinical evaluation for diagnosis or exclusion of stroke by a neurological team. The study involved 15627 participants aged 40 years and above. A total of 47 participants found to have stroke, expressing an overall prevalence rate of 3.00 per 1000 (95% CI 0.95 to 2.45). Prevalence of stroke were 2.0, 3.0, 2.0, 10.0, and 10.0 per 1000 within age groups of 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years and 80 years and above age group respectively. Prevalence of stroke in people with age range 70-79 years compared to 40-49 years age range is 4.988 (95% CI 2.309 to 10.77) times and people with age range ≥80 years compared to 40-49 years age range is 4.798 (95% CI 1.597 to14.416) times. Prevalence was higher among men in comparison with women. The male: female ratio is 3.44:2.41 per 1000 respectively. Bangladeshi male populations in rural areas are found to have stroke more than urban people. A large community based study should be undertaken to further confirm the result of this present study.

Physicochemical features, functional characteristics, and health benefits of cottonseed oil: a review.

Vegetable oils have their specific physicochemical properties due to which they are playing vital role in human nutritional diet for health benefits. Cottonseed oil is obtained from various species of cotton seeds that are famous to be grown mainly for their fiber quality. The most prominently used specie is Gossypium hirsutum. It is obvious that the seeds of different variety of cotton vary as grown in diverse agroclimatic conditions with respect to oil, fats and protein contents. Cottonseed oil is routinely used for cooking and food manufacturing products. Cottonseed oil obtained after proper extraction/processing steps from crude state to refined oil in a variety of ways. Cotton crop is considered for their dual-use purpose, for fiber quality and oil production to promote health benefits in the world. Keeping in view the above facts, this review clearly demonstrated an overview about physicochemical and functional properties of cottonseed oil to promote health benefits associated with the use of this oil. The overall characteristics and all concerned health benefits of CSO will further improve their usefulness is a compact way. We have summarized a brief multi-dimensional features of CSO in all aspects up to the best of our knowledge for the end researchers who can further research in the respective aspect.

Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on Cry1Ac protein contents in transgenic cotton.

Application of different fertilizers to check the efficiency of expression of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) gene in one of the leading commercialized crops (cotton) against Lepidopteran species is of great concern. The expression of Cry protein level can be controlled by the improvement of nutrients levels. Therefore, the myth of response of Cry toxin to different combinations of NP fertilizers was explored in three Bt cotton cultivars. Combinations include three levels of nitrogen and three levels of phosphorus fertilizers. Immunostrips and Cry gene(s) specific primer based PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis were used for the presence of Bt gene that unveiled the presence of Cry1Ac gene only. Further, the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit was used to quantify the expression of Cry1Ac protein. Under various NP fertilizers rates, the level of toxin protein exhibited highly significant differences. The highest toxin level mean was found to be 2.3740 and 2.1732 µg/g under the treatment of N150P75 kg ha-1 combination while the lowest toxin level mean was found to be 0.9158 and 0.7641 µg/g at the N50P25 kg ha-1 level at 80 and 120 DAS (Days After Sowing), respectively. It was concluded from the research that the usage of NP fertilizers has a positive relation with the expression of Cry1Ac toxin in Bt cotton. We recommend using the N150P50 kg ha-1 level as the most economical and practicable fertilizer instead of the standard dose N100P50 kg ha-1 to get the desired level of Cry1Ac level for long lasting plant resistance (<1.5). The revised dose of fertilizer may help farmers to avoid the cross-resistance development in contradiction of insect pests.

Endovascular embolization of life threatening intracranial arterio-venous malformation.

Haemorrhagic stroke from cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) represents 2% of all hemorrhagic strokes. A clear understanding of the diagnostic and treatment algorithms of cerebral AVM management is very important, because AVMs are a cause of hemorrhage in young adults. Surgery, endovascular therapy, and radiosurgery can be used alone or in combination to treat an AVM. We reported a 40 years old man of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM), complicated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Digital subtraction angiogram was done for diagnosis and endovascular embolization for treatment of the case. This is the first successful cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) embolization in any government hospital of Bangladesh. The aim of this case report is to inform about this new technologies and emerging treatment strategies in these areas.

