Adaptive NK Cells Rapidly Expand during Acute HIV Infection and Persist Despite Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy.

HIV is associated with NK cell dysfunction and expansion of adaptive-like NK cells that persist despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated the timing of NK cell perturbations during acute HIV infection and the impact of early ART initiation. PBMCs and plasma were obtained from people with HIV (PWH; all men who have sex with men; median age, 26.0 y) diagnosed during Fiebig stages I, II, III, or IV/V. Participants initiated ART a median of 3 d after diagnosis, and immunophenotyping was performed at diagnosis and longitudinally after ART. Anti-CMV Abs were assessed by ELISA. Samples from matched HIV-uninfected males were also analyzed. Proportions of adaptive NK cells (A-NKs; defined as Fcε-Receptor-1γ-) were expanded at HIV diagnosis at all Fiebig stages (pooled median 66% versus 25% for controls; p < 0.001) and were not altered by early ART initiation. Abs to CMV immediate early protein were elevated in PWH diagnosed in Fiebig stages III and IV/V (p < 0.03 for both). Proportions of A-NKs defined as either Fcε-Receptor-1γ- or NKG2C+/CD57+ were significantly associated with HIV DNA levels at diagnosis (p = 0.046 and 0.029, respectively) and trended toward an association after 48 wk of ART. Proportions of activated HLA-DR+/CD38+ NK cells remained elevated in PWH despite early ART initiation. NK cell activation and A-NK expansion occur very early after HIV transmission, before T cell activation, and are not altered by ART initiation during acute infection. A-NKs may contribute to HIV control and thus be useful for HIV cure.

Advances in cellular and tissue-based imaging techniques for sarcoid granulomas.

Sarcoidosis embodies a complex inflammatory disorder spanning multiple systems, with its origin remaining elusive. It manifests as the infiltration of inflammatory cells that coalesce into distinctive noncaseous granulomas within afflicted organs. Unraveling this disease necessitates the utilization of cellular or tissue-based imaging methods to both visualize and characterize the biochemistry of these sarcoid granulomas. Although hematoxylin and eosin stain, standard in routine use alongside cytological stains have found utility in diagnosis within clinical contexts, special stains such as Masson's trichrome, reticulin, methenamine silver, and Ziehl-Neelsen provide additional varied perspectives of sarcoid granuloma imaging. Immunohistochemistry aids in pinpointing specific proteins and gene expressions further characterizing these granulomas. Finally, recent advances in spatial transcriptomics promise to divulge profound insights into their spatial orientation and three-dimensional (3-D) molecular mapping. This review focuses on a range of preexisting imaging methods employed for visualizing sarcoid granulomas at the cellular level while also exploring the potential of the latest cutting-edge approaches like spatial transcriptomics and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), with the overarching goal of shedding light on the trajectory of sarcoidosis research.

Gut microbiota and metabolomics profiles in patients with chronic stable angina and acute coronary syndrome.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The gut microbiota and its associated metabolites may be involved in the development and progression of CVD, although the mechanisms and impact on clinical outcomes are not fully understood. This study investigated the gut microbiome profile and associated metabolites in patients with chronic stable angina (CSA) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) compared with healthy controls. Bacterial alpha diversity in stool from patients with ACS or CSA was comparable to healthy controls at both baseline and follow-up visits. Differential abundance analysis identified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) assigned to commensal taxa differentiating patients with ACS from healthy controls at both baseline and follow-up. Patients with CSA and ACS had significantly higher levels of trimethylamine N-oxide compared with healthy controls (CSA: 0.032 ± 0.023 mmol/L, P < 0.01 vs. healthy, and ACS: 0.032 ± 0.023 mmol/L, P = 0.02 vs. healthy, respectively). Patients with ACS had reduced levels of propionate and butyrate (119 ± 4 vs. 139 ± 5.1 µM, P = 0.001, and 14 ± 4.3 vs. 23.5 ± 8.1 µM, P < 0.001, respectively), as well as elevated serum sCD14 (2245 ± 75.1 vs. 1834 ± 45.8 ng/mL, P < 0.0001) and sCD163 levels (457.3 ± 31.8 vs. 326.8 ± 20.7 ng/mL, P = 0.001), compared with healthy controls at baseline. Furthermore, a modified small molecule metabolomic and lipidomic signature was observed in patients with CSA and ACS compared with healthy controls. These findings provide evidence of a link between gut microbiome composition and gut bacterial metabolites with CVD. Future time course studies in patients to observe temporal changes and subsequent associations with gut microbiome composition are required to provide insight into how these are affected by transient changes following an acute coronary event.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study found discriminative microorganisms differentiating patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) from healthy controls. In addition, reduced levels of certain bacterial metabolites and elevated sCD14 and sCD163 were observed in patients with ACS compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, modified small molecule metabolomic and lipidomic signatures were found in both patient groups. Although it is not known whether these differences in profiles are associated with disease development and/or progression, the findings provide exciting options for potential new disease-related mechanism(s) and associated therapeutic target(s).

