Ligand recognition and allosteric regulation of DRD1-Gs signaling complexes.

Dopamine receptors, including D1- and D2-like receptors, are important therapeutic targets in a variety of neurological syndromes, as well as cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Here, we present five cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) coupled to Gs heterotrimer in complex with three catechol-based agonists, a non-catechol agonist, and a positive allosteric modulator for endogenous dopamine. These structures revealed that a polar interaction network is essential for catecholamine-like agonist recognition, whereas specific motifs in the extended binding pocket were responsible for discriminating D1- from D2-like receptors. Moreover, allosteric binding at a distinct inner surface pocket improved the activity of DRD1 by stabilizing endogenous dopamine interaction at the orthosteric site. DRD1-Gs interface revealed key features that serve as determinants for G protein coupling. Together, our study provides a structural understanding of the ligand recognition, allosteric regulation, and G protein coupling mechanisms of DRD1.

Tethered peptide activation mechanism of the adhesion GPCRs ADGRG2 and ADGRG4.

Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) constitute an evolutionarily ancient family of receptors that often undergo autoproteolysis to produce α and ß subunits1-3. A tethered agonism mediated by the 'Stachel sequence' of the ß subunit has been proposed to have central roles in aGPCR activation4-6. Here we present three cryo-electron microscopy structures of aGPCRs coupled to the Gs heterotrimer. Two of these aGPCRs are activated by tethered Stachel sequences-the ADGRG2-ß-Gs complex and the ADGRG4-ß-Gs complex (in which ß indicates the ß subunit of the aGPCR)-and the other is the full-length ADGRG2 in complex with the exogenous ADGRG2 Stachel-sequence-derived peptide agonist IP15 (ADGRG2(FL)-IP15-Gs). The Stachel sequences of both ADGRG2-ß and ADGRG4-ß assume a U shape and insert deeply into the seven-transmembrane bundles. Constituting the FXφφφXφ motif (in which φ represents a hydrophobic residue), five residues of ADGRG2-ß or ADGRG4-ß extend like fingers to mediate binding to the seven-transmembrane domain and activation of the receptor. The structure of the ADGRG2(FL)-IP15-Gs complex reveals the structural basis for the improved binding affinity of IP15 compared with VPM-p15 and indicates that rational design of peptidic agonists could be achieved by exploiting aGPCR-ß structures. By converting the 'finger residues' to acidic residues, we develop a method to generate peptidic antagonists towards several aGPCRs. Collectively, our study provides structural and biochemical insights into the tethered activation mechanism of aGPCRs.

Posterior Cranial Retraction Combined With Bilateral Parietal Distraction for Children With Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis.

BACKGROUND: The nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is the most common of craniosynostoses in childhood. There are many treatments. We aim to treat 12 cases of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis via posterior cranial vault distraction osteogenesis combined with bilateral parietal distraction. METHODS: Data of a total of 12 patients (7 boys and 5 girls) with nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis who underwent distraction osteogenesis between January 2015 and August 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Bilateral parietal bone flaps and posterior occipital flaps were designed and cut. Then, distraction device was placed, which was distracted at 5 days after surgery (twice per day, 0.4-0.6 mm/d, and lasting for 10-15 days). After 6 months of fixation, the secondary surgery was performed to remove the device. RESULTS: The scaphocephaly was corrected, and the appearance was satisfactory. Postoperative follow-up time was 6 to 14 months, with an average of 10 months, and the mean CI was 63.2 and 78.25 before and after surgery, respectively; the mean anterior-posterior skull diameter was shortened (12.63 ± 3.47) mm, the transverse diameter of both temporal regions was lengthened (15.4 ± 4.18) mm, and the scaphocephalic deformity was significantly improved. There was no detachment or rupture of the extender postoperatively. No severe complications, such as radiation necrosis or intracranial infection, were observed. CONCLUSION: Posterior cranial retraction combined with bilateral parietal distraction in children with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, in which the proposed technique did not exhibit severe complications, and it is worthy of further promotion and application in clinical practice.