Epilepsy and abnormal electroencephalogram in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Epilepsy occurs in 30 to 40% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However the association of epilepsy or abnormal electroencephalogram is not known in our population. This study addresses the incidence of epilepsy and or abnormal electroencephalogram in Bangladeshi children with autism spectrum disorder. The clinical history and electroencephalogram of 18 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder were retrospectively reviewed. Forty four percent were diagnosed with epilepsy or abnormal electroencephalogram. This abnormal electroencephalogram or epilepsy occurred at significantly higher rates in children with more impaired range of autism spectrum disorder. These finding suggest that the use of neurological investigative technique such as electroencephalogram (EEG) should be considered routinely in children with autism spectrum disorder especially in more impaired individuals.

Fahr's disease: a very rare cause of epilepsy.

Fahr's disease, first described by Karl Theodor Fahr in 1930, refers to sporadic or familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification that is associated with many neurological and psychiatric abnormalities, but may also be secondary to other diseases. Most cases present with extrapyramidal symptoms. But here we describe a case of Fahr's disease, who presented with complex partial seizure and behavioral abnormalities. On screening, the cause of seizure was found to be bilateral calcification of cerebellum, basal ganglia and thalamus, due to abnormal calcium and phosphate metabolism. A clinical diagnosis of complex-partial seizure with secondary generalization due to secondary Fahr's disease was done on the basis of clinical features, investigations, and exclusion of other causes of intracranial calcification.

Identification and comprehensive analysis of the CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) gene family in Brassica napus L.

The CLE (CLAVATA3/ESR) gene family, encoding a group of small secretory peptides, plays important roles in cell-to-cell communication, thereby controlling a broad spectrum of development processes. The CLE family has been systematically characterized in some plants, but not in Brassica napus. In the present study, 116 BnCLE genes were identified in the B. napus genome, including seven unannotated, six incorrectly predicted and five multi-CLE domain-encoding genes. These BnCLE members were separated into seven distinct groups based on phylogenetic analysis, which might facilitate the functional characterization of the peptides. Further characterization of CLE pre-propeptides revealed 31 unique CLE peptides from 45 BnCLE genes, which may give rise to distinct roles of BnCLE and expansion of the gene family. The biological activity of these unique CLE dodecamer peptides was tested further through in vitro peptide assays. Variations in several important residues were identified as key contributors to the functional differentiation of BnCLE and expansion of the gene family in B. napus. Expression profile analysis helped to characterize possible functional redundancy and sub-functionalization among the BnCLE members. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the CLE gene family in B. napus and provides a foundation for future evolutionary and functional studies.

Could exotic mosquito-borne diseases emerge in Canada with climate change?

Of the 3,500 species of mosquitoes worldwide, only a small portion carry and transmit the mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) that cause approximately half a million deaths annually worldwide. The most common exotic MBDs, such as malaria and dengue, are not currently established in Canada, in part because of our relatively harsh climate; however, this situation could evolve with climate change. Mosquitoes native to Canada may become infected with new pathogens and move into new regions within Canada. In addition, new mosquito species may move into Canada from other countries, and these exotic species may bring exotic MBDs as well. With high levels of international travel, including to locations with exotic MBDs, there will be more travel-acquired cases of MBDs. With climate change, there is the potential for exotic mosquito populations to become established in Canada. There is already a small area of Canada where exotic Aedes mosquitoes have become established although, to date, there is no evidence that these carry any exotic (or already endemic) MBDs. The increased risks of spreading MBDs, or introducing exotic MBDs, will need a careful clinical and public health response. Clinicians will need to maintain a high level of awareness of current trends, to promote mosquito bite prevention strategies, and to know the laboratory tests needed for early detection and when to report laboratory results to public health. Public health efforts will need to focus on ongoing active surveillance, public and professional awareness and mosquito control. Canadians need to be aware of the risks of acquiring exotic MBDs while travelling abroad as well as the risk that they could serve as a potential route of introduction for exotic MBDs into Canada when they return home.

