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We present the first chromosome-level genome assembly of the grasshopper, Locusta migratoria, one of the largest insect genomes. We use coverage differences between females (XX) and males (X0) to identify the X Chromosome gene content, and find that the X Chromosome shows both complete dosage compensation in somatic tissues and an underrepresentation of testis-expressed genes. X-linked gene content from L. migratoria is highly conserved across seven insect orders, namely Orthoptera, Odonata, Phasmatodea, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera, and the 800 Mb grasshopper X Chromosome is homologous to the fly ancestral X Chromosome despite 400 million years of divergence, suggesting either repeated origin of sex chromosomes with highly similar gene content, or long-term conservation of the X Chromosome. We use this broad conservation of the X Chromosome to test for temporal dynamics to Fast-X evolution, and find evidence of a recent burst evolution for new X-linked genes in contrast to slow evolution of X-conserved genes.
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Evolução Molecular , Genoma de Inseto , Gafanhotos , Cromossomo X , Animais , Cromossomo X/genética , Masculino , Feminino , Gafanhotos/genética , Genes Ligados ao Cromossomo X , Cromossomos de Insetos/genética , Locusta migratoria/genética , Mecanismo Genético de Compensação de DoseRESUMO
Copper is an essential trace element for the human body, and its requirement for optimistic immune functions has been recognized for decades. How copper is involved in the innate immune pathway, however, remains to be clarified. Here, we report that copper serves as a signal molecule to regulate the kinase activity of alpha-kinase 1 (ALPK1), a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor (PRR), and therefore promotes host cell defense against bacterial infection. We show that in response to infection, host cells actively accumulate copper in the cytosol, and the accumulated cytosolic copper enhances host cell defense against evading pathogens, including intracellular and, unexpectedly, extracellular bacteria. Subsequently, we demonstrate that copper activates the innate immune pathway of host cells in an ALPK1-dependent manner. Further mechanistic studies reveal that copper binds to ALPK1 directly and is essential for the kinase activity of this cytosolic PRR. Moreover, the binding of copper to ALPK1 enhances the sensitivity of ALPK1 to the bacterial metabolite ADP-heptose and eventually prompts host cells to elicit an enhanced immune response during bacterial infection. Finally, using a zebrafish in vivo model, we show that a copper-treated host shows an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, enhanced recruitment of phagosome cells, and promoted bacterial clearance. Our findings uncover a previously unrecognized role of copper in the modulation of host innate immune response against bacterial pathogens and advance our knowledge on the cross talk between cytosolic copper homeostasis and immune system.
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Infecções Bacterianas , Cobre , Animais , Humanos , Peixe-Zebra , Imunidade Inata , Citocinas , Receptores de Reconhecimento de PadrãoRESUMO
Throughout life, adult organs continually adapt to variable environmental factors. Adaptive mechanisms must fundamentally differ from homeostatic maintenance, but little is known about how physiological factors elicit tissue remodeling. Here, we show that specialized stem cell responses underlie the adaptive resizing of a mature organ. In the adult Drosophila midgut, intestinal stem cells interpret a nutrient cue to "break homeostasis" and drive growth when food is abundant. Activated in part by niche production of insulin, stem cells direct a growth program through two altered modes of behavior: accelerated division rates and predominance of symmetric division fates. Together, these altered modes produce a net increase in total intestinal cells, which is reversed upon withdrawal of food. Thus, tissue renewal programs are not committed to maintain cellular equilibrium; stem cells can remodel organs in response to physiological triggers.
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Divisão Celular , Drosophila/citologia , Drosophila/fisiologia , Células-Tronco/citologia , Animais , Drosophila/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Jejum , Feminino , Insulina/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/citologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismoRESUMO
Metamaterials offer exciting opportunities for developing multispectral stealth due to their unique electromagnetic properties. However, currently transparent radar-infrared-visible compatible stealth metamaterials typically involve complex hierarchical designs, leading to thickness and transparency limitations. Here, we propose an integrated metamaterial for multispectral stealth with high transparency. Our design features an ITO/dielectric/ITO sandwich structure, with the upper-layer ITO acting as a resonator for broadband microwave absorption while maintaining a high filling ratio to suppress infrared (IR) radiation. Experimental results demonstrate excellent performance, with over 90% microwave absorption in 8-18â GHz, an IR emissivity of approximately 0.36 in 3-14â µm, an average optical transmittance of 74.1% in 380-800â nm, and a thickness of only 2.4 mm. With its multispectral compatibility, the proposed metamaterial has potential applications in stealth and camouflage fields.
