Comparative study on conventional, ultrasonication and microwave assisted extraction of γ-oryzanol from rice bran.

In present study, conventional, ultrasonic and microwave assisted extraction methods were compared with the aim of optimizing best fitting solvent and method, solvent concentration and digestion time for high yield of γ-oryzanol from rice bran. Petroleum ether, hexane and methanol were used to prepare extracts. Extraction yield were evaluated for giving high crude oil yield, total phenolic content (TPC) and γ-oryzanol content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry was used for the determination of γ-oryzanol concentration. The highest concentration of γ-oryzanol was detected in methanolic extracts of microwave treatment (85.0 ppm) followed by ultrasonication (82.0 ppm) and conventional extraction method (73.5 ppm). Concentration of γ-oryzanol present in the extracts was found to be directly proportional to the total phenolic content. A combination of 80 % methanolic concentration and 55 minutes digestion time of microwave treatment yielded the best extraction method for TPC and thus γ-oryzanol (105 ppm).

Effect of Carrier Agents on Quality Parameters of Spray-Dried Encapsulated Diosgenin Powder and the Optimization of Process Parameters.

Fenugreek seeds are a rich source of bioactive compounds, such as diosgenin, which is one of the most crucial steroidal sapogenins emerging in the field with its spectacular health benefits. Plant-based diosgenin is bitter in taste and has remarkably low consumption levels, making it unable to fulfil the role of improving health benefits. Diosgenin is spray dried to mask bitterness and astringent flavors with two different wall materials, such as maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein concentrate (WPC), separately. The spray-drying condition of the selected optimization process was inlet air temperature (IAT 150-170 °C), feed flow rate (FFR 300-500 mL/h), and carrier agent concentration (CAC 10-20%). The optimization of the process variable was conducted for producing optimized encapsulated diosgenin powder (EDP) with both MD and WPC. The selected parameters, such as yield, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, antioxidant activity, hygroscopicity, and solubility, are investigated in this current work. Based on the experimental results, the significant R2 values depict the model fitting to the responses. EDP revealed an optimization condition at 170 °C IAT, 500 mL/h FFR, and 20% CAC for MD and WPC. The highest responses were observed with WPC-EDP, such as yield at 82.25%, encapsulation efficiency at 88.60%, antioxidant activity at 53.95%, and hygroscopicity at 12.64%. MD-EDP revealed higher solubility at 96.64% and moisture content at 2.58%. EDP was studied using micrographs and diffractograms for the optimized samples, which revealed a smooth and dented surface with an amorphous nature for MD-EDP and WPC-EDP, respectively. EDP exhibited acceptable powder properties with regard to fulfilling the set purpose. EDP can be a better potential ingredient in different food matrices to act as a delivery vehicle for various health aliments.

Production of encapsulated (25R)-Spirost-5-en-3ß-ol powder with composite coating material and its characterization.

The potential of the (25R)-Spirost-5-en-3ß-ol (diosgenin) is underutilized due to its astringent mouthfeel and aftertaste. To make the consumption more, this research rivets over the use of suitable techniques for encapsulating the diosgenin to use its health benefits for preventing the health disorders. The (25R)-Spirost-5-en-3ß-ol(diosgenin) is gaining popularity in the food market by proving its potential health benefits. This study rivets over the encapsulation of diosgenin due to its high bitter taste which restricts its incorporation in functional foods. Maltodextrin and whey protein concentrates were used as the carrier for encapsulating diosgenin at varying concentrations from 0.1 to 0.5 % and evaluated for powder properties. The optimal conditions were obtained based on the most suited data ranged from the selected properties for the powder. The spray dried 0.3% diosgenin powder produced most suitable properties for powder recovery, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, and particle size as 51.69-72.18%, 54.51-83.46%, 1.86-3.73%, 0.38-0.51, 10.55-14.08% and 40.38-88.02 µm respectively. The significance of this study relies on the more and better utilization of the fenugreek diosgenin in edible form by masking the bitterness. After encapsulation the spray dried diosgenin is more accessible in powder format with edible maltodextrin and whey protein concentrate. The spray dried diosgenin powder could be a potential agent that fulfils nutritional demands along with protection from some chronic health perturb.

