Influence of fall environment and fall direction on risk of injury among pre-frail and frail adults.

In this prospective study, half of all falls resulted in injury. Pre-frail adults sustained more injuries, while more frail adults had injuries requiring hospitalization or fractures. Pre-frail adults fell more often when in movement compared with frail adults who fell more often when standing and in indoor public spaces. PURPOSE: To assess prospectively how fall environment and direction are related to injury among pre-frail and frail adults. METHODS: We included 200 community-dwelling adults with a prior fall (pre-frail, mean age 77 years) and 173 adults with acute hip fracture (frail, mean age 84 years; 77% community-dwelling). Falls were prospectively recorded using standardized protocols in monthly intervals, including date, time, fall direction and environment, and injury. We used logistic regression to assess the odds of injury adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), and gender. RESULTS: We recorded 513 falls and 331 fall-related injuries (64.5%) among the 373 participants. While the fall rate was similar between groups, pre-frail adults had more injuries (71% among pre-frail vs. 56% among frail, p = 0.0004) but a lower incidence of major injuries (9% among pre-frail vs. 27% among frail, p = 0.003). Pre-frail adults fell more often while in movement (84% among pre-frail vs. 55% among frail, p < 0.0001), and frail adults fell more often while standing (26% vs. 15% respectively, p = 0.01). The odds of injury among frail adults was increased 3.3-fold when falling sideways (OR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.68-6.45) and 2.4-fold when falling in an indoor public space (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.00-5.53), and was reduced when falling at home (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.31-0.98). The odds of injury among pre-frail adults was not influenced by environment and was 53% lower when falling backwards (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.26-0.82). CONCLUSION: While pre-frail adults sustain more fall-related injuries, frail adults were more likely to sustain major injuries, especially when falling sideways or outside their home.

Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of bone fragility in people living with HIV: a position statement from the Swiss Association against Osteoporosis.

Life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH) is reaching similar length as in the general population. Accordingly, age-related comorbidities, including osteoporosis, are increasing. Fracture risk is higher and increases approximately 10 years earlier in PLWH. Classical risk factors of bone fragility are highly prevalent in PLWH but factors specific for HIV infection itself and the type of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (triple combination antiretroviral therapy) regimen (especially tenofovir and protease inhibitors) also contribute to bone loss. The majority of bone loss occurs during virus activity and at initiation of ART (immune reconstitution) and is associated with an increase of bone resorption (upregulation RANKL). Recent data indicate that calcium and vitamin D supplements as ART initiation lower BMD loss. The reduction of tenofovir plasma concentrations with tenofovir alafenamide attenuates BMD loss but it remains unknown whether it will contribute to reduce fracture risk. Hence, special considerations for the management of bone fragility in PLWH are warranted. Based on the current state of epidemiology and pathophysiology of osteoporosis in PLWH, we provide the consensus of the Swiss Association against Osteoporosis on best practice for diagnosis, prevention, and management of osteoporosis in this population. Periodic assessment of fracture risk is indicated in all HIV patients and general preventive measures should be implemented. All postmenopausal women, men above 50 years of age, and patients with other clinical risk for fragility fractures qualify for BMD measurement. An algorithm clarifies when treatment with bisphosphonates and review of ART regimen in favour of more bone-friendly options are indicated.