Application of Computer-Assisted Preoperative Planning in Treating Congenital Bilateral Zygomatico-Maxillo-Mandibular Fusion: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Congenital fusion of the jaws (syngnathia) is a rare facial malformation with an unknown etiology. This disease may vary in severity with adhesion of soft tissue and bony fusion. It can be anterior fusion, unilateral or bilateral fusion, and complete fusion. The main problem of these patients is the difficulty of airway maintenance and feeding, and the most common postoperative complication is the relapse of bony fusion. Here, we report a young male patient with bony syngnathia, involving bilateral fusion of the ascending ramus and body of the mandible with the maxillary complex. We performed bone isolation by computer-assisted preoperative planning and used an insertional temporalis flap to fix the wound surface to prevent refusion of bone.

Transcriptomes of an oceanic diatom reveal the initial and final stages of acclimation to copper deficiency.

Copper (Cu) concentration is greatly reduced in the open sea so that phytoplankton must adjust their uptake systems and acclimate to sustain growth. Acclimation to low Cu involves changes to the photosynthetic apparatus and specific biochemical reactions that use Cu, but little is known how Cu affects cellular metabolic networks. Here we report results of whole transcriptome analysis of a plastocyanin-containing diatom, Thalassiosira oceanica 1005, during its initial stages of acclimation and after long-term adaptation in Cu-deficient seawater. Gene expression profiles, used to identify Cu-regulated metabolic pathways, show downregulation of anabolic and energy-yielding reactions in Cu-limited cells. These include the light reactions of photosynthesis, carbon fixation, nitrogen assimilation and glycolysis. Reduction of these pathways is consistent with reduced growth requirements for C and N caused by slower rates of photosynthetic electron transport. Upregulation of oxidative stress defence systems persists in adapted cells, suggesting cellular damage by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs even after acclimation. Copper deficiency also alters fatty acid metabolism, possibly in response to an increase in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage driven by ROS. During the initial stages of Cu-limitation the majority of differentially regulated genes are associated with photosynthetic metabolism, highlighting the chloroplast as the primary target of low Cu availability. The results provide insights into the mechanisms of acclimation and adaptation of T. oceanica to Cu deficiency.

Light Stimulates Copper-Limited Growth of an Oceanic Diatom by Increasing Cellular Copper(II) Reduction─A Rate-Determining Step in Copper Uptake.

Uptake of Cu by Thalassiosira oceanica requires that Cu(II) is reduced to Cu(I) prior to transport across the cell membrane. The reduction step is mediated biochemically by cellular reductases active with a broad range of Cu chemical species. Here, we report on the cellular Cu(II) reduction and Cu(I) uptake of a diatom under saturating and subsaturating irradiance. An increase in growth irradiance, from 50 to 400 µmol photons m-2 s-1, increased the rate of extracellular Cu(II) reduction and steady-state Cu uptake. Under these conditions, Cu-limited cells acquired Cu more efficiently and maintained faster rates of growth than Cu-limited cells in low light. Pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants were about 70-fold faster for Cu(I) uptake than for Cu(II) reduction so that reduction was the rate-determining step in Cu acquisition. Accordingly, steady-state Cu uptake rates predicted from the reduction rate constants agreed well with measured rates of Cu uptake obtained from cultures growing at low nanomolar Cu concentrations. Transcript abundance of putative Cu(II) reductases followed a similar pattern to cupric reductase activity, increasing in Cu-limited cells and with increasing growth irradiance. The results are significant in showing Cu(II) reduction as the rate-determining step in Cu uptake: they suggest that biologically mediated Cu(II) reduction may be an important part of the Cu cycle in surface waters of the open sea.

Architecture of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter.