Decreased platelet activation predicts hepatic decompensation and mortality in patients with cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with cirrhosis show alterations in primary hemostasis, yet prognostic implications of changes in platelet activation remain controversial, and assay validity is often limited by thrombocytopenia. We aimed to study the prognostic role of platelet activation in cirrhosis, focusing on bleeding/thromboembolic events, decompensation, and mortality. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We prospectively included 107 patients with cirrhosis undergoing a same-day hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) and platelet activation measurement. Platelet activation was assessed using flow cytometry after protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-4, or epinephrine stimulation. Over a follow-up of 25.3 (IQR: 15.7-31.2) months, first/further decompensation occurred in 29 patients and 17 died. More pronounced platelet activation was associated with an improved prognosis, even after adjusting for systemic inflammation, HVPG, and disease severity. Specifically, higher PAR-4-inducible platelet activation was independently linked to a lower decompensation risk [adjusted HR per 100 MFI (median fluorescence intensity): 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90-0.99); p =0.036] and higher PAR-1-inducible platelet activation was independently linked to longer survival [adjusted HR per 100 MFI: 0.93 (95% CI: 0.87-0.99); p =0.040]. Thromboembolic events occurred in eight patients (75% nontumoral portal vein thrombosis [PVT]). Higher epinephrine-inducible platelet activation was associated with an increased risk of thrombosis [HR per 10 MFI: 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02-1.12); p =0.007] and PVT [HR per 10 MFI: 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02-1.14); p =0.004]. In contrast, of the 11 major bleedings that occurred, 9 were portal hypertension related, and HVPG thus emerged as the primary risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: Preserved PAR-1- and PAR-4-inducible platelet activation was linked to a lower risk of decompensation and death. In contrast, higher epinephrine-inducible platelet activation was a risk factor for thromboembolism and PVT.

An IL-10 homologue encoded by human cytomegalovirus is linked with the viral "footprint" in clinical samples.

Persistent infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) affect the hosts' immune system and have been linked with chronic inflammation and cardiovascular disease. These effects may be influenced by a HCMV-encoded homologue of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 (cmvIL-10). To assess this, we quantitated cmvIL-10 in plasma from renal transplant recipients (RTR) and healthy adults. Detectable levels of cmvIL-10 associated with seropositivity in RTR, but were found in some seronegative healthy adults. RTR with detectable cmvIL-10 had elevated interferon-γ T-cell responses to HCMV antigens, whilst cmvIL-10 in healthy adults associated with reduced populations of terminally-differentiated T-cells - a known "footprint" of HCMV. Plasma cmvIL-10 associated with lower VCAM-1 levels in healthy adults. The data suggest cmvIL-10 may suppress seroconversion and/or reduce the footprint of HCMV in healthy adults. This appears to be subverted in RTR by their high burden of HCMV and/or immune dysregulation associated with transplantation. A role for cmvIL-10 in protection of vascular health is discussed.

The role of the host-microbiome and metabolomics in sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a complex inflammatory fibrotic disease that affects multiple organ systems. It is characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes, which form non-caseating granulomas in affected organs. The lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes are the most commonly affected organs. The underlying cause of sarcoidosis is unknown, but it is believed to occur in genetically predisposed individuals who are exposed to pathogenic organisms, environmental contaminants, or self and non-self-antigens. Recent research has suggested that the microbiome may play a role in the development of respiratory conditions, including sarcoidosis. Additionally, metabolomic studies have identified potential biomarkers for monitoring sarcoidosis progression. This review will focus on recent microbiome and metabolomic findings in sarcoidosis, with the goal of shedding light on the pathogenesis and possible diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Markers of terminally differentiated T-cells as predictors of vascular health in renal transplant recipients and healthy adults.