Gait phenotype from mild cognitive impairment to moderate dementia: results from the GOOD initiative.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The differences in gait abnormalities from the earliest to the later stages of dementia and in the different subtypes of dementia have not been fully examined. This study aims to compare spatiotemporal gait parameters in cognitively healthy individuals, patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and non-amnestic MCI, and patients with mild and moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-Alzheimer's disease (non-AD). METHODS: Based on a cross-sectional design, 1719 participants (77.4 ± 7.3 years, 53.9% female) were recruited from cohorts from seven countries participating in the Gait, Cognition and Decline (GOOD) initiative. Mean values and coefficients of variation of spatiotemporal gait parameters were measured during normal pace walking with the GAITRite system at all sites. RESULTS: Performance of spatiotemporal gait parameters declined in parallel with the stage of cognitive decline from MCI status to moderate dementia. Gait parameters of patients with non-amnestic MCI were more disturbed compared to patients with amnestic MCI, and MCI subgroups performed better than demented patients. Patients with non-AD dementia had worse gait performance than those with AD dementia. This degradation of gait parameters was similar between mean values and coefficients of variation of spatiotemporal gait parameters in the earliest stages of cognitive decline, but different in the most advanced stages, especially in the non-AD subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Spatiotemporal gait parameters were more disturbed in the advanced stages of dementia, and more affected in the non-AD dementias than in AD. These findings suggest that quantitative gait parameters could be used as a surrogate marker for improving the diagnosis of dementia.

Calcifediol versus vitamin D3 effects on gait speed and trunk sway in young postmenopausal women: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

UNLABELLED: In this double-blind RCT, 4-month treatment with calcifediol compared with vitamin D3 improved gait speed by 18% among young postmenopausal women. Consistently, change in 25(OH)D blood levels over time were significantly correlated with improvement in gait speed in these women. No effect could be demonstrated for trunk sway. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to test the effect of calcifediol compared with vitamin D3 on gait speed and trunk sway. METHODS: Twenty healthy postmenopausal women with an average 25(OH)D level of 13.2 ng/ml (SD = ±3.9) and a mean age of 61.5 years (SD = ±7.2) were randomized to either 20 µg of calcifediol or 20 µg (800 IU) of vitamin D3 per day in a double-blind manner. At baseline and at 4 months of follow-up, the same physiotherapist blinded to treatment allocation tested 8-m gait speed and a body sway test battery (Sway star pitch and roll angle plus velocity while walking 8 m, and standing on both legs on a hard and soft surface). All analyses adjusted for baseline measurement, age, and body mass index. RESULTS: Mean 25(OH)D levels increased to 69.3 ng/ml (SD = ±9.5) in the calcifediol group and to 30.5 ng/ml (SD = ±5.0) in the vitamin D3 group (p < 0.0001). Women receiving calcifediol compared with vitamin D3 had an 18% greater improvement in gait speed at 4-month follow-up (p = 0.046) adjusting for baseline gait speed, age, and body mass index. Also, change in gait speed was significantly correlated with change in serum 25(OH)D concentrations (r = 0.5; p = 0.04). Across three tests of trunk sway, there were no consistent differences between groups and no significant correlation between change in 25(OH)D serum concentrations and change in trunk sway. CONCLUSIONS: Calcifediol improved gait speed in early postmenopausal women compared with vitamin D3 and change in 25(OH)D level was moderately correlated with improvement in gait speed. A benefit on trunk sway could not be demonstrated.

Orthogeriatric care pathway: a prospective survey of impact on length of stay, mortality and institutionalisation.

INTRODUCTION: Care pathways for elderly hip fracture patients are increasingly implemented but there has been only limited evaluation of their use. Our objective was to investigate the impact of such a care pathway on the use of healthcare resources and on patients' outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective survey covered 493 hip fracture patients 65 years of age or older that were treated either before "Usual Care = (UC)" or after "Co-Managed-Care = (CMC)" implementation of the care pathway. Primary outcome was length of stay (LoS). Secondary outcomes were 1-year mortality and change in residential status from prefracture baseline to 1-year after surgery. Data were analysed by descriptive and interferential statistics and adjustment for baseline differences amongst the two patient groups was done. RESULTS: Patients in the CMC sample had more preexisting comorbidities (CCI 2.5 versus 2.1). Prior to the fracture, a larger proportion amongst them needed help in ADL (49 versus 26%), and they were more likely to reside in a nursing home (36 versus 29%). Prefracture mobility status was equal in both samples. In the CMC sample LoS was significantly shorter (LoS 8.6 versus 11.3 days, p < 0.01) and patients were less likely to experience a complication (59 vs 73%, p < 0.01) while being in the hospital. There was no significant difference in 1-year mortality or in change of residential status. CONCLUSIONS: A care pathway for elderly hip fracture patients allowed decreased LoS without affecting mortality or change of residential status 1 year after fracture compared to prefracture baseline.

