RESUMO
ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+ proteins) are macromolecular machines that convert the chemical energy contained in ATP molecules into powerful mechanical forces to remodel a vast array of cellular substrates, including protein aggregates, macromolecular complexes and polymers. AAA+ proteins have key functionalities encompassing unfolding and disassembly of such substrates in different subcellular localizations and, hence, power a plethora of fundamental cellular processes, including protein quality control, cytoskeleton remodelling and membrane dynamics. Over the past 35 years, many of the key elements required for AAA+ activity have been identified through genetic, biochemical and structural analyses. However, how ATP powers substrate remodelling and whether a shared mechanism underlies the functional diversity of the AAA+ superfamily were uncertain. Advances in cryo-electron microscopy have enabled high-resolution structure determination of AAA+ proteins trapped in the act of processing substrates, revealing a conserved core mechanism of action. It has also become apparent that this common mechanistic principle is structurally adjusted to carry out a diverse array of biological functions. Here, we review how substrate-bound structures of AAA+ proteins have expanded our understanding of ATP-driven protein remodelling.
Assuntos
Proteínas AAA/química , Proteínas AAA/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatases/química , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Animais , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Humanos , Hidrólise , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação ProteicaRESUMO
Genetic conflict between viruses and their hosts drives evolution and genetic innovation. Prokaryotes evolved CRISPR-mediated adaptive immune systems for protection from viral infection, and viruses have evolved diverse anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that subvert these immune systems. The adaptive immune system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (type I-F) relies on a 350 kDa CRISPR RNA (crRNA)-guided surveillance complex (Csy complex) to bind foreign DNA and recruit a trans-acting nuclease for target degradation. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Csy complex bound to two different Acr proteins, AcrF1 and AcrF2, at an average resolution of 3.4 Å. The structure explains the molecular mechanism for immune system suppression, and structure-guided mutations show that the Acr proteins bind to residues essential for crRNA-mediated detection of DNA. Collectively, these data provide a snapshot of an ongoing molecular arms race between viral suppressors and the immune system they target.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos/química , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/química , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/imunologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/virologia , RNA Bacteriano/química , Proteínas Virais/química , Bacteriófagos/classificação , Bacteriófagos/genética , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Vigilância Imunológica , Modelos Moleculares , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , RNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , RNA Bacteriano/ultraestrutura , Proteínas Virais/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Glutamylation, the most prevalent tubulin posttranslational modification, marks stable microtubules and regulates recruitment and activity of microtubule- interacting proteins. Nine enzymes of the tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) family catalyze glutamylation. TTLL7, the most abundant neuronal glutamylase, adds glutamates preferentially to the ß-tubulin tail. Coupled with ensemble and single-molecule biochemistry, our hybrid X-ray and cryo-electron microscopy structure of TTLL7 bound to the microtubule delineates a tripartite microtubule recognition strategy. The enzyme uses its core to engage the disordered anionic tails of α- and ß-tubulin, and a flexible cationic domain to bind the microtubule and position itself for ß-tail modification. Furthermore, we demonstrate that all single-chain TTLLs with known glutamylase activity utilize a cationic microtubule-binding domain analogous to that of TTLL7. Therefore, our work reveals the combined use of folded and intrinsically disordered substrate recognition elements as the molecular basis for specificity among the enzymes primarily responsible for chemically diversifying cellular microtubules.
Assuntos
Peptídeo Sintases/química , Peptídeo Sintases/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peptídeo Sintases/genética , Alinhamento de SequênciaRESUMO
Dynamic instability, the stochastic switching between growth and shrinkage, is essential for microtubule function. This behavior is driven by GTP hydrolysis in the microtubule lattice and is inhibited by anticancer agents like Taxol. We provide insight into the mechanism of dynamic instability, based on high-resolution cryo-EM structures (4.7-5.6 Å) of dynamic microtubules and microtubules stabilized by GMPCPP or Taxol. We infer that hydrolysis leads to a compaction around the E-site nucleotide at longitudinal interfaces, as well as movement of the α-tubulin intermediate domain and H7 helix. Displacement of the C-terminal helices in both α- and ß-tubulin subunits suggests an effect on interactions with binding partners that contact this region. Taxol inhibits most of these conformational changes, allosterically inducing a GMPCPP-like state. Lateral interactions are similar in all conditions we examined, suggesting that microtubule lattice stability is primarily modulated at longitudinal interfaces.