Mitochondria from many eukaryotic clades take up large amounts of calcium (Ca(2+)) via an inner membrane transporter called the uniporter. Transport by the uniporter is membrane potential dependent and sensitive to ruthenium red or its derivative Ru360 (ref. 1). Electrophysiological studies have shown that the uniporter is an ion channel with remarkably high conductance and selectivity. Ca(2+) entry into mitochondria is also known to activate the tricarboxylic acid cycle and seems to be crucial for matching the production of ATP in mitochondria with its cytosolic demand. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is the pore-forming and Ca(2+)-conducting subunit of the uniporter holocomplex, but its primary sequence does not resemble any calcium channel studied to date. Here we report the structure of the pore domain of MCU from Caenorhabditis elegans, determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron microscopy (EM). MCU is a homo-oligomer in which the second transmembrane helix forms a hydrophilic pore across the membrane. The channel assembly represents a new solution of ion channel architecture, and is stabilized by a coiled-coil motif protruding into the mitochondrial matrix. The critical DXXE motif forms the pore entrance, which features two carboxylate rings; based on the ring dimensions and functional mutagenesis, these rings appear to form the selectivity filter. To our knowledge, this is one of the largest membrane protein structures characterized by NMR, and provides a structural blueprint for understanding the function of this channel.

Treatment of Syndromic Craniosynostosis by Anterior and Posterior Vault Distraction Osteogenesis (A-PVDO).

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and therapeutic effect of anterior and posterior vault distraction osteogenesis (A-PVDO) in the treatment of infantile syndromic craniosynostosis. METHODS: Between January 2017 and December 2019, 7 children with syndromic craniosynostosis underwent osteotomy with Piezo-surgery at our hospital. The first step was to harvest the frontal bone flap and the orbitofrontal bone flap. The second step was to separate the scalp and expose the posterior occipital. Osteotomy was performed on the occipital tubercle. Thereafter, 2 distractors were horizontally installed on the upper edge of the anterior cranial orbit, 2 distractors of 3 cm were installed on the posterior cranial bone. Meanwhile, lambdoidal sutures were fixed by titanium plates. Bone distraction was initiated on postoperative day 5 at the rate of 0.4 to 0.6 mm/day, twice per-day, for a total of 10 to 15 days. After 6 months, the distractors and the titanium plates were removed by secondary surgery. RESULTS: The intracranial volume and posterior cranial morphology were recorded during the follow-up of 6 to 14 months (average = 12 months). The posterior craniums of 7 cases with lambdoidal sutures fixation were completely extended. The anterior cranial morphology was normal. All the cranial deformities were significantly improved. There were no severe complications, such as death, cranial necrosis, and intracranial infection. CONCLUSIONS: A-PVDO is an ideal method for the treatment of severe syndromic craniosynostosis, which can achieve more natural appearance than anterior vault distraction osteogenesis or posterior vault distraction osteogenesis. Moreover, A-PVDO causes no severe complications and is suitable for the treatment of severe syndromic craniosynostosis.

Sirolimus for Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma With Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon in Two Infants.

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma is an aggressive vascular tumor with infiltrative growth that commonly occurs in infancy and is associated with a life-threatening consumptive coagulopathy, as well as Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon. Recently, promising results have shown that sirolimus had been successfully used to treat Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon without significant toxicity. However, the situation the authors encountered in treating infants was not so satisfactory. Here, the authors present 2 patients younger than 3 months with refractory Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma treated with sirolimus and experienced severe pneumonia. The outcomes suggest that it is necessary to keep an eye on any symptoms indicate the infection of respiratory tract and use the antibiotics in time. The 2 cases also remind us of the potential sign that indicate the recurrence of KMP, which refers to firmer lesion with deepen color, especially when it comes with complications.

Functional CTR-type Cu(I) transporters in an oceanic diatom.