[Assessment and training of strength and balance for fall prevention in the elderly: recommendations of an interdisciplinary expert panel]. / Diagnostik und Training von Kraft und Gleichgewicht zur Sturzprävention im Alter: Empfehlungen eines interdisziplinären Expertengremiums.

The proportion of elderly people in societies of western industrialized countries is continuously rising. Biologic aging induces deficits in balance and muscle strength/power in old age, which is responsible for an increased prevalence of falls. Therefore, nationwide and easy-to-administer fall prevention programs have to be developed in order to contribute to the autonomy and quality of life in old age and to help reduce the financial burden on the public health care system due to the treatment of fall-related injuries. This narrative (qualitative) literature review deals with a) the reasons for an increased prevalence of falls in old age, b) important clinical tests for fall-risk assessment, and c) evidence-based intervention/training programs for fall prevention in old age. The findings of this literature review are based on a cost-free practice guide that is available to the public (via the internet) and that was created by an expert panel (i.e., geriatricians, exercise scientists, physiotherapists, geriatric therapists). The present review provides the scientific foundation of the practice guide.

[Consensus 2012--diagnosis and treatment of patients with dementia in Switzerland]. / Consensus 2012 sur le diagnostic et le traitement des patients atteints de démence en Suisse.

The 2012 Swiss consensus paper on diagnosis and management of patients suffering from dementia resulted from the work of an expert panel who met on March 23d to 25th in Luzem. Based on a literature review, panel members wrote a first draft that was subsequently circulated among multiple dementia experts in Switzerland. After adaptation and revisions according to comments, all consulted dementia specialists and panel members fully endorse the consensus content. The conference was financed by the Swiss Alzheimer Forum.

Effects of Vitamin D, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and a Home Exercise Program on Prevention of Pre-Frailty in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of supplemental vitamin D3, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and a simple home exercise program (SHEP) on frailty prevention in generally healthy community-dwelling older adults are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To test the effect of vitamin D3, omega-3s, and a SHEP, alone or in combination on incident pre-frailty and frailty in robust older adults over a follow-up of 36 months. METHODS: DO-HEALTH is a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2x2x2 factorial randomized clinical trial among generally healthy European adults aged 70 years or older, who had no major health events in the 5 years prior to enrollment, sufficient mobility and intact cognitive function. As a secondary outcome of the DO-HEALTH trial, among the subset of participants who were robust at baseline, we tested the individual and combined benefits of supplemental 2,000 IU/day of vitamin D3, 1 g/day of marine omega-3s, and a SHEP on the odds of being pre-frail and frail over 3 years of follow-up. RESULTS: At baseline, 1,137 out of 2,157 participants were robust (mean age 74.3 years, 56.5% women, mean gait speed 1.18 m/s). Over a median follow-up time of 2.9 years, 696 (61.2%) became pre-frail and 29 (2.6%) frail. Odds ratios for becoming pre-frail were not significantly lower for vitamin D3, or omega 3-s, or SHEP, individually, compared to control (placebo for the supplements and control exercise). However, the three treatments combined showed significantly decreased odds (OR 0.61 [95% CI 0.38-0.98; p=0.04) of becoming pre-frail compared to control. None of the individual treatments or their combination significantly reduced the odds of becoming frail. CONCLUSION: Robust, generally healthy and active older adults without major comorbidities, may benefit from a combination of high-dose, supplemental vitamin D3, marine omega-3s, and SHEP with regard to the risk of becoming pre-frail over 3 years.