Assuntos
Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/química , Tubulina (Proteína)/química , Animais , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Guanosina Trifosfato/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Hidrólise , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/ultraestrutura , Modelos Moleculares , Paclitaxel/metabolismo , Conformação Proteica , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismoRESUMO
PIWI proteins use PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) to identify and silence transposable elements and thereby maintain genome integrity between metazoan generations1. The targeting of transposable elements by PIWI has been compared to mRNA target recognition by Argonaute proteins2,3, which use microRNA (miRNA) guides, but the extent to which piRNAs resemble miRNAs is not known. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of a PIWI-piRNA complex from the sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis with and without target RNAs, and a biochemical analysis of target recognition. Mirroring Argonaute, PIWI identifies targets using the piRNA seed region. However, PIWI creates a much weaker seed so that stable target association requires further piRNA-target pairing, making piRNAs less promiscuous than miRNAs. Beyond the seed, the structure of PIWI facilitates piRNA-target pairing in a manner that is tolerant of mismatches, leading to long-lived PIWI-piRNA-target interactions that may accumulate on transposable-element transcripts. PIWI ensures targeting fidelity by physically blocking the propagation of piRNA-target interactions in the absence of faithful seed pairing, and by requiring an extended piRNA-target duplex to reach an endonucleolytically active conformation. PIWI proteins thereby minimize off-targeting cellular mRNAs while defending against evolving genomic threats.
Assuntos
Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Poríferos , RNA Interferente Pequeno/química , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Animais , Proteínas Argonautas/química , Proteínas Argonautas/metabolismo , Proteínas Argonautas/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Modelos Moleculares , Poríferos/genética , Poríferos/metabolismo , Poríferos/ultraestrutura , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/ultraestrutura , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
Mitochondrial AAA+ quality-control proteases regulate diverse aspects of mitochondrial biology through specialized protein degradation, but the underlying mechanisms of these enzymes remain poorly defined. The mitochondrial AAA+ protease AFG3L2 is of particular interest, as genetic mutations localized throughout AFG3L2 are linked to diverse neurodegenerative disorders. However, a lack of structural data has limited our understanding of how mutations impact enzymatic function. Here, we used cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine a substrate-bound structure of the catalytic core of human AFG3L2. This structure identifies multiple specialized structural features that integrate with conserved motifs required for ATP-dependent translocation to unfold and degrade targeted proteins. Many disease-relevant mutations localize to these unique structural features of AFG3L2 and distinctly influence its activity and stability. Our results provide a molecular basis for neurological phenotypes associated with different AFG3L2 mutations and establish a structural framework to understand how different members of the AAA+ superfamily achieve specialized biological functions.
Assuntos
Proteases Dependentes de ATP/química , ATPases Associadas a Diversas Atividades Celulares/química , Proteínas Mitocondriais/química , Mutação , Proteases Dependentes de ATP/genética , Proteases Dependentes de ATP/metabolismo , ATPases Associadas a Diversas Atividades Celulares/genética , ATPases Associadas a Diversas Atividades Celulares/metabolismo , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Células HEK293 , Transtornos Heredodegenerativos do Sistema Nervoso/genética , Transtornos Heredodegenerativos do Sistema Nervoso/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Domínios ProteicosRESUMO
Bacteria and archaea have evolved sophisticated adaptive immune systems that rely on CRISPR RNA (crRNA)-guided detection and nuclease-mediated elimination of invading nucleic acids. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the type I-F crRNA-guided surveillance complex (Csy complex) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa bound to a double-stranded DNA target. Comparison of this structure to previously determined structures of this complex reveals a â¼180-degree rotation of the C-terminal helical bundle on the "large" Cas8f subunit. We show that the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-induced conformational change in Cas8f exposes a Cas2/3 "nuclease recruitment helix" that is structurally homologous to a virally encoded anti-CRISPR protein (AcrIF3). Structural homology between Cas8f and AcrIF3 suggests that AcrIF3 is a mimic of the Cas8f nuclease recruitment helix.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/metabolismo , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , DNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , Mimetismo Molecular , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzimologia , RNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/química , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/genética , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/imunologia , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Conformação Proteica , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/imunologia , RNA Bacteriano/química , RNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/química , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/genética , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Microtubules have spatiotemporally complex posttranslational modification patterns. Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) enzymes introduce the most prevalent modifications on α-tubulin and ß-tubulin. How TTLLs specialize for specific substrate recognition and ultimately modification-pattern generation is largely unknown. TTLL6, a glutamylase implicated in ciliopathies, preferentially modifies tubulin α-tails in microtubules. Cryo-electron microscopy, kinetic analysis and single-molecule biochemistry reveal an unprecedented quadrivalent recognition that ensures simultaneous readout of microtubule geometry and posttranslational modification status. By binding to a ß-tubulin subunit, TTLL6 modifies the α-tail of the longitudinally adjacent tubulin dimer. Spanning two tubulin dimers along and across protofilaments (PFs) ensures fidelity of recognition of both the α-tail and the microtubule. Moreover, TTLL6 reads out and is stimulated by glutamylation of the ß-tail of the laterally adjacent tubulin dimer, mediating crosstalk between α-tail and ß-tail. This positive feedback loop can generate localized microtubule glutamylation patterns. Our work uncovers general principles that generate tubulin chemical and topographic complexity.