Copper concentration is so low in some remote parts of the sea it limits phytoplankton growth, but may be high enough in coastal and estuarine regions to be toxic. Acclimation to variations in Cu concentration thus requires a tightly regulated Cu transport system to help maintain Cu homeostasis. In marine species, the molecular mechanisms of Cu transport are not known. We studied Cu-responsive genes and uptake in Thalassiosira oceanica at environmentally relevant Cu concentrations varying between 0.012 and 12 900 pmol Cu' l-1 . Copper uptake rate assessed at high Cu concentration was three-fold faster in Cu-limited than in Cu-replete cells, confirming the existence of an inducible uptake pathway in this diatom. Four putative CTR-type Cu transporters (ToCTR1, ToCTR2, ToCTR3a and ToCTR3b) identified in the transcriptome shared conserved features with known high-affinity Cu(I) transporters. Expression of the CTR genes was upregulated as Cu concentration declined and cells maintained maximum rates of growth. Further decreases in Cu led to decreased growth rate and increased abundance of ToCTR3a/b. Both ToCTR3a and 3b restored growth of a Cu transport mutant, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ctr1Δctr3Δ, in Cu-deficient medium and increased the uptake rates of Cu(I) and Cu(II). Thus, ToCTR3a/3b is a high-affinity Cu(I) transporter that, in conjunction with the other ToCTRs, may enable T. oceanica to survive in Cu-deplete ocean environments and respond to natural variation in Cu availability.

The Postoperative Morphometrics of Orbital and Maxillary Area for Craniosynostosis.

PURPOSE: One of the most characteristic features in premature craniosynostosis is fronto-orbital retrusion. The standardized surgical technique of fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) can treat this (some) deformity, such as bilateral coronal synostosis. The purpose of the study is to investigate an available method to assess the postoperative outcome of the craniofacial surgery. METHODS: From 2010 to 2015, 6 pediatric patients were taken the FOA in the Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery in the Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. All the patients were performed the computed tomography (CT) scan preoperatively and postoperatively. The CT databases were processed by DICOM files into MIMICS 16.0 software, which were automatically calculated into orbital volume and orbital roof and base surface area. T-test was used to compare measured values before and after surgery. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The average preoperative orbital volume was 13930.70 mm, and the postoperative was 18578.67917 mm. After operation, the volume of orbital was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The mean area of the orbital roof surface was 753.989025 mm preoperatively, and the postoperative was 1122.074583 mm. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The average area of the orbital base (S2) was 334.94 ±â€Š91.76 mm. After the FOA, the orbital base was 356.99 ±â€Š114.21 mm. P(S2) = 0.6072 > 0.05, there was no significant statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: Fronto-orbital advancement can successfully improve morphological orbital deformities in children with premature craniosynostosis, but much less for maxillary. The computer-assisted technique can present a measurement of FOA preoperatively and postoperatively, which make the evaluation intuitive.

Beta-Propiolactone Inactivation of Coxsackievirus A16 Induces Structural Alteration and Surface Modification of Viral Capsids.

Beta-propiolactone (BPL) is an inactivating agent that is widely used in the vaccine industry. However, its effects on vaccine protein antigens and its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of BPL-treated coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) mature virions and procapsids at resolutions of 3.9 Å and 6.5 Å, respectively. Notably, both particles were found to adopt an expanded conformation resembling the 135S-like uncoating intermediate, with characteristic features including an opened 2-fold channel, the externalization of the N terminus of VP1 capsid protein, and the absence of pocket factor. However, major neutralizing epitopes are very well preserved on these particles. Further biochemical analyses revealed that BPL treatment impairs the abilities of CVA16 particles to bind to the attachment receptor heparan sulfate and to a conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody in a BPL dose-dependent manner, indicating that BPL is able to modify surface-exposed amino acid residues. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BPL treatment may induce alteration of the overall structure and surface properties of a nonenveloped viral capsid, thus revealing a novel mode of action of BPL.IMPORTANCE Beta-propiolactone (BPL) is commonly used as an inactivating reagent to produce viral vaccines. It is recognized that BPL inactivates viral infectivity through modification of viral nucleic acids. However, its effect on viral proteins remains largely unknown. Here, we present high-resolution cryo-EM structures of BPL-treated coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) mature virions and procapsids, which reveals an expanded overall conformation and characteristic features that are typical for the 135S-like uncoating intermediate. We further show that the BPL concentration affects the binding of inactivated CVA16 particles to their receptor/antibody. Thus, BPL treatment can alter the overall structure and surface properties of viral capsids, which may lead to antigenic and immunogenic variations. Our findings provide important information for future development of BPL-inactivated vaccines.