Performance of a Novel Handheld Bioelectrical Impedance Device for Assessing Muscle Mass in Older Inpatients.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate practicality and repeatability of a handheld compared to a state-of-the-art multisegmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device to facilitate screening of sarcopenia in older inpatients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a geriatric rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 207 inpatients aged 70+. MEASUREMENTS: In a first phase, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) was measured using the handheld Biody xpertZm II BIA device (n=100). In a second phase, ASMI was obtained using the multisegmental Biacorpus RX 4004M device (n=107). Repeatability of BIA devices was compared in subgroups of patients (handheld BIA device: n=36, multisegmental BIA device: n=46) by intra-class correlation (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: Overall, measurement failure was seen in 31 patients (31%) tested with the handheld BIA device compared to one patient (0.9%) using the multisegmental BIA device (p<0.001). Main reasons for measurement failure were inability of patients to adopt the position necessary to use the handheld BIA device and device failure. The mean difference of two ASMI measurements in the same patient was 0.32 (sd 0.85) using the handheld BIA device compared to 0.02 kg/m2 (sd 0.07) using the multisegmental device (adjusted mean difference between both groups -0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.61 to -0.09 kg/m2). Congruently, Bland-Altman plots showed poor agreement with the handheld compared to the multisegmental BIA device. CONCLUSION: The handheld BIA device is neither a practical nor reliable device for assessing muscle mass in older rehabilitation inpatients.

Prevalence of Physical Frailty: Results from the DO-HEALTH Study.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a geriatric syndrome associated with multiple negative health outcomes. However, its prevalence varies by population and instrument used. We investigated frailty and pre-frailty prevalence by 5 instruments in community-dwelling older adults enrolled to a randomized-controlled trial in 5 European countries. METHODS: Cross-sectional baseline analysis in 2,144 DO-HEALTH participants recruited from Switzerland, Austria, France, Germany, and Portugal with complete data for frailty. Frailty status was assessed by the Physical Frailty Phenotype [PFP], SOF-Frailty Index [SOF-FI], FRAIL-Scale, SHARE-Frailty Instrument [SHARE-FI], and a modified SHARE-FI, and compared by country, age, and gender. Logistic regression was used to determine relevant factors associated with frailty and pre-frailty. RESULTS: Mean age was 74.9 (±4.4) years, 61.6% were women. Based on the PFP, overall frailty and pre-frailty prevalence was 3.0% and 43.0%. By country, frailty prevalence was highest in Portugal (13.7%) and lowest in Austria (0%), and pre-frailty prevalence was highest in Portugal (57.3%) and lowest in Germany (37.1%). By instrument and overall, frailty and pre-frailty prevalence was highest based on SHARE-FI (7.0% / 43.7%) and lowest based on SOF-FI (1.0% / 25.9%). Frailty associated factors were residing in Coimbra (Portugal) [OR 12.0, CI 5.30-27.21], age above 75 years [OR 2.0, CI 1.17-3.45], and female gender [OR 2.8, CI 1.48-5.44]. The same three factors predicted pre-frailty. CONCLUSIONS: Among relatively healthy adults age 70 and older enroled to DO-HEALTH, prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty differed significantly by instrument, country, gender, and age. Among instruments, the highest prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty was documented by the SHARE-FI and the lowest by the SOF-FI.

Sarcopenia in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI): A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: In older patients, sarcopenia is a prevalent disease associated with negative outcomes. Sarcopenia has been investigated in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), but the criteria for diagnosis of the disease are heterogeneous. This systematic review of the current literature aims to evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients undergoing TAVI and to analyse the impact of sarcopenia on clinical outcomes. METHODS: A comprehensive search of the literature has been performed in electronic databases from the date of initiation until March 2020. Using a pre-defined search strategy, we identified studies assessing skeletal muscle mass, muscle quality and muscle function as measures for sarcopenia in patients undergoing TAVI. We evaluated how sarcopenia affects the outcomes mortality at ≥1 year, prolonged length of hospital stay, and functional decline. RESULTS: We identified 18 observational studies, enrolling a total number of 9'513 patients. For assessment of skeletal muscle mass, all included studies used data from computed tomography. Cut-off points for definition of low muscle mass were heterogeneous, and prevalence of sarcopenia varied between 21.0% and 70.2%. In uni- or multivariate regression analysis of different studies, low muscle mass was found to be a significant predictor of mortality, prolonged length of hospital stay, and functional decline. No interventional study was identified measuring the effect of nutritional or physiotherapy interventions on sarcopenia in TAVI patients. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia is highly prevalent among patients undergoing TAVI, and negatively affects important outcomes. Early diagnosis of this condition might allow a timely start of nutritional and physiotherapy interventions to prevent negative outcomes in TAVI patients.