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Synergistic engineering of energy band alignment and interfacial electric field distribution is essential for photocatalyst design but is still challenging because of the limitation on refined regulation in the nanoscale. This study addresses the issue by employing surface modification and thermal-induced phase transformation in Bi2MoO6/BixOyIz hetero-nanofiber frameworks. The energy band alignment switches from a type-II interface to a Z-scheme contact with stronger redox potentials and inhibited electron traps, and the optimized built-in electric field distribution could be reached based on experimental and theoretical investigations. The engineered hetero-nanofibers exhibit outstanding visible-light-driven photocatalytic nitrogen reduction activity (605 µmol/g/h) and tetracycline hydrochloride removal rate (81.5% within 30 min), ranking them among the top-performing bismuth series materials. Furthermore, the photocatalysts show promise in activating advanced oxidants for efficient organic pollutant degradation. Moreover, the Bi2MoO6/Bi5O7I hetero-nanofibers possess good recycling stability owing to their three-dimensional network structure. This research offers valuable insights into heterojunction design for environmental remediation and industrial applications.
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A Co(III)-catalyzed vinylene transfer reaction enabled by carboxylic acid is presented. This redox-neutral transformation tolerates various functional groups, including free hydroxyl groups, and features practicality. Five-step routes based on the vinylene transfer reaction and Heck annulation have been devised to the total synthesis of 8-oxodehydrodiscretamine and 2-demethyl-oxypalmatine without the protection of the free hydroxyl functionality.
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Photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction for high-value hydrocarbon fuel production is a promising strategy to tackle global energy demand and climate change. However, this technology faces formidable challenges, primarily stemming from low yield and poor selectivity of C2 products of the desired hydrocarbon fuels. This study reported ZnO/ZnCo2O4 Janus hollow nanofibers (ZnO/ZCO JHNFs) prepared by electrospinning and atomic layer deposition. Photocatalytic tests revealed an ethanol yield of 4.99 µmol g-1 h-1 for ZnO/ZnCo2O4 JHNFs, surpassing mixed ZnO/ZnCo2O4 nanofibers (ZnO/ZCO NFs) by 4.35 times and pure ZnO by 12.7 times. The selectivity of 58.8% is 2.38 and 4.49 times higher than those of ZnO/ZnCo2O4 NFs and ZnO, respectively. These enhancements are attributed to efficient carrier separation facilitated by the ordered internal electric field of the Z-scheme heterojunction interface, validated by the energy band evaluations from experimentation and density functional theory (DFT) simulations and charge separation characterizations of photocurrent, impedance, and photoluminescence spectra. The Janus structure also effectively exposes the surface of ZnCo2O4 to CO2 molecules, increasing the active site availability, as confirmed by BET nitrogen adsorption/desorption, temperature-programmed desorption tests, and DFT adsorption energy calculations. This study proposes a novel approach for efficient photocatalytic hydrocarbon fuel production, with potential applications in energy and climate crisis mitigation.
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P2X receptors are a class of nonselective cation channels widely distributed in the immune and nervous systems, and their dysfunction is a significant cause of tumors, inflammation, leukemia, and immune diseases. P2X7 is a unique member of the P2X receptor family with many properties that differ from other subtypes in terms of primary sequence, the architecture of N- and C-terminals, and channel function. Here, we suggest that the observed lengthened ß2- and ß3-sheets and their linker (loop ß2,3), encoded by redundant sequences, play an indispensable role in the activation of the P2X7 receptor. We show that deletion of this longer structural element leads to the loss of P2X7 function. Furthermore, by combining mutagenesis, chimera construction, surface expression, and protein stability analysis, we found that the deletion of the longer ß2,3-loop affects P2X7 surface expression but, more importantly, that this loop affects channel gating of P2X7. We propose that the longer ß2,3-sheets may have a negative regulatory effect on a loop on the head domain and on the structural element formed by E171 and its surrounding regions. Understanding the role of the unique structure of the P2X7 receptor in the gating process will aid in the development of selective drugs targeting this subtype.