Diosgenin: An ingress towards solving puzzle for diabetes treatment.

The consumption and composition of food in daily life predict our health in long run. The relation of diabetes to sweets is quite popular. Diabetes hampers the glucose and insulin regulation in the human body by damaging pancreatic ß cells. Diabetes has a strong potential towards altering cellular mechanisms of organs causing unlawful performance. Diabetes alters pathways like TLR4, AChE, NF-ĸB, LPL, and PPAR at different sites that affect the normal cellular machinery and cause damage to the local tissue and organ. The long-lasting effect of diabetes was observed in vascular, cardia, nervous, skeletal, reproductive, hepatic, ocular, and renal systems. The increasing awareness of diabetes and its concern has awakened the common people more enthusiastically. Due to rising harm from diabetes, scientific researchers tend to have more eyes toward it. While searching for diabetes solutions, fenugreek diosgenin could pop up with some positive effects in curing the same. Diosgenin helps to lower the scathe of diabetes by modifying cellular pathways in favor of healthy bodily functions. Diosgenin altered the pathways for renewal of pancreatic ß cells for better insulin secretion, initiate GLUT4, enhanced DHEA, modify ER-α-mediated PI3K/Akt pathways. Diosgenin can be an appropriate insult for diabetes in a much evolving way for a healthy lifestyle. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Diabetes is one of the most death causing diseases in the medical world. Regrettably the cure of diabetes is yet to be found. Various scientific team working on the same to look after the most appropriate way for diabetes treatment. There is enormous growth of nutraceutical in the market claiming for cure of different metabolic disorders. Among various bioactive compound fenugreek's diosgenin could took a leap over other in curing and preventing the damage caused by diabetes to different organs. The role of diosgenin in curing various metabolic disorders is quite popular from some time. This article also emphasizes over beneficiary effect of diosgenin in curing the damages caused by diabetes by altering cellular metabolism processes. Hence diosgenin could be a better way for researchers to develop a method for diabetes treatment.

Diosgenin a steroidal compound: An emerging way to cancer management.

To endure respective research for cancer via common food ingredients has become more prominent with preferably minuscule toxicity. Spices are emerging as a new source of bioactive compounds which have the potential to cure cancer. Fenugreek is rich in diosgenin that has curative and preventive potency toward various cancers. Cancer is invading various cellular mechanisms by altering cellular receptors. Cancer falsifies healthy cells by altered cell receptors like p38, p53, mTOR, Akt, and PARP. Distinct stages of cancer development are triggered by various cellular mechanisms. Diosgenin helps in suppressing cancer mechanisms and induces programmed cell death. Diosgenin brought changes in treatment line of lung, breast, prostate, liver, and colon cancer. Apoptosis changes cytoplasmic different caspase pathways and triggers selected sequence for cancer cell line death. Cell death comprised of series of events carried out by metalloprotease caspase. The complex relationship among cancer, caspase, cell death, and cellular receptors is reviewed in this article in respect of diosgenin. The utilization of diosgenin in creating a bar for cancer, its triggering sites, and various ways to cause apoptosis of abnormal cells. This article focused on diosgenin, its role in the prevention of different cancer and cellular apoptosis throughout different pathways involved in complex interaction of bioactive compound-cellular mechanism cancer. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The concept of curing diseases from daily routine food is quite old. Fenugreek is an excellent source of various bioactive compounds especially diosgenin. Diosgenin is steroidal sapogenin that cures various health issues including cancers. Cancer is one of the most life-threating disease which can affect any cell, tissue, and organ in living system. Diosgenin is proved to be beneficial in terms curing cancer of various types but majorly include lung, liver, colon breast, and prostate. Cancer cure with diosgenin is providing a new base to the pharmaceutical and medical researchers to commence new and more specific journey of diosgenin. Diosgenin could alter cellular pathways that modify cell mechanism in way toward treating cancer. Cell mechanism mainly affected by the interaction of cell signals and cell different receptors that cause triggered cell death. This review article focused over various cancer and diosgenin effect in controlling different cellular pathways which include cellular signaling and cell death mechanism.

Comparison of ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction of diosgenin from Trigonella foenum graceum seed.