Structural Basis for Recognition of Human Enterovirus 71 by a Bivalent Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease with severe neurological complications and even death in young children. We have recently identified a highly potent anti-EV71 neutralizing monoclonal antibody, termed D5. Here we investigated the structural basis for recognition of EV71 by the antibody D5. Four three-dimensional structures of EV71 particles in complex with IgG or Fab of D5 were reconstructed by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single particle analysis all at subnanometer resolutions. The most critical EV71 mature virion-Fab structure was resolved to a resolution of 4.8 Å, which is rare in cryo-EM studies of virus-antibody complex so far. The structures reveal a bivalent binding pattern of D5 antibody across the icosahedral 2-fold axis on mature virion, suggesting that D5 binding may rigidify virions to prevent their conformational changes required for subsequent RNA release. Moreover, we also identified that the complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) of D5 heavy chain directly interacts with the extremely conserved VP1 GH-loop of EV71, which was validated by biochemical and virological assays. We further showed that D5 is indeed able to neutralize a variety of EV71 genotypes and strains. Moreover, D5 could potently confer protection in a mouse model of EV71 infection. Since the conserved VP1 GH-loop is involved in EV71 binding with its uncoating receptor, the scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2), the broadly neutralizing ability of D5 might attribute to its inhibition of EV71 from binding SCARB2. Altogether, our results elucidate the structural basis for the binding and neutralization of EV71 by the broadly neutralizing antibody D5, thereby enhancing our understanding of antibody-based protection against EV71 infection.

Internal Distraction Osteogenesis With Piezosurgery Oblique Osteotomy of Supraorbital Margin of Frontal Bone for the Treatment of Unilateral Coronal Synostosis.

PURPOSE: To assess the utility of internal distraction osteogenesis with Piezosurgery oblique osteotomy of supraorbital margin of frontal bone for the treatment of unilateral coronal synostosis and to study the outcome and complications of this procedure. Oblique osteotomy allows for entry into the cranial cavity, and along with parallel cut to the roof of the orbit, avoids the need to cut into the orbit which forms the frontal flap. METHODS: Oblique osteotomy was performed along the supraorbital rim to do a frontal suture of the glabella (ages of patients were less than 1 year) or on the opposite side of the supraorbital rim (ages of patients were older than 1 year) after performing a suturectomy of the effected coronal suture. Two internal distraction devices were subsequently placed across the osteotomized, fused coronal suture. Finally, the cranium pieces were divided in the middle and placed in the middle of the frontal bone using biological glue. Five days after the operation, a 0.6-mm distraction was done twice daily. The distraction was removed 6 months after reaching 2 to 3 cm. RESULTS: Internal distraction osteogenesis with supraorbital oblique osteotomy was performed in 9 patients suffering from unilateral coronal synostosis. Eight patients had no postoperative infections around the shaft puncture wounds. One patient had infection in the rods around the distraction during the period of fixed, but was cured with antibiotic treatment. During a mean follow-up period of 12 months (5-26 months), all patients were satisfied with the cosmetic and functional results. No complications, including fixed screw displacement, penetration of the cranium and dura mater or retraction of distraction devices, occurred. The devices were exposed in 1 patient, resulting in a postoperative scar. Despite these complications, the cranium was successfully expanded in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Use of this procedure avoids the need for frontal osteotomy to move the orbit forward. Adding 2 cranium strips can be used to reconstruct the frontal nodule to make up for inadequacy of the frontal nodules highlighting to distract operation. Retracting a separated cranium is not easy after it has been fixed for 6 months. Thus, the management of unilateral coronal synostosis using internal distraction osteogenesis with supraorbital oblique osteotomy is safe and effective.