RESUMO
The heterohexameric ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA)-ATPase Pex1/Pex6 is essential for the formation and maintenance of peroxisomes. Pex1/Pex6, similar to other AAA-ATPases, uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to mechanically thread substrate proteins through its central pore, thereby unfolding them. In related AAA-ATPase motors, substrates are recruited through binding to the motor's N-terminal domains or N terminally bound cofactors. Here, we use structural and biochemical techniques to characterize the function of the N1 domain in Pex6 from budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that although Pex1/ΔN1-Pex6 is an active ATPase in vitro, it does not support Pex1/Pex6 function at the peroxisome in vivo. An X-ray crystal structure of the isolated Pex6 N1 domain shows that the Pex6 N1 domain shares the same fold as the N-terminal domains of PEX1, CDC48, and NSF, despite poor sequence conservation. Integrating this structure with a cryo-EM reconstruction of Pex1/Pex6, AlphaFold2 predictions, and biochemical assays shows that Pex6 N1 mediates binding to both the peroxisomal membrane tether Pex15 and an extended loop from the D2 ATPase domain of Pex1 that influences Pex1/Pex6 heterohexamer stability. Given the direct interactions with both Pex15 and the D2 ATPase domains, the Pex6 N1 domain is poised to coordinate binding of cofactors and substrates with Pex1/Pex6 ATPase activity.
Assuntos
ATPases Associadas a Diversas Atividades Celulares , Proteínas de Membrana , Fosfoproteínas , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , ATPases Associadas a Diversas Atividades Celulares/metabolismo , Membranas Intracelulares/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Peroxissomos/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismoRESUMO
Developments in direct electron detector technology have played a pivotal role in enabling high-resolution structural studies by cryo-EM at 200 and 300 keV. Yet, theory and recent experiments indicate advantages to imaging at 100 keV, energies for which the current detectors have not been optimized. In this study, we evaluated the Gatan Alpine detector, designed for operation at 100 and 200 keV. Compared to the Gatan K3, Alpine demonstrated a significant DQE improvement at these energies, specifically a â¼ 4-fold improvement at Nyquist at 100 keV. In single-particle cryo-EM experiments, Alpine datasets yielded better than 2 Å resolution reconstructions of apoferritin at 120 and 200 keV on a ThermoFisher Scientific (TFS) Glacios microscope fitted with a non-standard SP-Twin lens. We also achieved a â¼ 3.2 Å resolution reconstruction of a 115 kDa asymmetric protein complex, proving Alpine's effectiveness with complex biological samples. In-depth analysis revealed that Alpine reconstructions are comparable to K3 reconstructions at 200 keV, and remarkably, reconstruction from Alpine at 120 keV on a TFS Glacios surpassed all but the 300 keV data from a TFS Titan Krios with GIF/K3. Additionally, we show Alpine's capability for high-resolution data acquisition and screening on lower-end systems by obtaining â¼ 3 Å resolution reconstructions of apoferritin and aldolase at 100 keV and detailed 2D averages of a 55 kDa sample using a side-entry cryo holder. Overall, we show that Gatan Alpine performs well with the standard 200 keV imaging systems and may potentially capture the benefits of lower accelerating voltages, bringing smaller sized particles within the scope of cryo-EM.