From the recent market trend, there is a huge demand for the bioactive compounds from various food matrices that could be capable enough to combat the emerging health effects in day-to-day life. Fenugreek is a well-known spice from ancient times for its medicinal and health benefits. In the present study, two methods of green extraction microwave (MAE) and ultrasound (UAE) assisted were studied in regard of extraction of fenugreek diosgenin. In this study, solvent type (acetone, ethanol, hexane and petroleum ether), solvent concentration (40, 60, 80 and 100%) and treatment time (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 min and 30, 40, 50 and 60 min for MAE and UAE method respectively) was varied to observe the effect of these parameters over extract yield and diosgenin content. The results of this study revealed that treatment time, type of solvent and its concentration and method adopted for extraction of diosgenin has significant effect. In relation with better yield extract and diosgenin content, the yield of fenugreek seed extract was 7.83% with MAE and 21.48% with UAE of fenugreek seed powder at 80% ethanol concentration at 6 and 60 min respectively. The content of diosgenin was observed in fenugreek seed powder extract was 35.50 mg/100 g in MAE and 40.37 mg/100 g in UAE with 80% ethanol concentration at 6 and 60 min respectively. The overall range of yield of fenugreek extract was varied from 1.04% to 32.48% and diosgenin content was 15.82 mg/100 g to 40.37 mg/100 g of fenugreek seed powder including both extraction methods. This study revealed that UAE would impose better ways for preparing fenugreek extract and observing diosgenin content from fenugreek seeds.

Unmasking the Many Faces of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia L.): A Fresh Look on its Phytochemical and Medicinal Properties.

BACKGROUND: Plants have been used to treat health disorders and prevent diseases since antiquity in all civilizations including the Indian and Chinse. Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants in Indian folk medicine and is commonly known as the "Heart-leaved Moonseed" or "Guduchi". Giloy is a perennial shrubby creeper of the Menispermaceae family. It is native to the tropical areas of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Sothern Eastern Asia, Africa, and Australia. It attracted attention in the last few decades because its roots, stems, and leaves are used in folk medicine treating several disorders. METHODS: To reveal its potential, we reviewed the literature on this plant over the last five decades using several search engines. RESULTS: Giloy is recommended in diabetes, stomachache, jaundice, urinary problems, skin ailments, and prolonged diarrhea and dysentery. The medicinal properties of T. cordifolia extracts were attributed to its phytochemical content including steroids, alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, and glycosides. CONCLUSION: In this review, we summarized the phytochemical content of T. cordifolia and its medicinal properties with special emphasis on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. We aimed to provide natural product researchers with a full picture of the potential applications of this plant in the development of food additives and nutraceuticals.

Development and Characterization of Fenugreek Protein-Based Edible Film.

The present investigation studied the physicochemical, mechanical, structural, thermal, and morphological attributes of a novel edible film formed from fenugreek protein concentrate. Films were produced at different pH-9, 10, 11, and 12-and the effect of the pH on the films was studied. As the pH increased, tensile strength increased while water vapor absorption decreased, which is interrelated to the surface morphological properties; as the pH increased, the surface became smoother and compact without any cavities. The films produced were darker in color. Fenugreek protein films exhibited good thermal stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of strong bonding for the films made at alkaline pH. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) indicated the major structure of the film was amorphous. The study demonstrated that the fenugreek protein concentrate film has influential characteristics and can be used as an edible packaging film.

Physico-Chemical Analysis and Fatty Acid Profiling of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Seed Oil Using Different Solvents.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) a native to Southern Europe, Mediterranean region and Western Asia has been used as a spice all over the world to increase the sensory quality to the food. It is also known for its medicinal properties such as anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic and immunological activities and can also be used as a food stabilizer and emulsifying agent. The ash, protein, moisture and fiber content of defatted fenugreek seed powder obtained were 9%, 23.04%, 3.8%, 25.47% respectively. So, this study is systematically intended to determine the fatty acid composition, to be best among the different solvents used are the ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone and hexane for the extraction of the fenugreek seed oil and to analyze its susceptibility to oxidation. This study was carried out to investigate and examine the results such as acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, iodine value and the physical properties such as the color value and the refractive index of the seed oil. The results stipulate that the oil extracted using the solvent hexane had better quality and yield. Linoleic acid (41.97%) followed by alpha-linolenic acid (29.33%) and cis-9 oleic acid (12.95%) was found as the primary fatty acids present in the oil extracted using hexane. Along with these fatty acids, the PUFA content of hexane oil (71.30%) was also observed to be in a good range. So, on comparing these results with codex standards, it revealed that it can be considered as edible oil with further purifications.