Meta-analyses confirm a link between persistent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections and cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms are unclear. We assess whether proportions of T-cell populations are reliable predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis and/or reflect the burden of HCMV in healthy adults and renal transplant recipients (RTR). Samples were collected from healthy adults and RTR at baseline (T0) and after 32 (24-40) months (T1). Left carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and proportions of T-cells expressing CD57, LIR-1 or the TEMRA phenotype increased in healthy adults and RTR. The T-cell populations correlated with levels of HCMV-reactive antibodies. Proportions of CD57+, LIR-1+ and TEMRA CD8+ T-cells correlated with left and right cIMT in healthy adults. Proportions of CD57+ and LIR-1+ CD8+ T-cells at T0 predicted left cIMT at T1 among healthy adults, but these associations disappeared after adjustment for covariates. We link LIR-1+ and CD57+CD8+ T-cells with the progression of cIMT in healthy adults.

Insights into the associations between the gut microbiome, its metabolites, and heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is the end stage of most cardiovascular diseases and remains a significant health problem globally. We aimed to assess whether patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤45% had alterations in both the gut microbiome profile and production of associated metabolites when compared with a healthy cohort. We also examined the associated inflammatory, metabolomic, and lipidomic profiles of patients with HF. This single center, observational study, recruited 73 patients with HF and 59 healthy volunteers. Blood and stool samples were collected at baseline and 6-mo follow-up, along with anthropometric and clinical data. When compared with healthy controls, patients with HF had reduced gut bacterial alpha diversity at follow-up (P = 0.004) but not at baseline. The stool microbiota of patients with HF was characterized by a depletion of operational taxonomic units representing commensal Clostridia at both baseline and follow-up. Patients with HF also had significantly elevated baseline plasma acetate (P = 0.007), plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) (P = 0.003), serum soluble CD14 (sCD14; P = 0.005), and soluble CD163 (sCD163; P = 0.004) levels compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, patients with HF had a distinct metabolomic and lipidomic profile at baseline when compared with healthy controls. Differences in the composition of the gut microbiome and the levels of associated metabolites were observed in patients with HF when compared with a healthy cohort. This was also associated with an altered metabolomic and lipidomic profile. Our study identifies microorganisms and metabolites that could represent new therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools in the pathogenesis of HF.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found a reduction in gut bacterial alpha diversity in patients with heart failure (HF) and that the stool microbiota of patients with HF was characterized by depletion of operational taxonomic units representing commensal Clostridia at both baseline and follow-up. Patients with HF also had altered bacterial metabolites and increased inflammatory profiles compared with healthy controls. A distinct metabolomic and lipidomic profile was present in patients with HF at baseline when compared with healthy controls.

Expression in skin biopsies supports genetic evidence linking CAMKK2, P2X7R and P2X4R with HIV-associated sensory neuropathy.

HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) affects 14-38% of HIV+ individuals stable on therapy with no neurotoxic drugs. Polymorphisms in CAMKK2, P2X7R and P2X4R associated with altered risk of HIV-SN in Indonesian and South African patients. The role of CaMKK2 in neuronal repair makes this an attractive candidate, but a direct role for any protein is predicated on expression in affected tissues. Here, we describe expression of CaMKK2, P2X7R and P2X4R proteins in skin biopsies from the lower legs of HIV+ Indonesians with and without HIV-SN, and healthy controls (HC). HIV-SN was diagnosed using the Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen. Biopsies were stained to detect protein gene product 9.5 on nerve fibres and CaMKK2, P2X7R or P2X4R, and were examined using 3-colour sequential scanning confocal microscopy. Intraepidermal nerve fibre densities (IENFD) were lower in HIV+ donors than HC and correlated directly with nadir CD4 T-cell counts (r = 0.69, p = 0.004). However, IENFD counts were similar in HIV-SN+ and HIV-SN- donors (p = 0.19) and so did not define neuropathy. CaMKK2+ cells were located close to dermal and epidermal nerve fibres and were rare in HC and HIV-SN- donors, consistent with a role for the protein in nerve damage and/or repair. P2X7R was expressed by cells in blood vessels of HIV-SN- donors, but rarely in HC or HIV-SN+ donors. P2X4R expression by cells in the epidermal basal layer appeared greatest in HIV-SN+ donors. Overall, the differential expression of CaMKK2, P2X7R and P2X4R supports the genetic evidence of a role for these proteins in HIV-SN.

