Corrigendum: Merging Academy and Healthcare in the Public Health Training of Medical Students.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s40985-020-00146-1.].

Industries, citizens, and non-governmental organizations' positioning and arguments used in European Union initiatives for alcohol taxation and cross-border regulation.

BACKGROUND: The European region has the highest daily alcohol consumption per capita and a high alcohol-related burden of disease. Policymaking at the European Union level is open to participation by interest groups, from public health organizations to alcohol industry representatives. This study aimed to map the interest groups present in the alcohol taxation and cross-border regulation initiatives and identify which arguments were used to support positions in favor or against them. METHODS: We used qualitative content analysis on the comments submitted on the official European Commission website during the 2017, 2018, 2020, and 2022 participation periods. Interest groups were characterized considering their positioning, and arguments were identified and compared by position and type of initiative. RESULTS: Opponents of changes to the structures of alcohol excise duties and cross-border regulations were mostly representatives of the alcohol and agricultural industries, and the proponents were mostly health-related nongovernmental organizations. Opponents of these initiatives used a wide variety of arguments, from economic and trade to health arguments, while proponents focused mainly on health arguments, such as the effectiveness of alcohol taxation in preventing alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the wide range of arguments used by opponents around alcohol control policies, contrasting with the health-centered arguments of proponents. It further shows that there is a lobbying network at the European Union level, combining national and international representatives of industry and non-governmental organizations. These findings provide an opportunity for better preparation for upcoming discussions on alcohol control at national and regional levels.

The relationship between social capital and inflammatory biomarkers in early adulthood: A longitudinal study.

Higher levels of social capital (SC) are associated with better health status. However, there is little evidence of the impact of SC on biological health outcomes in the early ages. To identify the association between SC in adolescence and inflammation levels in early adulthood. Prospective study using data from 2435 participants from the Epidemiological Health Investigation of Teenagers in Porto cohort. SC was assessed at age 17 through a self-administered questionnaire, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and leucocytes were measured in a fasting blood sample at 17 and 21 years-old. A principal components analysis was performed to identify the domains of SC. Simple linear regressions were performed to assess the association between SC components and inflammatory status at 17 and 21 years old. Pathway analysis was performed to assess the direct, indirect, and total effects of SC on hs-CRP and leucocyte levels. We did not find a significant total effect between SC at 17 years-old and hs-CRP at 21 years-old. However, the Trust/Reciprocity dimension showed a significant direct effect between SC and hs-CRP levels at 21 (ß = -0.065, 95% CI: -0.129; -0.001), as well as a significant total effect (ß = -0.075, 95% CI: -0.139; -0.011). Regarding leucocyte levels, total SC at 17 years-old was associated with leucocytes levels at 21 (ß = -0.115, 95% CI: -0.205; -0.024). Significant direct (ß = -0.104, 95% CI: -0.194; -0.014) and total effect (ß = -0.107, 95% CI: -0.199; -0.015) of Trust/Reciprocity on leucocyte levels were observed. Adolescents with higher SC have a low inflammatory level in early adulthood, especially those with greater levels of trust/reciprocity.

The cytosolic hyperoxidation-sensitive and -robust Leishmania peroxiredoxins cPRX1 and cPRX2 are both dispensable for parasite infectivity.

Typical two-cysteine peroxiredoxins (2-Cys-PRXs) are H2O2-metabolizing enzymes whose activity relies on two cysteine residues. Protists of the family Trypanosomatidae invariably express one cytosolic 2-Cys-PRX (cPRX1). However, the Leishmaniinae sub-family features an additional isoform (cPRX2), almost identical to cPRX1, except for the lack of an elongated C-terminus with a Tyr-Phe (YF) motif. Previously, cytosolic PRXs were considered vital components of the trypanosomatid antioxidant machinery. Here, we shed new light on the properties, functions and relevance of cPRXs from the human pathogen Leishmania infantum. We show first that LicPRX1 is sensitive to inactivation by hyperoxidation, mirroring other YF-containing PRXs participating in redox signaling. Using genetic fusion constructs with roGFP2, we establish that LicPRX1 and LicPRX2 can act as sensors for H2O2 and oxidize protein thiols with implications for signal transduction. Third, we show that while disrupting the LicPRX-encoding genes increases susceptibility of L. infantum promastigotes to external H2O2in vitro, both enzymes are dispensable for the parasites to endure the macrophage respiratory burst, differentiate into amastigotes and initiate in vivo infections. This study introduces a novel perspective on the functions of trypanosomatid cPRXs, exposing their dual roles as both peroxidases and redox sensors. Furthermore, the discovery that Leishmania can adapt to the absence of both enzymes has significant implications for our understanding of Leishmania infections and their treatment. Importantly, it questions the conventional notion that the oxidative response of macrophages during phagocytosis is a major barrier to infection and the suitability of cPRXs as drug targets for leishmaniasis.

Violência contra crianças e adolescentes: estudo do processo de vitimização / Violence against children and adolescents: study of the process of victimization

Estudo qualitativo que visa aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a questão política e cultural da violência contra crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Desta forma, pretende estudar e compreender o fenômeno da vitimização de crianças e os fatores culturais a ele associados. O trabalho de campo resumiu-se ao estudo de 3 casos de vitimização de crianças, sendo entrevistados os vitimizadores e as crianças. Em todos os casos os vitimizadores eram as próprias mães, o que significa dizer que a violência contra criança começa dentro do próprio lar. Por outro lado, as mães-vitimizadoras encaram seus atos como algo sem importância. Dados culturais e sociais da nossa sociedade como a Síndrome do Pequeno Poder reforçam este tipo de atitude por parte dos vitimizadores. Simultaneamente, associam-se grandes problemas da esfera macro-social, o que nos dá um panorama vitimizador da infância no Brasil. Por último, conclui-se que é necessário lutar pela formação de sujeitos sociais capazes de transformar a realidade da infância em nosso país.