RESUMO
We recently reported on small-molecule inhibitors of the GroES/GroEL chaperone system as potential antibiotics against Escherichia coli and the ESKAPE pathogens but were unable to establish GroES/GroEL as the cellular target, leading to cell death. In this study, using two of our most potent bis-sulfonamido-2-phenylbenzoxazoles (PBZs), we established the binding site of the PBZ molecules using cryo-EM and found that GroEL was the cellular target responsible for the mode of action. Cryo-EM revealed that PBZ1587 binds at the GroEL ring-ring interface (RRI). A cellular reporter assay confirmed that PBZ1587 engaged GroEL in cells, but cellular rescue experiments showed potential off-target effects. This prompted us to explore a closely related analogue, PBZ1038, which is also bound to the RRI. Biochemical characterization showed potent inhibition of Gram-negative chaperonins but much lower potency of chaperonin from a Gram-positive organism, Enterococcus faecium. A cellular reporter assay showed that PBZ1038 also engaged GroEL in cells and that the cytotoxic phenotype could be rescued by a chromosomal copy of E. faecium GroEL/GroES or by expressing a recalcitrant RRI mutant. These data argue that PBZ1038's antimicrobial action is exerted through inhibition of GroES/GroEL, validating this chaperone system as an antibiotic target.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Chaperonina 10 , Escherichia coli , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Chaperonina 10/metabolismo , Chaperonina 10/antagonistas & inibidores , Chaperonina 10/química , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Chaperonina 60/metabolismo , Chaperonina 60/antagonistas & inibidores , Chaperonina 60/química , Benzoxazóis/química , Benzoxazóis/farmacologia , Benzoxazóis/síntese química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/químicaRESUMO
Lon protease is a conserved ATP-dependent serine protease composed of an AAA+ domain that mechanically unfolds substrates and a serine protease domain that degrades these unfolded substrates. In yeast, dysregulation of Lon protease (PIM1) attenuates lifespan and leads to gross mitochondrial morphological perturbations. Although structures of the bacterial and human Lon protease reveal a hexameric assembly, yeast PIM1 was speculated to form a heptameric assembly and is uniquely characterized by a â¼50-residue insertion between the ATPase and protease domains. To further understand the yeast-specific properties of PIM1, we determined a high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of PIM1 in a substrate-translocating state. Here, we reveal that PIM1 forms a hexamer, conserved with that of bacterial and human Lon proteases, wherein the ATPase domains form a canonical closed spiral that enables pore loop residues to translocate substrates to the protease chamber. In the substrate-translocating state, PIM1 protease domains form a planar protease chamber in an active conformation and are uniquely characterized by a â¼15-residue C-terminal extension. These additional C-terminal residues form an α-helix located along the base of the protease domain. Finally, we did not observe density for the yeast-specific insertion between the ATPase and protease domains, likely due to high conformational flexibility. Biochemical studies to investigate the insertion using constructs that truncated or replaced the insertion with a glycine-serine linker suggest that the yeast-specific insertion is dispensable for PIM1's enzymatic function. Altogether, our structural and biochemical studies highlight unique components of PIM1 machinery and demonstrate evolutionary conservation of Lon protease function.
Assuntos
Proteínas Mitocondriais , Protease La , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-pim-1 , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Serina Endopeptidases , Proteases Dependentes de ATP/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Humanos , Proteínas Mitocondriais/química , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Protease La/química , Protease La/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-pim-1/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-pim-1/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidases/química , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
GroES/GroEL is the only bacterial chaperone essential under all conditions, making it a potential antibiotic target. Rationally targeting ESKAPE GroES/GroEL as an antibiotic strategy necessitates studying their structure and function. Herein, we outline the structural similarities between Escherichia coli and ESKAPE GroES/GroEL and identify significant differences in intra- and inter-ring cooperativity, required in the refolding cycle of client polypeptides. Previously, we observed that one-half of ESKAPE GroES/GroEL family members could not support cell viability when each was individually expressed in GroES/GroEL-deficient E. coli cells. Cell viability was found to be dependent on the allosteric compatibility between ESKAPE and E. coli subunits within mixed (E. coli and ESKAPE) tetradecameric GroEL complexes. Interestingly, differences in allostery did not necessarily result in differences in refolding rate for a given homotetradecameric chaperonin. Characterization of ESKAPE GroEL allostery, ATPase, and refolding rates in this study will serve to inform future studies focused on inhibitor design and mechanism of action studies.