Balance training and multi-task performance in seniors.

Age-related impairment in gait patterns when simultaneously performing cognitive (CI) and/or motor (MI) interference tasks are associated with an increased risk of falling in seniors. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of balance training (BT) on walking performance with and without concurrently performing a CI and/or MI task in seniors. Twenty healthy women (n=14) and men (n=6) were assigned to either an intervention (n=11, age 71.9+/-4.8 yrs) or a control group (n=9, age 74.9+/-6.3 yrs). The intervention group conducted a six week BT (3/week). Pre and post tests included the assessment of stride-to-stride variability during single (walking), dual (CI or MI+walking), and triple (CI+MI+walking) task walking on an instrumented walkway. BT resulted in statistically significant reductions in stride time variability under single (p=0.02, Delta34.8%) but not dual or triple-task walking. Significant improvements in the MI task (p=0.05, Delta39.1%), but not in the CI task were found while walking. Findings showed that improved performance during single-task walking did not transfer to walking under dual or triple-task conditions suggesting multi-task BT as an alternative training modality. Improvement of the secondary motor but not cognitive task may indicate the need for the involvement of motor and particularly cognitive tasks during BT.

Stops walking when talking: a predictor of falls in older adults?

The objective of this study was to systematically review all published articles examining the relationship between the occurrence of falls and changes in gait and attention-demanding task performance whilst dual tasking amongst older adults. An English and French Medline and Cochrane library search ranging from 1997 to 2008 indexed under 'accidental falls', 'aged OR aged, 80 and over', 'dual task', 'dual tasking', 'gait', 'walking', 'fall' and 'falling' was performed. Of 121 selected studies, fifteen met the selection criteria and were included in the final analysis. The fall rate ranged from 11.1% to 50.0% in retrospective studies and from 21.3% to 42.3% in prospective ones. Amongst the three retrospective and eight prospective studies, two and six studies, respectively, showed a significant relationship between changes in gait performance under dual task and history of falls. The predictive value for falling was particularly efficient amongst frail older adults compared with healthy subjects. Two prospective studies challenged the usefulness of the dual-task paradigm as a significant predictor compared to single task performance and three studies even reported that gait changes whilst dual tasking did not predict falls. The pooled odds ratio for falling was 5.3 (95% CI, 3.1-9.1) when subjects had changes in gait or attention-demanding task performance whilst dual tasking. Despite conflicting early reports, changes in performance whilst dual tasking were significantly associated with an increased risk for falling amongst older adults and frail older adults in particular. Description of health status, standardization of test methodology, increase of sample size and longer follow-up intervals will certainly improve the predictive value of dual-task-based fall risk assessment tests.

Vitamin D and cognitive performance in adults: a systematic review.