Peripheral versus central venous blood sampling does not influence the assessment of platelet activation in cirrhosis.

Cirrhotic patients have an increased risk of bleeding and thromboembolic events, with platelets being involved as key players in both situations. The impact of peripheral versus central blood sampling on platelet activation remains unclear. In 33 cirrhotic patients, we thus analyzed platelet function in peripheral (P) and central (C) blood samples. Platelet surface expression of P-selectin, activated glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa, and leukocyte-platelet aggregate formation were measured by flow cytometry in response to different agonists: thrombin receptor-activating peptide-6, adenosine diphosphate, collagen-related peptide (CrP), epinephrine, AYPGKF, Pam3CSK4, and lipopolysaccharide. Unstimulated platelet surface expression of P-selectin (p = .850) and activated GPIIb/IIIa (p = .625) were similar in peripheral and central blood samples. Stimulation with various agonists yielded similar results of platelet surface expression of P-selectin and activated GPIIb/IIIa in peripheral and central samples, except for CrP-inducible expression of activated GPIIb/IIIa (median fluorescence intensity, MFI in P: 7.61 [0.00-24.66] vs. C: 4.12 [0.00-19.04], p < .001). The formation of leukocyte-platelet aggregate was similar in central and peripheral blood samples, both unstimulated and after stimulation with all above-mentioned agonists. In conclusion, peripheral vs. central venous blood sampling does not influence the assessment of platelet activation by flow cytometry in cirrhosis.Abbreviations: ACLD: advanced chronic liver disease; ADP: adenosine diphosphate; ALD: alcoholic liver disease; AYPGKF: PAR-4 agonist AYPGKF; CrP: collagen related protein; EPI: epinephrine; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; GP: glycoprotein; HVPG: hepatic venous pressure gradient; IQR: interquartile range; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LSM: liver stiffness measurement; MFI: median fluorescence intensity; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; PAM: lipopeptide Pam3CSK4; PAR: protease-activated receptor; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PH: portal hypertension; TIPS: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt; TLR: toll-like receptor; TRAP-6: thrombin receptor-activator peptide-6; vWF: von Willebrand factor.

Platelet activation and aggregation in different centrifugal-flow left ventricular assist devices.

Left-ventricular assist devices (LVADs) improve outcomes in end-stage heart failure patients. Two centrifugal-flow LVAD systems are currently approved, HeartMate 3 (HM3) and Medtronic/Heartware HVAD (HVAD). Clinical findings suggest differences in thrombogenicity between both systems. We compared markers of platelet activation and aggregation between HM3 and HVAD. We prospectively included 59 LVAD patients (40 HM3, 19 HVAD). Platelet P-selectin expression, activated glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa and monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPA) were assessed by flow-cytometry. Platelet aggregation was measured by light-transmission aggregometry (LTA) and multiple-electrode aggregometry (MEA). Von-Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen (VWF:Ag), VWF activity (VWF:Ac), and VWF multimer pattern analysis were determined. Soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) was measured with an enzyme-linked immunoassay. P-selectin, GPIIb/IIIa and MPA levels in vivo and in response to arachidonic acid, adenosine diphosphate, and thrombin receptor activating peptide were similar between HM3 and HVAD (all p > .05). Likewise, agonist-inducible platelet aggregation by LTA and MEA did not differ between HM3 and HVAD (all p > .05). VWF:Ag levels and FVIII:C were similar between both systems (both p > .05), but patients with HVAD had significantly lower VWF:Ac (p = .011) and reduced large VWF multimers (p = .013). Finally, sP-selectin levels were similar in patients with HVAD and HM3 (p = .845). In conclusion, on-treatment platelet activation and aggregation are similar in HM3 and HVAD patients. Potential clinical implications of observed differences in VWF profiles between both LVAD systems need to be addressed in future clinical trials.

