Native American mitochondrial lineages in admixed populations from Chile: Detecting recent migrations during post-Columbian times using geographically restricted lineages.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the mitochondrial diversity in three admixed populations and evaluate the historical migration effect of native southern population movement to Santiago (capital of Chile). The intensity of migration was quantified using three mitochondrial lineages restricted to South-Central native groups. METHODS: D-loop sequences were genotyped in 550 unrelated individuals from San Felipe-Los Andes (n = 108), Santiago (n = 217), and Concepción (n = 225). Sequence processing, alignment, and haplogroup inference were carried out, and different genetic structure analyses were performed for haplogroup frequencies and D-loop sequences. RESULTS: The Native lineages B2i2, C1b13, and D1g were the most frequent haplogroups, especially in Santiago (71.8%). Despite the distance, this city showed a high-genetic affinity with southern populations, including Concepción (~500 km distant) and native groups, rather than with those from San Felipe-Los Andes (<100 km distant). In fact, there was a negative correlation between geographical and genetic distance among these cities (r corr = -0.5593, p value = 0.8387). Network analysis revealed shared haplotypes between Santiago, Concepción, and other southern populations. Finally, we found lineages from Concepción acting as ancestral nodes in the northern clade. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the geographic distances from these cities, the results were not consistent with a model of genetic isolation by geographic distance, revealing the effects of a historical migration process from the south to the capital. We also show evidence of possible north-to-south migration during admixture onset in Concepción and in addition, we were able to identify previously unreported mitochondrial diversity in urban populations that became lost in Native groups post-European contact.

Rasgos y diagnósticos de personalidad en pacientes con trastornos bipolar I y unipolar melancólico / Personality traits and diagnoses in unipolar melancholic and bipolar I disorders

El propósito del presente estudio es objetivar algunos de los rasgos y diagnósticos de personalidad de pacientes con depresión melancólica y bipolaridad I. Los autores entregan nuevos datos sobre la validación de las propiedades nucleares del typus melancholicus y tipus manicus llevada a cabo a través de escalas de personalidad. Trece depresivos melancólicos unipolares, 14 bipolares I -todos recuperados-, y 16 sujetos controles se compararon en términos de las variables typus melancholicus, typus manicus y rasgos y diagnósticos de personalidad de acuerdo al DSM-III-R. Las principales medidas de evaluación se efectuaron a través del cuestionario de Personalidad de München (MP-T), la Escala F de Von Zerssen y la Evaluación Internacional para Trastornos de Personalidad (IPDE). Hay evidencia de rigidez, neuroticismo y tendencia al aislamiento entre los unipolares malancólicos. Los bipolares I mostraron mayores tendencias esotéricas, extroversión y tolerancia a la frustación. Hay una significativa mayor presencia de trastornos de personalidad del grupo C entre pacientes unipolares. Los trastornos del grupo B fueron más numerosos entre sujetos con trastorno bipolar I. Los resultados sugieren una posible asociación entre rasgos y diagnósticos de personalidad y trastornos depresivo melancólico y bipolar I. Se asociaron factores específicos del constructo typus melancholicus con depresión unipolar melancólica. El typus manicus es un costructo válido e importante para elucidar la personalidad de los pacientes que sufren bipolaridad I