Chronic low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations are common in adults and are associated with numerous non-skeletal diseases. Vitamin D receptors (VDR) are located in the human cortex and hippocampus, which are key areas for cognition. The objective of this study was to systematically review all published data from the past 30 years which examined the association between serum 25OHD concentrations and cognitive performance in adults. An English and French Medline, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library search ranging from 1979 to 2008 indexed under the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms 'Vitamin D' or 'Hydroxycholecalciferols' combined with the terms 'Dementia' or 'Cognition' or 'Cognition Disorders' or 'Delirium' or 'Memory' or 'Memory Disorders' or 'Orientation' or 'Executive Functions' or 'Attention' or 'Brain' or 'Neuropsychological Tests' was performed. Of the 99 selected studies, five observational studies met the selection criteria and were included in the final analysis. No prospective cohort study was found. The number of participants ranged from 32 to 9556 community-dwelling older adults (45-65% women). Three studies showed four significant positive associations between serum 25OHD concentrations and global cognitive functions, whereas three other studies exploring specific aspects of cognition showed 11 non-significant associations. This systematic review shows that the association between serum 25OHD concentrations and cognitive performance is not yet clearly established. The inconclusive results of the reviewed studies could be due to methodology, types of the cognitive tasks used and/or the cellular mechanisms of vitamin D.

A before and after study of a nurse led comprehensive delirium management programme (DemDel) for older acute care inpatients with cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: Studies estimate that approximately one-third of episodes of delirium are preventable and that delirium prevention and management are often suboptimal in practice. While there is no doubt that prevention is desirable, the evidence of the benefits of early intervention and treatment for older hospitalised patients with dementia is unclear. AIM: To determine the effects of DemDel, a comprehensive delirium management programme, in inpatient acute care elders with cognitive impairment. DESIGN AND METHODS: This paper reports the quantitative part of a mixed methods study, comparing an intervention with treatment as usual using validated outcome measures. After training, ward nurses and physicians administered the intervention based on the DemDel algorithm that focused on delirium prevention, including an intensive systematic screening schedule for cognitive impairment and delirium, as well as comprehensive delirium management. The delirium management regimen included timely administration of pro re nata medication. SETTINGS: The study was conducted within four medical wards of an acute care university hospital in urban Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 268 patients with cognitive impairment participated in the pre/post comparison study. The intervention and treatment as usual groups consisted of 138 and 130 patients, respectively. RESULTS: Eighty-seven (32.5%) out of 268 patients developed delirium, of whom 51 (58.6%) were of mixed, 10 (11.5%) hyperactive and 26 (29.9%) hypoactive delirium subtypes. Delirium appeared within the first five days after admission in 81.6% of cases. The 44 (31.9%) patients with delirium in the intervention group with systematic delirium management had less severe episodes of delirium and required medication for management than the 43 (33.1%) delirious patients in the control group. Intervention compliance was good on three of the four units. CONCLUSIONS: The DemDel programme was effective with regard to improvement of outcomes associated with delirium in patients with cognitive impairment. The intervention was feasible and possible to be embedded within routine practice on four busy general medical wards.

Dual-task-related gait changes in the elderly: does the type of cognitive task matter?

Dual-task-related gait changes among older adults while they perform spoken verbal tasks have been reported frequently. The authors examined whether the type of walking-associated spoken verbal task matters for dual-task-related gait changes in 16 older adults classified as transitionally frail. Mean stride time increased significantly when they walked and performed an arithmetic or a verbal fluency task compared with when they only walked (p < .001), whereas the coefficients of variation increased significantly only when they walked and performed the arithmetic task (p = .005) but not the verbal fluency task (p = .134). Those findings suggest that stride time variability under a dual-task condition depends on the type of walking-associated spoken verbal task.

Associations of demographic, functional, and behavioral characteristics with activity-related fear of falling among older adults transitioning to frailty.