Assuntos
Sítio Alostérico , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/química , Difosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica , Chaperonina 10/química , Chaperonina 10/genética , Chaperonina 10/metabolismo , Escherichia coli , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Subunidades Proteicas/química , Subunidades Proteicas/genética , Subunidades Proteicas/metabolismoRESUMO
The modulation of ion channel activity by lipids is increasingly recognized as a fundamental component of cellular signalling. The transient receptor potential mucolipin (TRPML) channel family belongs to the TRP superfamily and is composed of three members: TRPML1-TRPML3. TRPMLs are the major Ca2+-permeable channels on late endosomes and lysosomes (LEL). They regulate the release of Ca2+ from organelles, which is important for various physiological processes, including organelle trafficking and fusion. Loss-of-function mutations in the MCOLN1 gene, which encodes TRPML1, cause the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder mucolipidosis type IV, and a gain-of-function mutation (Ala419Pro) in TRPML3 gives rise to the varitint-waddler (Va) mouse phenotype. Notably, TRPML channels are activated by the low-abundance and LEL-enriched signalling lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2), whereas other phosphoinositides such as PtdIns(4,5)P2, which is enriched in plasma membranes, inhibit TRPMLs. Conserved basic residues at the N terminus of the channel are important for activation by PtdIns(3,5)P2 and inhibition by PtdIns(4,5)P2. However, owing to a lack of structural information, the mechanism by which TRPML channels recognize PtdIns(3,5)P2 and increase their Ca2+ conductance remains unclear. Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a full-length TRPML3 channel from the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) at an overall resolution of 2.9 Å. Our structure reveals not only the molecular basis of ion conduction but also the unique architecture of TRPMLs, wherein the voltage sensor-like domain is linked to the pore via a cytosolic domain that we term the mucolipin domain. Combined with functional studies, these data suggest that the mucolipin domain is responsible for PtdIns(3,5)P2 binding and subsequent channel activation, and that it acts as a 'gating pulley' for lipid-dependent TRPML gating.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Canais de Potencial de Receptor Transitório/química , Canais de Potencial de Receptor Transitório/ultraestrutura , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Callithrix , Transporte de Íons , Modelos Moleculares , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/metabolismo , Domínios Proteicos , Canais de Potencial de Receptor Transitório/metabolismoRESUMO
Immunomodulatory drugs bind to cereblon (CRBN) to confer differentiated substrate specificity on the CRL4(CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Here we report the identification of a new cereblon modulator, CC-885, with potent anti-tumour activity. The anti-tumour activity of CC-885 is mediated through the cereblon-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of the translation termination factor GSPT1. Patient-derived acute myeloid leukaemia tumour cells exhibit high sensitivity to CC-885, indicating the clinical potential of this mechanism. Crystallographic studies of the CRBN-DDB1-CC-885-GSPT1 complex reveal that GSPT1 binds to cereblon through a surface turn containing a glycine residue at a key position, interacting with both CC-885 and a 'hotspot' on the cereblon surface. Although GSPT1 possesses no obvious structural, sequence or functional homology to previously known cereblon substrates, mutational analysis and modelling indicate that the cereblon substrate Ikaros uses a similar structural feature to bind cereblon, suggesting a common motif for substrate recruitment. These findings define a structural degron underlying cereblon 'neosubstrate' selectivity, and identify an anti-tumour target rendered druggable by cereblon modulation.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Fatores de Terminação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Compostos de Fenilureia/farmacologia , Talidomida/análogos & derivados , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Antineoplásicos/química , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Humanos , Fator de Transcrição Ikaros/química , Fator de Transcrição Ikaros/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Peptídeo Hidrolases/química , Fatores de Terminação de Peptídeos/química , Fatores de Terminação de Peptídeos/deficiência , Compostos de Fenilureia/química , Ligação Proteica , Proteólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Especificidade por Substrato , Talidomida/química , Talidomida/farmacologia , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/química , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismoRESUMO
ERdj3/DNAJB11 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeted HSP40 co-chaperone that performs multifaceted functions involved in coordinating ER and extracellular proteostasis. Here, we show that ERdj3 assembles into a native tetramer that is distinct from the dimeric structure observed for other HSP40 co-chaperones. An electron microscopy structural model of full-length ERdj3 shows that these tetramers are arranged as a dimer of dimers formed by distinct inter-subunit interactions involving ERdj3 domain II and domain III Targeted deletion of residues 175-190 within domain II renders ERdj3 a stable dimer that is folded and efficiently secreted from mammalian cells. This dimeric ERdj3 shows impaired substrate binding both in the ER and extracellular environments and reduced interactions with the ER HSP70 chaperone BiP. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of dimeric ERdj3 exacerbates ER stress-dependent reductions in the secretion of a destabilized, aggregation-prone protein and increases its accumulation as soluble oligomers in extracellular environments. These results reveal ERdj3 tetramerization as an important structural framework for ERdj3 functions involved in coordinating ER and extracellular proteostasis in the presence and absence of ER stress.