Chimeric epitope vaccine against Leptospira interrogans infection and induced specific immunity in guinea pigs.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is an important reemerging zoonosis, with more than half a million cases reported annually, and is caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. Development of a universal vaccine is one of the major strategic goals to overcome the disease burden of leptospirosis. In this study, a chimeric multi-epitope protein-based vaccine was designed and tested for its potency to induce a specific immune response and provide protection against L. interrogans infection. RESULTS: The protein, containing four repeats of six T- and B-cell combined epitopes from the leptospiral outer membrane proteins, OmpL1, LipL32 and LipL21, was expressed and purified. Western blot analysis showed that the recombinant protein (named r4R) mainly expressed in a soluble pattern, and reacted with antibodies raised in rabbit against heat-killed Leptospira and in guinea pigs against the r4R vaccine. Microscopic agglutination tests showed that r4R antisera was immunological cross-reactive with a range of Chinese standard reference strains of Leptospira belonging to different serogroups. In guinea pigs, the r4R vaccine induced a Th1-biased immune response, as reflected by the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and cytokine production of stimulated splenocytes derived from immunized animals. Finally, r4R-immunized guinea pigs showed increased survival of lethal Leptospira challenges compared with PBS-immunized animals and tissue damage and leptospiral colonization of the kidney were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: The multi-epitope chimeric r4R protein is a promising antigen for the development of a universal cross-reactive vaccine against leptospirosis.

Reengineering of MeSH thesauri for term selection to optimize literature retrieval and knowledge reconstruction in support of stem cell research.

BACKGROUND: PubMed is a widely used database for scientists to find biomedical-related literature. Due to the complexity of the selected research subject and its interdisciplinary nature, as well as the exponential growth in the number of disparate pieces of biomedical literature, it is an overwhelming challenge for scientists to define the right search strategies and quickly locate all related information. Specialized subsets and groupings of controlled vocabularies, such as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), can enhance information retrieval in specialized domains, such as stem cell research. There is a need to develop effective search strategies and convenient solutions for knowledge organization in stem cell research. The understanding of the interrelationships between these MeSH terms also facilitates the building of knowledge organization systems in related subject fields. METHODS: This study collected empirical data for MeSH-related terms from stem cell literature and developed a novel approach that uses both automation and expert-selection to create a set of terms that supports enhanced retrieval. The selected MeSH terms were reconstructed into a classified thesaurus that can guide researchers towards a successful search and knowledge organization of stem cell literature. RESULTS: First, 4253 MeSH terms were harvested from a sample of 5527 stem cell related research papers from the PubMed database. Next, unrelated terms were filtered out based on term frequency and specificity. Precision and recall measures were used to help identify additional valuable terms, which were mostly non-MeSH terms. The study identified 15 terms that specifically referred to stem cell research for information retrieval, which would yield a higher precision (97.7 %) and recall (94.4 %) rates in comparison to other approaches. In addition, 128 root MeSH terms were selected to conduct knowledge organization of stem cell research in categories of anatomy, disease, and others. CONCLUSIONS: This study presented a novel strategy and procedure to reengineer term selections of the MeSH thesaurus for literature retrieval and knowledge organization using stem cell research as a case. It could help scientists to select their own search terms and build up a thesaurus-based knowledge organization system in interested and interdisciplinary research subject areas.

