Neighbor-enhanced diffusivity in dense, cohesive cell populations.

The dispersal or mixing of cells within cellular tissue is a crucial property for diverse biological processes, ranging from morphogenesis, immune action, to tumor metastasis. With the phenomenon of 'contact inhibition of locomotion,' it is puzzling how cells achieve such processes within a densely packed cohesive population. Here we demonstrate that a proper degree of cell-cell adhesiveness can, intriguingly, enhance the super-diffusive nature of individual cells. We systematically characterize the migration trajectories of crawling MDA-MB-231 cell lines, while they are in several different clustering modes, including freely crawling singles, cohesive doublets of two cells, quadruplets, and confluent population on two-dimensional substrate. Following data analysis and computer simulation of a simple cellular Potts model, which faithfully recapitulated all key experimental observations such as enhanced diffusivity as well as periodic rotation of cell-doublets and cell-quadruplets with mixing events, we found that proper combination of active self-propelling force and cell-cell adhesion is sufficient for generating the observed phenomena. Additionally, we found that tuning parameters for these two factors covers a variety of different collective dynamic states.

Metformin enhances the anti-adipogenic effects of atorvastatin via modulation of STAT3 and TGF-ß/Smad3 signaling.

Adipocyte accumulation is associated with the development of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Interactions of master transcription factors and signaling cascades are required for adipogenesis. Regulation of excessive adipogenic processes may be an attractive therapeutic for treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases. In this study, we found that atorvastatin exerts an anti-adipogenic activity in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, and that this activity is elevated in combination with metformin. Expression of the adipogenic master regulators PPARγ and C/EBPα, and their target gene aP2, was suppressed by atorvastatin. Furthermore, atorvastatin treatment resulted in increased activation of the key master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, AMPK. These biological activities of atorvastatin were elevated in combination with metformin. These anti-adipogenic activities were associated with regulation of the STAT3 and TGF-ß signaling cascades, resulting in the regulation of the expression of STAT3 target genes, such as KLF5, p53, and cyclin D1, and TGF-ß signaling inhibitory genes, such as SMAD7. Our results suggest that combination therapy with atorvastatin and metformin may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases caused by excessive adipogenesis.

Endocan as a potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for chronic kidney disease.

Developing specific markers for early detection of adverse events such as kidney failure, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients remains a major challenge. Cardiovascular events are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. Recent research supposes endocan as a biomarker for evaluating cardiovascular events, inflammatory diseases, and cancers. Yilmaz et al. propose serum endocan levels as a novel prediction marker of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in CKD patients.

Knockdown of TWIST1 enhances arsenic trioxide- and ionizing radiation-induced cell death in lung cancer cells by promoting mitochondrial dysfunction.

TWIST1 is implicated in the process of epithelial mesenchymal transition, metastasis, stemness, and drug resistance in cancer cells, and therefore is a potential target for cancer therapy. In the present study, we found that knockdown of TWIST1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhanced arsenic trioxide (ATO)- and ionizing radiation (IR)-induced cell death in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Interestingly, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were increased in cells treated with TWIST1 siRNA and further increased by co-treatment with ATO or IR. Pretreatment of lung cancer cells with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine markedly suppressed the cell death induced by combined treatment with TWIST1 siRNA and ATO or IR. Moreover, treatment of cells with TWIST1 siRNA induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and significantly increased mitochondrial fragmentation (fission) and upregulated the fission-related proteins FIS1 and DRP1. Collectively, our results demonstrate that siRNA-mediated TWIST1 knockdown induces mitochondrial dysfunction and enhances IR- and ATO-induced cell death in lung cancer cells.

Innovative food-upcycling solutions: Comparative analysis of edible films from kimchi-extracted cellulose, sorbitol, and citric acid for food packaging applications.