Which NK cell populations mark the high burden of CMV present in all HIV patients beginning ART in Indonesia?

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been linked with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in populations where some individuals are seronegative. However, effects of CMV are unclear in HIV patients who all have high levels of CMV antibodies. Other metrics of their CMV burden are needed. Amongst transplant recipients, CMV drives the expansion of NK cell populations expressing NKG2C and/or LIR1 and lacking FcRγ. METHODS: Indonesian HIV patients (n = 40) were tested before ART and after 6 months, with healthy local controls (n = 20). All patients had high CMV antibody titres. 52% started therapy with CMV DNA detectable by qPCR, providing a crude measure of CMV burden. Proportions of CD56Hi or CD56Lo NK cells expressing FcRγ, NKG2C or LIR1 were determined flow cytometrically. CVD was predicted using carotid intimal media thickness (cIMT). Values were correlated with levels of CMV antibodies on ART. RESULTS: Patients had low proportions of CD56Lo and more CD56Hi NK cells. However proportions of FcRγ- NK cells were lowest in patients with CMV DNA, and cIMT values related inversely with FcRγ- NK cells in these patients. Percentages of NKG2C+CD56Lo NK cells were similar in patients and controls, but rose in patients with CMV DNA. Proportions of NKG2C+ CD56Hi NK cells correlated with levels of CMV antibodies in CMV DNA-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS: We show that the very high burdens of CMV in this population confound systems developed to study effects of CMV in other populations. FcRγ- NK cells may be depleted by very high CMV burdens, but NKG2C and antibody levels may be informative in patients on ART.

Variants of HCMV UL18 Sequenced Directly from Clinical Specimens Associate with Antibody and T-Cell Responses to HCMV.

Around 80% of adults worldwide carry human cytomegaloviris (HCMV). The HCMV gene UL18 is a homolog of HLA class I genes and encodes a protein with high affinity for the NK and T-cell cytotoxicity inhibitor LIR-1. UL18 was deep sequenced from blood, saliva or urine from Indonesian people with HIV (PWH) (n = 28), Australian renal transplant recipients (RTR) (n = 21), healthy adults (n = 7) and neonates (n = 4). 95% of samples contained more than one variant of HCMV UL18, as defined by carriage of nonsynonymous variations. When aligned with immunological markers of the host's burden of HCMV, the S318N variation associated with high levels of antibody reactive with HCMV lysate in PWH over 12 months on antiretroviral therapy. The A107T variation associated with HCMV antibody levels and inflammatory biomarkers in PWH at early timepoints. Variants D32G, D248N, V250A and E252D aligned with elevated HCMV antibody levels in RTR, while M191K, E196Q and F165L were associated with HCMV-reactive T-cells and proportions of Vδ2- γδ T-cells-populations linked with high burdens of HCMV. We conclude that UL18 is a highly variable gene, where variation may alter the persistent burden of HCMV and/or the host response to that burden.

Sequencing of the Viral UL111a Gene Directly from Clinical Specimens Reveals Variants of HCMV-Encoded IL-10 That Are Associated with Altered Immune Responses to HCMV.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus carried by ~80% of adults worldwide. Acute infections are often asymptomatic in healthy individuals but generate diverse syndromes in neonates, renal transplant recipients (RTR), and people with HIV (PWH). The HCMV gene UL111a encodes a homolog of human interleukin-10 (IL-10) that interacts with the human IL-10 receptor. Deep sequencing technologies were used to sequence UL111a directly from 59 clinical samples from Indonesian PWH and Australian RTR, healthy adults, and neonates. Overall, 93% of samples contained more than one variant of HCMV, as defined by at least one nonsynonymous variation. Carriage of these variants differed between neonates and adults, Australians and Indonesians, and between saliva and blood leukocytes. The variant alleles of N41D and S71Y occurred together in Australian RTR and were associated with higher T-cell responses to HCMV pp65. The variant P122S was associated with lower levels of antibodies reactive with a lysate of HCMV-infected fibroblasts. L174F was associated with increased levels of antibodies reactive with HCMV lysate, immediate-early 1 (IE-1), and glycoprotein B (gB) in Australian RTR and Indonesians PWH, suggesting a higher viral burden. We conclude that variants of UL111a are common in all populations and may influence systemic responses to HCMV.