Prevalence of primary multidrug resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in Pakistan.

SETTING: Pakistan ranks sixth in the world in terms of tuberculosis (TB) burden, with a World Health Organization estimated incidence of 181 per 100000, or 286000 new cases annually. Hospital-based data indicate a significant problem of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in the country and highlight the need to assess its extent at community level. In this cross-sectional study, sputum samples from 742 untreated newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients from all over the country were used. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of primary drug resistance in Pakistan. RESULTS: Of 672 culture-positive patients, 76 (11.3%) showed resistance to one or more drugs. Resistance to streptomycin (10 microg/ml) was found in 36 (5.4%) patients, isoniazid (INH) (1 microg/ml) in 51 (7.6%), rifampicin (RMP) (5 microg/ml) in 15 (2.2%), ethambutol (10 microg/ml) in 12 (1.8%) and pyrazinamide in 22 (3.3%) samples. Forty-six (6.8%) of the isolates tested were resistant to a single drug, 10 (1.5%) to two drugs, 12 (1.8%) to three drugs, and 6 (0.9%) to four drugs, while 2 (0.3%) isolates were resistant to all five first-line agents. Primary MDR-TB was 1.8% (n=12) (INH 1 microg/ml, RMP 5 microg/ml). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show a prevalence of primary MDR-TB in Pakistan of <2%, which needs to be addressed through an effective DOTS strategy.

Pregnancy causing gallstone disease.

A cross sectional study was done on patient, who were diagnosed and admitted with gallstone disease in different hospitals during June 1997 to June 2001. The aim of the study was to determine any significant association between pregnancy and cholilithiasis in female. A standard written questionnaire, which is duly filled by, concerned doctor and examination done. Records were made about age at marriage, first pregnancy after marriage and number of pregnancies. Incidence of gallstone shows that in 21-30 years age group 05 (1.37%) patient having no pregnancy, 35 (9.62%) patient having one pregnancy, 26 (7.14%) patient having two pregnancies, 22 (6.04%) having three pregnancy and 12 (3.30%) patient having four and more pregnancies. In 31-40 years age group 02 (0.55%) having no pregnancy, 05 (1.37%) patients having one pregnancy, 22 (6.04%) patient having two pregnancies, 30 (8.24%) patients having three pregnancies and 46 (12.64%) patients having four and more pregnancies. In 41-50 years age group 3 (0.82%) patients are having no pregnancy, 2 (0.55%) patient having one pregnancy, 16 (4.40%) patient having two pregnancies, 16 (4.40%) patient having three pregnancies and 47 (12.91%) patient having four and more pregnancies. In 51-60 years age group, 02 (0.55%) patient having one pregnancy, 04 (1.10%) patients having two pregnancy, 09 (2.47%) patient having three pregnancies, 52 (14.29%) patient four and more pregnancies. The numbers of pregnancy is associated with gall stone diseases. The risk of developing gall stone disease increases in association with increased number of parity, particularly among the younger women.

A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of risk of intracranial hemorrhage with direct oral anticoagulants.

Essentials Risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) may differ between direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). We compared the risk of ICH between DOACs using network meta-analysis. Dabigatran 110 mg and 150 mg were safer than rivaroxaban on Bayesian analysis. Dabigatran 110 mg ranked as the safest DOAC while rivaroxaban ranked last. SUMMARY: Background The comparative risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) among direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban) remains unclear. Objective To determine the difference in risk of ICH between DOACs Methods Seventeen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL (Inception, 31 December 2017). Estimates were reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% credible interval (CR.I) in Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA), and OR with 95% confidence interval (CI) in traditional meta-analyses. Relative ranking probability of each group was generated based on surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Results In NMA of 116 618 patients from 17 RCTs (apixaban = 19 495 patients, rivaroxaban = 14 157 patients, dabigatran = 16 074 patients, edoxaban = 11 652 patients, and comparator = 55 315 patients), all DOACs were safer than warfarin for risk of ICH. Dabigatran 110 mg ranked as the safest drug (SUCRA, 0.85) and reduced the risk of ICH by 56% compared to rivaroxaban (OR, 0.44; 95% Cr.I, 0.22-0.82). Pairwise meta-analysis validated these findings, showing that DOACs were safer than warfarin (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.35-0.59). Subgroup analysis showed that the benefit was present when DOACs were used in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.38-0.68) or venous thromboembolism (VTE) (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.18-0.58). Conclusion Dabigatran 110 mg may be the safest choice among any anticoagulant regarding risk of ICH. Both dabigatran 110 mg and 150 mg were safer than rivaroxaban.

Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on Cry1Ac protein contents in transgenic cotton / Impacto de fertilizantes de nitrogênio e fósforo nos conteúdos de proteína Cry1Ac em algodão transgênico

Application of different fertilizers to check the efficiency of expression of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) gene in one of the leading commercialized crops (cotton) against Lepidopteran species is of great concern. The expression of Cry protein level can be controlled by the improvement of nutrients levels. Therefore, the myth of response of Cry toxin to different combinations of NP fertilizers was explored in three Bt cotton cultivars. Combinations include three levels of nitrogen and three levels of phosphorus fertilizers. Immunostrips and Cry gene(s) specific primer based PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis were used for the presence of Bt gene that unveiled the presence of Cry1Ac gene only. Further, the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit was used to quantify the expression of Cry1Ac protein. Under various NP fertilizers rates, the level of toxin protein exhibited highly significant differences. The highest toxin level mean was found to be 2.3740 and 2.1732 µg/g under the treatment of N150P75 kg ha-¹ combination while the lowest toxin level mean was found to be 0.9158 and 0.7641 µg/g at the N50P25 kg ha-¹ level at 80 and 120 DAS (Days After Sowing), respectively. It was concluded from the research that the usage of NP fertilizers has a positive relation with the expression of Cry1Ac toxin in Bt cotton. We recommend using the N150P50 kg ha-1 level as the most economical and practicable fertilizer instead of the standard dose N100P50 kg ha-¹ to get the desired level of Cry1Ac level for long lasting plant resistance (<1.5). The revised dose of fertilizer may help farmers to avoid the cross-resistance development in contradiction of insect pests.

A aplicação de diferentes fertilizantes para verificar a eficiência da expressão do gene Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) em uma das principais culturas comercializadas (algodão) contra espécies de lepidópteros é uma grande preocupação. A expressão do nível de proteína Cry pode ser controlada pela melhoria dos níveis de nutrientes. Portanto, o mito da resposta da toxina Cry a diferentes combinações de fertilizantes NP foi explorado em três cultivares de algodão Bt. As combinações incluem três níveis de nitrogênio e três níveis de fertilizantes de fósforo. A análise de PCR (reação em cadeia da polimerase) específica para o gene (s) Immunostrips e Cry (s) foi usada para a presença do gene Bt que revelou a presença do gene Cry1Ac apenas. Além disso, o kit ELISA (ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática) foi usado para quantificar a expressão da proteína Cry1Ac. Sob várias taxas de fertilizantes NP, o nível de proteína de toxina exibiu diferenças altamente significativas. A média do nível mais alto de toxina foi de 2,3740 e 2,1732 µg / g sob o tratamento da combinação N150P75 kg ha-¹, enquanto a média do nível mais baixo de toxina foi de 0,9158 e 0,7641 µg / g no nível de N50P25 kg ha-¹ em 80 e 120 DAS (dias após a semeadura), respectivamente. Concluiu-se com a pesquisa que o uso de fertilizantes NP tem relação positiva com a expressão da toxina Cry1Ac no algodão Bt. Recomendamos o uso do nível de N150P50 kg ha-¹ como o fertilizante mais econômico e praticável em vez da dose padrão N100P50 kg ha-¹ para obter o nível desejado de nível de Cry1Ac para resistência de planta de longa duração (<1,5). A dose revisada de fertilizante pode ajudar os agricultores a evitar o desenvolvimento de resistência cruzada em contradição com as pragas de insetos.