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Trifosfato de Adenosina , Conformação Proteica em Folha beta , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7 , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamação , Conformação Proteica em Folha beta/genética , Estabilidade Proteica , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7/química , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7/genética , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7/metabolismo , Ativação TranscricionalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The quality of poultry eggshells is closely related to the profitability of egg production. Eggshell speckles reflect an important quality trait that influences egg appearance and customer preference. However, the mechanism of speckle formation remains poorly understood. In this study, we systematically compared serum immune and antioxidant indices of hens laying speckled and normal eggs. Transcriptome and methylome analyses were used to elucidate the mechanism of eggshell speckle formation. RESULTS: The results showed that seven differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the normal and speckle groups. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the expressed genes were mainly enriched in the calcium signaling pathway, focal adhesion, and MAPK signaling pathway. Additionally, 282 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were detected, of which 15 genes were associated with aging, including ARNTL, CAV1, and GCLC. Pathway analysis showed that the DMGs were associated with T cell-mediated immunity, response to oxidative stress, and cellular response to DNA damage stimulus. Integrative analysis of transcriptome and DNA methylation data identified BFSP2 as the only overlapping gene, which was expressed at low levels and hypomethylated in the speckle group. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results indicate that aging- and immune-related genes and pathways play a crucial role in the formation of speckled eggshells, providing useful information for improving eggshell quality.
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Casca de Ovo , Transcriptoma , Animais , Feminino , Casca de Ovo/metabolismo , Epigenoma , Galinhas/genética , OvosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Eggshell speckle phenotype is an important trait in poultry production because they affect eggshell quality. However, the genetic architecture of speckled eggshells remains unclear. In this study, we determined the heritability of eggshell speckles and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on purebred Rhode Island Red (RIR) hens at 28 weeks to detect potential genomic loci and candidate genes associated with eggshell speckles. RESULTS: The heritability of eggshell speckles was 0.35 at 28 weeks, and the speckle level is not related to other eggshell quality traits in terms of phenotypic correlation. We detected 311 SNPs (6 significantly, and 305 suggestively associated) and 39 candidate genes associated with eggshell speckles. Based on the pathway analysis, the 39 candidate genes were mainly involved in alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, GnRH signaling pathway, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and MAPK signaling pathway. Ultimately, ten genes, LOC423226, SPTBN5, EHD4, LOC77155, TYRO3, ITPKA, DLL4, PLA2G4B, PLA2G4EL5, and PLA2G4EL6 were considered the most promising genes associated with eggshell speckles that were implicated in immunoregulation, calcium transport, and phospholipid metabolism, while its function in laying hens requires further studies. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new insights into understanding the genetic basis of eggshell speckles and has practical application value for the genetic improvement of eggshell quality.
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Casca de Ovo , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Animais , Feminino , Casca de Ovo/metabolismo , Galinhas/genética , Genoma , FenótipoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Although the 9-minute mean withdrawal time (m-WT) is often reported to be associated with the optimal adenoma detection rate (ADR), no randomized trials of screening colonoscopy have confirmed the impact of a 9-minute m-WT on adenoma miss rate (AMR) and ADR. METHODS: A multicenter tandem trial was conducted in 11 centers. Seven hundred thirty-three asymptomatic participants were randomized to receive segmental tandem screening colonoscopy with a 9-minute withdrawal, followed by a 6-minute withdrawal (9-minute-first group, 9MF, n = 366) or vice versa (6-minute-first group, 6MF, n = 367). The primary outcome was the lesion-level AMR. RESULTS: The intention-to-treat analysis revealed that 9MF significantly reduced the lesion-level (14.5% vs 36.6%, P < 0.001) and participant-level AMR (10.9% vs 25.9%, P < 0.001), advanced adenoma miss rate (AAMR, 5.3% vs 46.9%, P = 0.002), multiple adenomas miss rate (20.7% vs 56.5%, P = 0.01), and high-risk adenomas miss rate (14.6% vs 39.5%, P = 0.01) of 6MF without compromising detection efficiency ( P = 0.79). In addition, a lower false-negative rate for adenomas ( P = 0.002) and high-risk adenomas ( P < 0.05), and a lower rate of shortening surveillance schedule ( P < 0.001) were also found in 9MF, accompanying with an improved ADR in the 9-minute vs 6-minute m-WT (42.3% vs 33.5%, P = 0.02). The independent inverse association between m-WT and AMR remained significant even after adjusting ADR, and meanwhile, 9-minute m-WT was identified as an independent protector for AMR and AAMR. DISCUSSION: In addition to increasing ADR, 9-minute m-WT also significantly reduces the AMR and AAMR of screening colonoscopy without compromising detection efficiency.