Understanding the effects of CMV on γδ T-cell populations in HIV patients starting antiretroviral therapy.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) affects γδ T-cell profiles in healthy individuals and transplant recipients, but the effects of HIV and CMV have not been distinguished in HIV patients. CMV-seropositive Indonesian HIV patients (n = 40) were studied before ART and after six months, alongside healthy controls (n = 20). 50% of patients started ART with detectable CMV DNA. Proportions of Vδ2- γδ T-cells were high in patients and declined on ART, whilst proportions of Vδ2+ γδ T-cells were uniformly low, and correlated inversely with levels of CMV DNA and CMV-reactive antibody. Residual Vδ2+ cells were enriched for markers of terminal differentiation, but this did not associate with CMV metrics. Patients with CMV DNA at baseline showed a direct correlation between CMV reactive-antibody and CD8+ γδ T-cells. Our data are consistent with a role for CMV in the depletion of Vδ2+ γδ T-cells in HIV patients beginning ART, with no consistent evidence of a role for CMV in γδ T-cell activation or differentiation.

Decreased Platelet Inhibition by Thienopyridines in Hyperuricemia.

PURPOSE: Hyperuricemia carries an increased risk of atherothrombotic events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This may at least in part be due to inadequate P2Y12 inhibition. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the potential association between hyperuricemia and decreased platelet inhibition by P2Y12 antagonists. METHODS: Levels of uric acid as well as on-treatment residual platelet reactivity in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were assessed in 301 clopidogrel-treated patients undergoing elective angioplasty and stenting, and in 206 prasugrel- (n = 118) or ticagrelor-treated (n = 88) ACS patients following acute PCI. Cut-off values for high on-treatment residual ADP-inducible platelet reactivity (HRPR) were based on previous studies showing an association of test results with clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Hyperuricemia was significantly associated with increased on-treatment residual ADP-inducible platelet reactivity in clopidogrel- and prasugrel-treated patients in univariate analyses and after adjustment for differences in patient characteristics by multivariate regression analyses. In contrast, ticagrelor-treated patients without and with hyperuricemia showed similar levels of on-treatment residual platelet reactivity to ADP. HRPR occurred more frequently in clopidogrel- and prasugrel-treated patients with hyperuricemia than in those with normal uric acid levels. In contrast, hyperuricemic patients receiving ticagrelor did not have a higher risk of HRPR compared with those with normal uric acid levels. CONCLUSION: Hyperuricemia is associated with decreased platelet inhibition by thienopyridines but a normal response to ticagrelor. It remains to be established if lowering uric acid increases the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel and prasugrel in hyperuricemic patients with HRPR.

Cytomegalovirus may influence vascular endothelial health in Indonesian HIV-infected patients after 5 years on ART.

OBJECTIVES: Accelerated atherosclerosis in older HIV-infected patients has been attributed to persistent immune activation and high burden cytomegalovirus (CMV), as demonstrated in transplant recipients and the general population. Here we assess CMV and inflammatory markers linked with vascular health in young adult patients treated in Indonesia. STUDY DESIGN: HIV-infected adults (n = 32) were examined when they began antiretroviral therapy (ART) with < 200 CD4 T-cells/µl (V0) and after 60 months (V60). Age-matched healthy controls (HC, n = 32) were assessed once. METHODS: Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD) was assessed by ultrasound on brachial arteries at V60 and in HC. Plasma markers of immune activation and endothelial activation, and CMV antibodies (lysate, gB, IE-1) were assessed in all samples. Results were assessed using bivariate (non-parametric) and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Levels of inflammatory biomarkers and CMV antibodies declined on ART, but the antibodies remained higher than in HC. FMD values were similar in patients and HC at V60. In HIV patients, levels of CMV lysate antibody correlated inversely (r = - 0.37) with FMD. The optimal model predicting lower FMD values (adjusted R2 = 0.214, p = 0.012) included CMV lysate antibodies and chondroitin sulphate. In HC, levels of sTNFR correlated inversely with FMD (r = - 0.41) and remained as a risk factor in the optimal multivariable model, with CMV glycoprotein-B (gB) antibody predicting a healthier FMD (adjusted R2 = 0.248, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels CMV antibodies optimally predict vascular health measured by FMD in HIV patients. However in healthy controls, sTNFR marks risk and CMV gB antibody may be protective.