Chimeric virus-like particle vaccines displaying conserved enterovirus 71 epitopes elicit protective neutralizing antibodies in mice through divergent mechanisms.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, food, and mouth disease, which frequently occurs in young children. Since there are 11 subgenotypes (A, B1 to B5, and C1 to C5) within EV71, an EV71 vaccine capable of protecting against all of these subgenotypes is desirable. We report here the vaccine potential and protective mechanism of two chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) presenting conserved neutralizing epitopes of EV71. We show that fusions of hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) with the SP55 or SP70 epitope of EV71, designated HBcSP55 and HBcSP70, respectively, can be rapidly generated and self-assembled into VLPs with the epitopes displayed on the surface. Immunization with the chimeric VLPs induced carrier- and epitope-specific antibody responses in mice. Anti-HBcSP55 and anti-HBcSP70 sera, but not anti-HBc sera, were able to neutralize in vitro multiple genotypes and strains of EV71. Importantly, passive immunization with anti-HBcSP55 or anti-HBcSP70 sera protected neonatal mice against lethal EV71 infections. Interestingly, anti-HBcSP70 sera could inhibit EV71 attachment to susceptible cells, whereas anti-HBcSP55 sera could not. However, both antisera were able to neutralize EV71 infection in vitro at the postattachment stage. The divergent mechanism of neutralization and protection conferred by anti-SP70 and anti-SP55 sera is in part attributed to their respective ability to bind authentic viral particles. Collectively, our study not only demonstrates that chimeric VLPs displaying the SP55 and SP70 epitopes are promising candidates for a broad-spectrum EV71 vaccine but also reveals distinct mechanisms of neutralization by the SP55- and SP70-targeted antibodies.

The microRNA-146a/b attenuates acute small-for-size liver graft injury in rats.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A critical role of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and its downstream mediators in the pathogenesis of small-for-size liver graft injury has been documented. Recently, the microRNA-146 (miR-146) was identified as a potent negative regulator of the TLR4 signalling pathway. In this study, the role of miR-146a and miR-146b in the attenuation of TLR-4 signalling and small-for-size liver graft injury was investigated. METHODS: The expression levels of miR-146a and miR-146b during small-for-size liver graft injury were studied in vivo. In addition, the effects of miR-146a and miR-146b on the expression of IRAK1 and TRAF6 in the rat macrophage cell line NR8383 and rat liver kupffer cells were studied in vitro. The in vivo effect of miR-146a and miR-146b on small-for-size liver graft injury was studied by the tail vein injection of miR-146a mimics and miR-146b mimics. RESULTS: The levels of miR-146a and miR-146b decreased with a small-for-size liver graft. MiR-146a and miR-146b inhibited IRAK1 and TRAF6 expression by binding to the 3'UTR of IRAK1 or TRAF6, respectively, in the rat macrophage cell line NR8383. The administration of miR-146a mimics and miR-146b mimics prevented liver graft injury in small-for-size liver graft injury via the inactivation of IRAK1 and TRAF6 in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: miR-146a and miR-146b prevent liver injury in small-for-size liver graft injury via the inactivation of IRAK1 and TRAF6.

Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates chronic inflammation-induced neuronal ferroptosis and cognitive impairments via regulation of AIM2 - Nrf2 signaling pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ginseng is a valuable herb in traditional Chinese medicine. Modern research has shown that it has various benefits, including tonifying vital energy, nourishing and strengthening the body, calming the mind, improving cognitive function, regulating fluids, and returning blood pressure, etc. Rg1 is a primary active component of ginseng. It protects hippocampal neurons, improves synaptic plasticity, enhances cognitive function, and boosts immunity. Furthermore, it exhibits anti-aging and anti-fatigue properties and holds great potential for preventing and managing neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study was to examine the role of Rg1 in treating chronic inflammatory NDDs and its molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vivo, we investigated the protective effects of Rg1 against chronic neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits in mice induced by 200 µg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 21 days using behavioral tests, pathological sections, Western blot, qPCR and immunostaining. In vitro experiments involved the stimulation of HT22 cells with 10 µg/ml of LPS, verification of the therapeutic effect of Rg1, and elucidation of its potential mechanism of action using H2DCFDA staining, BODIPY™ 581/591 C11, JC-1 staining, Western blot, and immunostaining. RESULTS: Firstly, it was found that Rg1 significantly improved chronic LPS-induced behavioral and cognitive dysfunction in mice. Further studies showed that Rg1 significantly attenuated LPS-induced neuronal damage by reducing levels of IL-6, IL-1ß and ROS, and inhibiting AIM2 inflammasome. Furthermore, chronic LPS exposure induced the onset of neuronal ferroptosis by increasing the lipid peroxidation product MDA and regulating the ferroptosis-associated proteins Gpx4, xCT, FSP1, DMT1 and TfR, which were reversed by Rg1 treatment. Additionally, Rg1 was found to activate Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant enzymes, such as HO1 and NQO1, both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro studies also showed that the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 could inhibit the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-ferroptosis effects of Rg1. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that Rg1 administration ameliorated chronic LPS-induced cognitive deficits and neuronal ferroptosis in mice by inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The underlying mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of AIM2 inflammasome and activation of Nrf2 signaling. These findings provide valuable insights into the treatment of chronic neuroinflammation and associated NDDs.

Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic liver damage by activating Nrf2 signaling and inhibiting inflammasomes in hepatic cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a precious traditional Chinese medicine with multiple pharmacological effects. Ginsenoside Rg1 is a main active ingredient extracted from ginseng, which is known for its age-delaying and antioxidant effects. Increasing evidence indicates that Rg1 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in numerous diseases and may ameliorate oxidative damage and inflammation in many chronic liver diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY: Chronic inflammatory injury in liver cells is an important pathological basis of many liver diseases. However, its mechanism remains unclear and therapeutic strategies to prevent its development need to be further explored. Thus, our study is to delve the protective effect and mechanism of Rg1 against chronic hepatic inflammatory injuries induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chronic liver damage model in mice was build up by injecting intraperitoneally with LPS (200 µg/kg) for 21 days. Serum liver function indicators and levels of IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α were examined by using corresponding Kits. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and Masson stains were utilized to visualize hepatic histopathological damage, glycogen deposition, and liver fibrosis. The nuclear import of p-Nrf2 and the generation of Col4 in the liver were detected by IF, while IHC was employed to detect the expressions of NLRP3 and AIM2 in the hepatic. The Western blot and q-PCR were used to survey the expressions of proteins and mRNAs of fibrosis and apoptosis, and the expressions of Keap1, p-Nrf2 and NLRP3, NLRP1, AIM2 inflammasome-related proteins in mouse liver. The cell viability of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 to select the action concentration of LPS, and intracellular ROS generation was detected using a kit. The expressions of Nuclear Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1 and NLRP3, NLRP1, and AIM2 inflammasome-related proteins in HepG2 cells were detected by Western blot. Finally, the feasibility of the molecular interlinking between Rg1 and Nrf2 was demonstrated by molecular docking. RESULTS: Rg1 treatment for 21 days decreased the levels of ALT, AST, and inflammatory factors of serum IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α in mice induced by LPS. Pathological results indicated that Rg1 treatment obviously alleviated hepatocellular injury and apoptosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and liver fibrosis in LPS stimulated mice. Rg1 promoted Keap1 degradation and enhanced the expressions of p-Nrf2, HO-1 and decreased the levels of NLRP1, NLRP3, AIM2, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1ß and IL-6 in livers caused by LPS. Furthermore, Rg1 effectively suppressed the rise of ROS in HepG2 cells induced by LPS, whereas inhibition of Nrf2 reversed the role of Rg1 in reducing the production of ROS and NLRP3, NLRP1, and AIM2 expressions in LPS-stimulated HepG2 cells. Finally, the molecular docking illustrated that Rg1 exhibits a strong affinity towards Nrf2. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that Rg1 significantly ameliorates chronic liver damage and fibrosis induced by LPS. The mechanism may be mediated through promoting the dissociation of Nrf2 from Keap1 and then activating Nrf2 signaling and further inhibiting NLRP3, NLRP1, and AIM2 inflammasomes in liver cells.