OBJECTIVES: To determine, in a cohort of older individuals transitioning to frailty (defined by Speechley and Tinetti, 1991) who have previously fallen, whether there are significant associations between demographic, functional, and behavioral characteristics and activity-related fear of falling, using both the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC). DESIGN: Baseline cross-sectional analysis in a prospective cohort intervention study. SETTING: Twenty independent senior living facilities in Atlanta. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen male and 270 female subjects (n = 287), age 70 and older (mean +/- standard deviation, 80.9 +/- 6.2), with Mini-Mental State Examination score > or = 24, transitioning to frailty, ambulatory (with or without assistive device), medically stable, and having fallen in the past year. MEASUREMENTS: Activity-related fear of falling was evaluated with the FES and ABC Scale. Because of the comparable data derived from each scale, associations with functional measures-related analyses were expressed using the latter. Depression was measured by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Functional measurements included timed 360 degrees turn, functional reach test, timed 10-meter walk test, single limb stands, picking up an object, and three chair stands. RESULTS: No statistically significant association was found between activity-related fear of falling and age. For the proposed activities, about half (ABC, 48.1%; FES, 50.1%) of the subjects were concerned about falling or showed lack of confidence in controlling their balance. A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between FES and ABC (r = -0.65; P < .001). African-American subjects showed more activity-related fear of falling than did Caucasians (odds ratio (OR): 2.7 for ABC; 2.1 for FES). Fearful individuals were more likely to be depressed and more likely to report the use of a walking aid than were nonfearful individuals. Fear of falling was significantly correlated to all of the functional measurements (P < .05). In a multivariable logistic regression model, depression, using a walking-aid, slow gait speed, and being an African-American were directly related to being more fearful of falling. CONCLUSIONS: Activity-related fear of falling was present in almost half of this sample of older adults transitioning to frailty. The significant association of activity-related fear of falling with demographic, functional, and behavioral characteristics emphasizes the need for multidimensional intervention strategies to lessen activity-related fear of falling in this population.

[Influence of a specific cognitive task on spatial-temporal walking parameters in elderly frail individuals]. / Etude de l'influence d'une tâche cognitive explicite sur les paramètres spatio-temporels de la marche du sujet âgé fragile.

OBJECTIVE: Walking is a complex voluntary rhythmic motor behaviour. Its implicit nature suggests that reduced attention resources are required for its execution. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that, to perform a mental calculation while walking, might modify the spatial-temporal parameters of walking in fragile elderly patients. METHODS: We compared the walking, in a straight line over a distance of 10 meters, of 30 fragile elderly subjects (mean age 82.6 +/- 7.1 years) with that of 30 healthy controls (mean age 37.5 +/- 11.5 years). Two walking conditions were studied: with and without a counting task. The time, number of steps, lateral deviations and stops were recorded on a video camera. RESULTS: The condition of a double-task provoked three types of effects on walking: an increase in time and the number of steps in both groups, but significantly greater in the elderly patients than in the control group of patients (6.4 s and 4.6 steps in the elderly versus 0.5 s and 0.4 steps in the controls); a reduction in the cadence and length of the step, only significant in the elderly patients, and a significant increase in the number of lateral deviations and stops in the double-task condition in the elderly patients. CONCLUSION: Globally, these results indicate that walking requires more attention resources in the elderly than in the middle-aged. The loss of the implicit character of walking to the benefit of cognitive attention resources may partly explain the high risk of falling in fragile elderly subjects.

[Adherence rate in intervention programs for the promotion of physical activity in older adults: a systematic literature review]. / Adhärenz-Raten bei Interventionsprogrammen zur Bewegungsförderung älterer Menschen: Ein systematischer Literaturüberblick.

BACKGROUND: In order to introduce elderly people to be physically active, it is necessary to evaluate which types of exercise show a high adherence. Therefore, the objective of this systematic literature review was to determine adherence rates in intervention programs to promote physical activity in older adults. METHODS: Forty-six studies investigating the effects of aerobic, resistance, power, balance, Tai Chi training, and multimodal training were included following a systematic literature search. Adherence rates were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: No significant correlations were observed between adherence rates and exercise programs. However, there was a significant association between adherence rate and training frequency (-2,9%; p=0,042), training duration (-0,2%; p=0,016) and number of participants (-0,1%; p=0,008). CONCLUSION: To ensure a high adherence to training programs with older people, it seems that to a lesser extent the contents of training, but rather the training modalities (i.e., training frequency, intervention duration) and the number of participants appear to be of importance.