Examining secondary school students' views of model evaluation through an integrated framework of personal epistemology.

The aim of the study was to investigate students' views of model evaluation through the lens of personal epistemology. We developed an integrated analytical framework by combining a developmental framework, including absolutist, multiplist, and evaluatist, with a multi-dimensional framework, including limits of knowing, certainty of knowing, and criteria of knowing. Furthermore, we examined the potential influence of the question contexts and the students' grade levels. A total of 188 secondary school students were surveyed. Students answered two sets of model evaluation questions based on two scientific contexts. After reading the information about the two models, the students had to choose from three epistemic assumptions and then provide written justifications explaining their choice of assumptions. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted for the multiple-choice questions and the written responses. In both contexts there were higher percentages of 11th-grade students choosing the evaluatist assumptions than the eighth-grade students. For students choosing multiplist and evaluatist assumptions, the 11th-grade students were more likely than the eighth-grade students to think in terms of pragmatic and evidential criteria as the criteria of knowing. Different contexts of the questions evoked different views of model evaluation particularly regarding the limits of knowing. Four additional categories of epistemic levels also emerged from the data. This study provides a new framework for understanding students' thinking about model evaluation. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.

Cytomegalovirus burden improves a predictive model identifying measures of vascular risk in renal transplant recipients and healthy adults.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been implicated in vascular pathologies and may warrant inclusion in cardiovascular predictive algorithms. We addressed this in healthy older adults and renal transplant recipients (RTR) as they retain a high burden of CMV. RTR (n = 45) stable more than 2 years after transplantation and 58 age-matched healthy adults were assessed. Plasma inflammatory biomarkers (soluble isoform of the interferon-ß receptor [sIFNAR2], soluble tumour necrosis factorreceptor-1 [sTNFR1], soluble cluster of differentiation 14 [sCD14], C reactive protein, P-selectin, intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), and measures of CMV burden (antibodies, saliva CMV DNA, and interferon γ responses to CMV) were assessed in 2014 and evaluated in 2017 as predictors of vascular health-defined using flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and augmentation indices (Aix@ 75). Linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were optimized to identify risk factors. In 2017, RTR had inferior vascular health marked by impaired FMD and PWV. Detectable CMV DNA (P = .02) was associated with impaired FMD, whilst CMV glycoprotein B (gB) antibody attenuated this effect (P = .03) (adjusted R2 = .42). In healthy adults, the optimal model for predicting FMD (R2 =.22) incorporated high P-selectin (P = .03) and low ICAM-1 (P = .03) levels with no significant impact of CMV. Elevated sIFNAR2 (P = .04) and gB antibody (P = .06) levels predicted increasing Aix@ 75 (poor vascular health) in healthy adults (R2 = .4), whilst optimal models for RTR (R2 = .37) linked low sIFNAR2 and CMV IE-1 antibody levels with lower Aix@ 75 (better vascular health). CMV IE-1 antibody was also protective in relation to PWV in healthy adults (R2 = .55). Overall, measures of active CMV replication were more predictive of impaired FMD in RTR than standard biomarkers, but increased CMV gB antibodies may be protective.

Determinants of cognitive health in Indonesian HIV patients beginning antiretroviral therapy.

Cognitive impairment has been described in people living with HIV and stable on antiretroviral therapy (ART), but has not been monitored in young adults beginning ART with a high burden of cytomegalovirus. We recruited 80 subjects beginning ART with < 200 CD4 T cells/µL in Jakarta, Indonesia. Cognitive function (Z-scores) began low but improved on ART, stabilizing after 6 months with improvements in all domains except memory function. The burden of cytomegalovirus persisting on ART (assessed via antibody levels) correlated inversely with Z-scores (notably memory function) at baseline. In linear mixed models, improvements in Z-scores were influenced by age, education, and CD4 T cell counts.