In this study, kimchi-extracted cellulose was utilized to fabricate edible films using a hot synthetic approach, followed by solvent casting, and employing sorbitol and citric acid as the plasticizer and crosslinker, respectively. The chemical, optical, physical, and thermal properties of these films were explored to provide a comparative assessment of their suitability for various packaging applications. Chemical analyses confirmed that the kimchi-extracted cellulose comprised cellulose Iß and amorphous cellulose and did not contain any impurities. Optical analyses revealed that kimchi-extracted cellulose-containing films exhibited better-dispersed surfaces than films fabricated from commercial cellulose. Physical property analyses indicated their hydrophilic characteristics with contact angles <20°. In the thermal analysis, similar Tg results confirmed the comparable thermal stability between films containing commercial microcrystalline cellulose-containing films and kimchi-extracted cellulose-containing films. Edible films produced from kimchi-extracted cellulose through food-upcycling approaches are therefore promising for applications as packaging materials.

Preparation of food active packaging materials based on calcium hydroxide and modified porous medium for reducing carbon dioxide and kimchi odor.

Carbon dioxide and kimchi odor compounds, formed during fermentation, negatively affect the long-distance distribution of commercial kimchi. To address these issues, in this study, we modified different porous media (activated carbon, bleaching earth, diatomite, and zeolite) using sodium bicarbonate and silver (Ag) ions. Functional sheets were prepared using linear low-density polyethylene, calcium hydroxide, a porous medium, and a blowing agent. Various prepared porous media and sheets were effective in removing acetic acid, sulfur compounds (allyl methyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, allyl methyl disulfide, and diallyl disulfide), and carbon dioxide. Porous media with micropores exhibited a sulfur compound removal efficiency of 43.5%-99.4%, while no effect was observed on acetic acid removal. However, porous media with mesopores showed an acetic acid removal efficiency of 42.3%-90.7%, with no reduction in sulfur compounds removal. The impregnation of porous materials with sodium bicarbonate significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the acetic acid removal activity. Ag modification improved the sulfur compound removal of the mesoporous bleaching earth and diatomite statistically (p < 0.05). Additionally, the incorporation of sodium bicarbonate-impregnated mesoporous media significantly improved carbon dioxide removal, reducing concentrations from 25.97% to 14.27% with respect to the control group. Our functional food packaging materials can solve the current issues in kimchi distribution by removing carbon dioxide and kimchi odor without affecting its quality. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Food active packaging materials containing calcium hydroxide and modified porous medium are effective in removing carbon dioxide and kimchi odor (acetic acid and sulfur compounds). The removal of carbon dioxide and kimchi odor, which adversely affect the distribution and sale of commercial kimchi, can help solve the current issues with kimchi distribution without affecting its quality.

Prediction of final pathology depending on preoperative myometrial invasion and grade assessment in low-risk endometrial cancer patients: A Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group ancillary study.

OBJECTIVES: Fertility-sparing treatment (FST) might be considered an option for reproductive patients with low-risk endometrial cancer (EC). On the other hand, the matching rates between preoperative assessment and postoperative pathology in low-risk EC patients are not high enough. We aimed to predict the postoperative pathology depending on preoperative myometrial invasion (MI) and grade in low-risk EC patients to help extend the current criteria for FST. METHODS/MATERIALS: This ancillary study (KGOG 2015S) of Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group 2015, a prospective, multicenter study included patients with no MI or MI <1/2 on preoperative MRI and endometrioid adenocarcinoma and grade 1 or 2 on endometrial biopsy. Among the eligible patients, Groups 1-4 were defined with no MI and grade 1, no MI and grade 2, MI <1/2 and grade 1, and MI <1/2 and grade 2, respectively. New prediction models using machine learning were developed. RESULTS: Among 251 eligible patients, Groups 1-4 included 106, 41, 74, and 30 patients, respectively. The new prediction models showed superior prediction values to those from conventional analysis. In the new prediction models, the best NPV, sensitivity, and AUC of preoperative each group to predict postoperative each group were as follows: 87.2%, 71.6%, and 0.732 (Group 1); 97.6%, 78.6%, and 0.656 (Group 2); 71.3%, 78.6% and 0.588 (Group 3); 91.8%, 64.9%, and 0.676% (Group 4). CONCLUSIONS: In low-risk EC patients, the prediction of postoperative pathology was ineffective, but the new prediction models provided a better prediction.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) contributes to T-cell homeostasis by regulating pro-survival Bcl-2 family genes.