Assuntos
Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP40/metabolismo , Multimerização Proteica , Linhagem Celular , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP40/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Mapeamento de Interação de ProteínasRESUMO
This mini-review provides an update regarding the substantial progress that has been made in using single-particle cryo-EM to obtain high-resolution structures for proteins and other macromolecules whose particle sizes are smaller than 100â kDa. We point out that establishing the limits of what can be accomplished, both in terms of particle size and attainable resolution, serves as a guide for what might be expected when attempting to improve the resolution of small flexible portions of a larger structure using focused refinement approaches. These approaches, which involve computationally ignoring all but a specific, targeted region of interest on the macromolecules, is known as 'masking and refining,' and it thus is the computational equivalent of the 'divide and conquer' approach that has been used so successfully in X-ray crystallography. The benefit of masked refinement, however, is that one is able to determine structures in their native architectural context, without physically separating them from the biological connections that they require for their function. This mini-review also compares where experimental achievements currently stand relative to various theoretical estimates for the smallest particle size that can be successfully reconstructed to high resolution. Since it is clear that a substantial gap still remains between the two, we briefly recap the areas in which further improvement seems possible, both in equipment and in methods.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica/métodos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Substâncias Macromoleculares/química , Modelos MolecularesRESUMO
Autophagy is an enigmatic cellular process in which double-membrane compartments, called "autophagosomes, form de novo adjacent to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and package cytoplasmic contents for delivery to lysosomes. Expansion of the precursor membrane phagophore requires autophagy-related 2 (ATG2), which localizes to the PI3P-enriched ER-phagophore junction. We combined single-particle electron microscopy, chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry, and biochemical analyses to characterize human ATG2A in complex with the PI3P effector WIPI4. ATG2A is a rod-shaped protein that can bridge neighboring vesicles through interactions at each of its tips. WIPI4 binds to one of the tips, enabling the ATG2A-WIPI4 complex to tether a PI3P-containing vesicle to another PI3P-free vesicle. These data suggest that the ATG2A-WIPI4 complex mediates ER-phagophore association and/or tethers vesicles to the ER-phagophore junction, establishing the required organization for phagophore expansion via the transfer of lipid membranes from the ER and/or the vesicles to the phagophore.
Assuntos
Autofagossomos/metabolismo , Proteínas Relacionadas à Autofagia/metabolismo , Autofagia , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas Relacionadas à Autofagia/química , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/química , Conformação Proteica , Homologia de SequênciaRESUMO
Over the past decade, technical and methodological improvements in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle analysis have enabled routine high-resolution structural analyses of biological macromolecules, resulting in a flood of new molecular insights into protracted biological questions. However, despite the tremendous progress and success of the field in recent years, opportunities for improvement remain in various aspects of the cryo-EM single-particle analysis workflow (e.g., sample preparation, image acquisition and processing, and structure validation). Here, we review recent advances that have contributed to the principal methods in cryo-EM and identify persisting challenges and bottlenecks that will require further methodological and hardware development.
Assuntos
Imageamento Tridimensional , Imagem Individual de Molécula , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Manejo de EspécimesRESUMO
Dyneins are ATP-fueled macromolecular machines that power all minus-end microtubule-based transport processes of molecular cargo within eukaryotic cells and play essential roles in a wide variety of cellular functions. These complex and fascinating motors have been the target of countless structural and biophysical studies. These investigations have elucidated the mechanism of ATP-driven force production and have helped unravel the conformational rearrangements associated with the dynein mechanochemical cycle. However, despite decades of research, it remains unknown how these molecular motions are harnessed to power massive cellular reorganization and what are the regulatory mechanisms that drive these processes. Recent advancements in electron tomography imaging have enabled researchers to visualize dynein motors in their transport environment with unprecedented detail and have led to exciting discoveries regarding dynein motor function and regulation. In this review, we will highlight how these recent structural studies have fundamentally propelled our understanding of the dynein motor and have revealed some unexpected, unifying mechanisms of regulation.