Banana starch: Properties, description, and modified variations - A review.

Banana starch has drawn considerable attention these days owe to its commercial competitive potential and functional features in terms of human well being. Nowadays it emerges as a recent trade commodity with a broad range of suitability to many commercial aspects except its restricted exploitation by food industries only. As an additive, starch from unripe banana is the advocated target to derive many of standardized formulation with enhanced health attributes. Adopted modifications tactics in them to resistant starch form impart slow digestibility rate and limited rise in blood glycemic index. Besides, a vast range of rheological behavior and hydrothermal variations add extensive feasibility to formulation parameters. Banana starch is an according mean to exhibit gelatinization and retrogradation shift behavior on heating (cooking, baking, roasting, stewing and frying) as a result of which; organoleptic, physicochemical, nutritional, and digestive features are depends. This review presented all these above stated terms in a comparative means for banana starch behavior and modification possibilities as functional resources.

Taro starch: Isolation, morphology, modification and novel applications concern - A review.

Tuber and root crops are matured as fundamental food crops universally especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Among them, Taro (Colocasia esculenta) considered as 5th chief root crop due to its medicinal, ornamental and food formulation facets. Competitively it holds a considerable amount of starch even more than that to potato, sweet potato, cassava and so on. Taro corms starch (70-80%) contemplate as a cheapest abode for food industries due to its multifarious potentiality in food like stabilizer, emulsifier, fat substitute and as filler agent too. Baby foods, packaging material novelties, geriatric foods with resistant starch incorporation are the recently explored deliverables. Moreover, quality attributes of taro starch increases its behavioral versatility after modification competitively in a much better manner than native starch. This review aims to outline the current awareness about taro starch's molecular pattern, isolation procedures, properties, modifications and novel hit approaches for commercial viability. Gluten-free trait, hypoallergenic features and high digestibility are the additional benefits that widens its application scope to adapt better among pharma and textile in along with food sector.

Antioxidants and its Properties as Affected by Extrusion Process: A Review.

Antioxidants are important for plant and animal's life or health. These are the substances that protect them from the damage produced by unstable molecules called as free radicals. There are various types of antioxidants to be reported both natural as well as synthetic such as melatonin, Vitamin C, glutathione, tocopherols and tocotrienols, BHA and BHT, etc. A new antioxidant 5-O-[6˝-(3- hydroxy-3methyl glutarate) ß-D-glucodise was found while studying bioactive antioxidants from plant foods for nutraceutical product development. Antioxidants have been used for increasing shelf life of various food products including extruded product. Antioxidants, their beneficial advantages and the effect of extrusion on antioxidants were reviewed and found to be effective in increasing the shelf life. This review article discusses recent patents, presents importance of antioxidant, phytochemicals and effect of process of extrusion on antioxidants.

Development and parameter optimization of maize flat bread supplemented with asparagus bean flour

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop maize flat bread supplemented with asparagus bean flour (ABF). Preliminary study was conducted for maximum supplementation of ABF on the basis of sensory attributes and it was found that 15% ABF can be supplemented. Further a composite flour containing 85% maize flour (MF) and 15% ABF was used for the preparation of flat bread. The effect of baking temperature (200 to 235 °C) and baking time [time 1 (surface 1) and time 2 (surface 2)] (70 to 120 sec) on product responses such as sensory characteristics (overall color, appearance, flavor, taste, mouth feel, overall acceptability), texture (shear value) and moisture content were studied. Results indicated that baking temperature and baking time had significant (p < 0.05) positive effect on sensory characteristics and shear value, while significant (p < 0.05) negative effect on moisture content. Numerical optimization resulted in baking temperature 225 °C, baking time 1 (120 sec) for surface 1 and time 2 (116 sec) for surface 2 to develop a flat bread with best quality.