The naive T-cell pool in peripheral lymphoid tissues is fairly stable in terms of number, diversity and functional capabilities in spite of the absence of prominent stimuli. This stability is attributed to continuous tuning of the composition of the T-cell pool by various homeostatic signals. Despite extensive research into the link between signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and T-cell survival, little is known about how Stat3 regulates homeostasis by maintaining the required naive T-cell population in peripheral lymphoid organs. We assessed whether the elimination of Stat3 in T cells limits T-cell survival. We demonstrated that the proportion and number of single-positive thymocytes as well as T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes were significantly decreased in the Stat3-deficient group as a result of the enhanced susceptibility of Stat3-deleted T lymphocytes to apoptosis. Importantly, expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL was markedly decreased in Stat3-deleted single-positive thymocytes and T lymphocytes, suggesting that Stat3 helps to maintain the T-cell pool in the resting condition by promoting the expression of Bcl-2 family genes. These findings suggest the importance of Stat3 in the integration of homeostatic cues for the maintenance and functional tuning of the T-cell pool.

Zinc inhibits osteoclast differentiation by suppression of Ca2+-Calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Zinc, an essential trace element, inhibits osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanism for the inhibitory effect of zinc, however, is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc and determine its molecular mechanism on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow-derived monocyte cells (BMMs) and RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS: In BMMs, zinc treatment during osteoclast differentiation decreased RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner. We show that zinc suppressed the mRNA levels of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (Nfatc1). Zinc also accumulated phospho-Nfatc1 (p-Nfatc1) in the cytosol in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited the translocation of Nfatc1 to the nucleus in RAW264.7 cells. Zinc suppressed the activities of Nfatc1 in the nucleus without changing the activities of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells. In contrast, calcineurin activity decreased in response to zinc but its protein level was unchanged. RANKL-induced Ca2+ oscillations were inhibited by zinc treatment, but phospho-phospholipase Cγ1 (p-PLCγ1), the upstream signaling molecule of Ca2+ oscillations, was unaffected. Moreover, a constitutively active form of Nfatc1 obviously rescued suppression of osteoclastogenesis by zinc. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that the inhibitory effect of zinc during osteoclastogesis is caused by suppressing the Ca2+-Calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway. Thus, zinc may be a useful therapeutic candidate for the prevention of bone loss caused by NFATc1 activation in osteoclasts.

Scaling in local to global condensation of wealth on sparse networks.

The prevalence of wealth inequality propels us to characterize its origin and progression via empirical and theoretical studies. The yard-sale (YS) model, in which a portion of the smaller wealth is transferred between two individuals, culminates in the concentration of almost all wealth to a single individual, while distributing the rest of the wealth with a power law of exponent one. By incorporating redistribution to the model, in which the transferred wealth is proportional to the sender's wealth, we show that such extreme inequality is suppressed if the frequency ratio of redistribution to the YS-type exchange exceeds the inverse of the population size. Studying our model on a sparsely-connected population, we find that the wealth inequality ceases to grow for a period, when local rich nodes can no longer acquire wealth from their broke nearest neighbors. Subsequently, inequality resumes growth due to the redistribution effect by allowing locally amassed wealth to move and coalesce. Analyzing the Langevin equations and the coalescing random walk on complex networks, we elucidate the scaling behaviors of wealth inequality in those multiple phases. These findings reveal the influence of network structure on wealth distribution, offering a novel perspective on wealth inequality.

Development of a calcium hydroxide-dye kimchi ripening indicator and its application in kimchi packaging.

Intelligent packaging that provides real-time information on food quality is useful for consumers. We developed a kimchi ripening indicator that can determine the ripeness of kimchi inside packaging and evaluated its applicability and limitations. The indicator was made using calcium hydroxide, which captures CO2, and four pH-sensitive dyes (cresol red, bromothymol blue, bromocresol purple, and methyl red). Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the prepared powders showed shapes similar to that of calcium hydroxide, and the dyes were evenly distributed on the calcium hydroxide surfaces. When the developed indicators were evaluated for kimchi packaging application, the indicator made from synthesized calcium hydroxide and bromothymol blue was the most reliable and clearly reflected useful kimchi ripening information. The indicator developed in this study is judged to be practically usable at temperatures of 4-15 °C. However, its usefulness is limited in that the seller cannot change the packaging capacity or kimchi capacity.

Machine learning approaches that use clinical, laboratory, and electrocardiogram data enhance the prediction of obstructive coronary artery disease.

Pretest probability (PTP) for assessing obstructive coronary artery disease (ObCAD) was updated to reduce overestimation. However, standard laboratory findings and electrocardiogram (ECG) raw data as first-line tests have not been evaluated for integration into the PTP estimation. Therefore, this study developed an ensemble model by adopting machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms with clinical, laboratory, and ECG data for the assessment of ObCAD. Data were extracted from the electronic medical records of patients with suspected ObCAD who underwent coronary angiography. With the ML algorithm, 27 clinical and laboratory data were included to identify ObCAD, whereas ECG waveform data were utilized with the DL algorithm. The ensemble method combined the clinical-laboratory and ECG models. We included 7907 patients between 2008 and 2020. The clinical and laboratory model showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.747; the ECG model had an AUC of 0.685. The ensemble model demonstrated the highest AUC of 0.767. The sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score of the ensemble model ObCAD were 0.761, 0.625, and 0.696, respectively. It demonstrated good performance and superior prediction over traditional PTP models. This may facilitate personalized decisions for ObCAD assessment and reduce PTP overestimation.

Machine learning model for predicting ciprofloxacin resistance and presence of ESBL in patients with UTI in the ED.

Increasing antimicrobial resistance in uropathogens is a clinical challenge to emergency physicians as antibiotics should be selected before an infecting pathogen or its antibiotic resistance profile is confirmed. We created a predictive model for antibiotic resistance of uropathogens, using machine learning (ML) algorithms. This single-center retrospective study evaluated patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI) in the emergency department (ED) between January 2020 and June 2021. Thirty-nine variables were used to train the model to predict resistance to ciprofloxacin and the presence of urinary pathogens' extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. The model was built with Gradient-Boosted Decision Tree (GBDT) with performance evaluation. Also, we visualized feature importance using SHapely Additive exPlanations. After two-step customization of threshold adjustment and feature selection, the final model was compared with that of the original prescribers in the emergency department (ED) according to the ineffectiveness of the antibiotic selected. The probability of using ineffective antibiotics in the ED was significantly lowered by 20% in our GBDT model through customization of the decision threshold. Moreover, we could narrow the number of predictors down to twenty and five variables with high importance while maintaining similar model performance. An ML model is potentially useful for predicting antibiotic resistance improving the effectiveness of empirical antimicrobial treatment in patients with UTI in the ED. The model could be a point-of-care decision support tool to guide clinicians toward individualized antibiotic prescriptions.

Role of senescent cells in the motile behavior of active, non-senescent cells in confluent populations.

Characteristics of cell migration in a confluent population depend on the nature of cell-to-cell interactions as well as cell-intrinsic properties such as the directional persistence in crawling. In addition, biological tissues (or cell cultures) almost always carry anisotropies and they too can significantly affect cell motility. In the light of this viewpoint, the emergence of cellular senescences in a confluent population of active cells raises an interesting question. Cellular senescence is a process through which a cell enters a permanent growth-arrest state and generally exhibits a dramatic body expansion. Therefore, randomly emerging senescent cells transform an initially homogeneous cell population to a "binary mixture" of two distinct cell types. Here, using in vitro cultures of MDA-MB-231 cells we investigate how spatially localized cellular senescence affect the motility of active cells within a confluent population. Importantly, we estimate the intercellular surface energy of the interface between non-senescent and senescent MDA-MB-231 cells by combining the analysis on the motile behaviors of non-senescent cells encircling senescent cells and the result of extensive numerical simulations of a cellular Potts model. We find that the adhesion of normal cells to senescent cells is much weaker than that among normal cells and that the 'arclength' traveled by a normal cell along the boundary of a senescent cell, on average, is several times greater than the persistence length of normal cell in a densely packed homogeneous population. The directional persistent time of normal cell during its contact with a senescent cell also increases significantly. We speculate that the phenomenon could be a general feature associated with senescent cells as the enormous expansion of senescent cell's membrane would inevitably decrease the density of cell adhesion molecules.

Convolutional neural network-based respiration analysis of electrical activities of the diaphragm.

The electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi) is considered a new respiratory vital sign for monitoring breathing patterns and efforts during ventilator care. However, the Edi signal contains irregular noise from complex causes, which makes reliable breathing analysis difficult. Deep learning was implemented to accurately detect the Edi signal peaks and analyze actual neural breathing in premature infants. Edi signals were collected from 17 premature infants born before gestational age less than 32 weeks, who received ventilatory support with a non-invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist. First, a local maximal detection method that over-detects candidate Edi peaks was used. Subsequently, a convolutional neural network-based deep learning was implemented to classify candidates into final Edi peaks. Our approach showed superior performance in all aspects of respiratory Edi peak detection and neural breathing analysis compared with the currently used recording technique in the ventilator. The method obtained a f1-score of 0.956 for the Edi peak detection performance and [Formula: see text] value of 0.823 for respiratory rates based on the number of Edi peaks. The proposed technique can achieve a more reliable analysis of Edi signals, including evaluation of the respiration rate in premature infants.

Targeting of a developmentally regulated epitope of CD43 for the treatment of acute leukemia.

Previously, we developed a JL1 mouse monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the leukemic cells of T, B, and myeloid lineages, but not the peripheral blood cells and pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we identified that JL1 mAb recognized a specific epitope of human CD43 and validated its potential as an anti-leukemic targeting agent. After the comprehensive screening of JL1 Ag in the human thymocyte cDNA library, multiple fusion gene constructs encoding human CD43 were generated to identify its specific epitope to JL1 antibody. JL1 antibody interacted with a developmentally regulated and non-glycosylated epitope of the human CD43 extracellular domain (AA 73-81, EGSPLWTSI). In an in vivo leukemia model using NOD/SCID mice injected with CCRF-CEM7 cells, JL1 antibody induced effective cytotoxicity in tumor cells and prolonged survival (p < 0.05). Saporin conjugation to JL1 antibody effectively depleted tumor cells in in vitro cytotoxic assays and also prolonged survival in a leukemic mouse model (p < 0.001). These preclinical results further support the therapeutic potential of the JL1 antibody in the management of acute leukemia.

Deodorization films based on polyphenol compound-rich natural deodorants and polycaprolactone for removing volatile sulfur compounds from kimchi.

As natural polyphenols have been known to have the deodorizing activity, the deodorizing properties and mechanisms of action of polyphenols, the main constituents of green tea extract (GTE), black tea extract (BTE), and grape seed extract (GSE), against volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in kimchi were investigated. Six VSCs were targeted and detected to be in high abundance in kimchi. The deodorizing activity (%) toward VSCs was found to be in the following order: GSE (58.4 to 91.8) >GTE (37.6 to 73.8) >BTE (28.4 to 60.3). This was attributed to the high phenolic (892.6 ± 10.5 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (666.5 ± 23.9 mg CE/g) contents in GSE, that is, polymeric proanthocyanidins (85.97%). Particularly, the hydroxyl groups in the polyphenols showed deodorizing activity against VSCs via a sulfur-capture reaction. For packaging applications, deodorization films based on GSE and polycaprolactone were developed, and the GSE/polycaprolactone 20% films exhibited strong deodorizing effects (54.9 to 99.8%) against kimchi VSCs.

Changes in the physical properties of frozen cooked rice depending on thermal insulation levels of packaging during freeze-thaw.

Frozen cooked rice, a common commercially available product, has become the food of convenience in different parts of the world. Frozen foods that are well made in factories often experience quality deterioration due to temperature fluctuation during distribution. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of repeated freeze-thaw, which may occur during distribution, on the physical quality of frozen cooked rice. Additionally, the effect of the thermal insulation levels of the packaging on the quality change of frozen cooked rice as a result of repeated freeze-thaw was analyzed. The repeated freeze-thaw treatment of frozen cooked rice resulted in moisture loss, microstructure destruction, increase in hardness, increase in adhesiveness, decrease in the L* -value, increase in the a* -value, increase in the b* -value, and increase in the ΔE-value. In particular, the quality of frozen cooked rice quickly deteriorated in samples stored in packaging with low thermal insulation. On the contrary, the higher the thermal insulation of the packaging, the longer the changes in the physical properties of the frozen cooked rice were delayed. The findings of the present study show that the deterioration of quality induced by the repeated freeze-thaw treatment of frozen cooked rice could be suppressed by thermal insulated packaging. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The present study indicates that thermal insulated packaging can be used for industrial packaging of frozen cooked rice, as it delays the quality deteriorating effects of repeated freeze-thaw. This can help maintain the quality of frozen cooked rice and improve consumer satisfaction despite temperature fluctuations during distribution.

Influence of Packaging Oxygen Transmission Rate on Physical Characteristics of Frozen Cooked Rice Under Various Freezing Conditions.

The influence of packaging oxygen transmission rate (OTR; 0, 3,000, 5,000, 7,000, and 20,000 [mL/m2 ]/day) on cooked rice quality factors, including freezing rate and time, moisture content, color parameters, texture characteristics, and morphology, were evaluated. Cooked rice was frozen at -20 and -80 °C using packaging with different OTRs for 14 days. Freezing rates in packaging with lower OTRs (0, 3,000, and 5,000 [mL/m2 ]/day) were higher than those in packaging with higher OTRs. The moisture content of cooked rice was the highest in OTR 5,000 packaging under all experimental conditions. Lightness (L* ) and total color difference (ΔE) values were the highest in OTR 20,000 packaging, whereas ΔE values were the lowest in OTR 5,000 packaging. Hardness and cohesiveness of frozen cooked rice gradually increased from OTR 0 to 5,000 but decreased from OTR 5,000 to 20,000. Morphology was distinct in all conditions and at all OTRs. Thus, we confirmed that the OTR of packaging influences the physical characteristics of frozen cooked rice. Therefore, packaging OTR should be considered when seeking to improve the quality of frozen cooked rice. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Packaging oxygen transmission rate (OTR) influenced quality characteristics of frozen cooked rice under various freezing conditions. Cooked rice frozen in packaging with lower OTRs (0, 3,000, and 5,000 [mL/m2 ]/day) showed higher freezing rates, higher moisture content, shorter freezing times, smaller ice crystal formation, homogeneous pore distribution, and lower total color differences (ΔE) than did cooked rice frozen in packaging with higher OTRs (7,000 and 20,000 [mL/m2 ]/day). Packaging OTR influences frozen cooked rice quality characteristics, and should therefore be carefully considered when designing rice products.

Effect of pasteurization on delayed kimchi ripening and regression analysis for shelf life estimation of kimchi.

Pasteurization-mediated delayed kimchi ripening and regression analysis for shelf life estimation were investigated. Various initial kimchi microbial communities were simplified to lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc sp. and Lactobacillus sp. over time, with concomitant pH decrease from 6.39 to 4.34 and acidity increase from 0.06% to 0.35%. Other quality characteristics (organic acid, carbon dioxide, and microbial population) also changed, exhibiting high intercorrelation. Pasteurization decreased the initial bacterial counts from 5.20 to 1.92 log CFU/g, thereby delaying the change in quality characteristics (pH, acidity, organic acid, microbial population, carbon dioxide, and microbial community); however, the texture did not differ significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, the regression equation for the relationship between acidity and carbon dioxide levels suggested that shelf life could be estimated in conjunction with the ideal gas equation. In conclusion, pasteurization and regression analysis for kimchi shelf life estimation may enable the maintenance of quality and effective management during the distribution process.