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Adenoma , Colonoscopia , Humanos , Adenoma/diagnósticoRESUMO
Residential biomass combustion in developing countries produces significant primary particulate matter (PM) emissions. Highly time-resolved aerosol mass spectrometry and aethalometer measurements were used to investigate the dynamic changes of emitted PM chemical composition from a typical improved stove burning with wood and crop straw in China. Combustion temperature and organic aerosol (OA) concentration increased quickly during the ignition stage. The flaming stage was characterized by high combustion temperature and high pollutant [including OA, black carbon (BC), inorganic salts, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)] emissions, while the burnout stage is characterized by low combustion temperature and lower pollutant emissions. OA was the primary emitted species; emission factors of OA in the flaming stage were generally higher (24.5-792%) than those in the burnout stage. Mass spectral signatures of OA were obtained. The ratio of Cl-/OA for wood combustion (0.05 ± 0.01) is much lower than that from burning crop straw (0.32 ± 0.19). Hydrocarbon OA emissions dominated during the ignition and flaming stages. A high percentage of oxidized OA was emitted during the burnout stage. The relationship between PAHs and BC/OA emissions under different burning conditions was investigated, and PAHs may act as intermediate products in the conversion of OA to BC.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluentes Ambientais , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Material Particulado/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Biomassa , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Aerossóis/análise , Fuligem/análiseRESUMO
A high-energy and high-average-power pulsed fiber laser has been investigated in a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration seeding with a diode laser at a programmed pulse duration of â¼250ns. The fiber amplifier successfully demonstrates the pulse with 21.4 mJ at the repetition rate of 50 kHz and a maximum average output power of 1535 W with a slope efficiency of 81.6% at 250 kHz. To overcome fiber nonlinearities such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and self-phase modulation (SPM), extra-large mode area ytterbium (Yb)-doped step-index dual cladding fiber has been utilized as gain fiber in the MOPA laser system. The gain saturation effect in the power amplifier was greatly mitigated by the programmed seed signal. This pulse-shaped MOPA system can provide practical applications in many fields such as laser cleaning, paint stripping, and other applications requiring special pulse shapes.
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Under the pressure of natural and artificial selection, domestic animals, including chickens, have evolved unique mechanisms of genetic adaptations such as high-altitude adaptation, hot and arid climate adaptation, and desert adaptation. Here, we investigated the genetic basis of cold tolerance in chicken by integrating whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing technologies. Genome-wide comparative analyses of 118 chickens living in different latitudes showed 46 genes and several pathways that may be involved in cold adaptation. The results of the functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes proved the important role of metabolic pathways and immune-related pathways in cold tolerance in chickens. The subsequent integration of whole genome and transcriptome sequencing technology further identified six genes - dnah5 (dynein axonemal heavy chain 5), ptgs2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2), inhba (inhibin beta A subunit), irx2 (iroquois homeobox 2), ensgalg00000054917, and ensgalg00000046652 - requiring more detailed studies. In addition, we also discovered different allele frequency distributions of five SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) within ptgs2 and nine SNPs within dnah5 in chickens in different latitudes, suggesting strong selective pressure of these two genes in chickens. We provide a novel insight into the genetic adaptation in chickens to cold environments, and provide a reference for evaluating and developing adaptive chicken breeds in cold environments.
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Galinhas , Genômica , Animais , Galinhas/genéticaRESUMO
In this paper, we design a technologically intelligent wheelchair with eye-movement control for patients with ALS in a natural environment. The system consists of an electric wheelchair, a vision system, a two-dimensional robotic arm, and a main control system. The smart wheelchair obtains the eye image of the controller through a monocular camera and uses deep learning and an attention mechanism to calculate the eye-movement direction. In addition, starting from the relationship between the trajectory of the joystick and the wheelchair speed, we establish a motion acceleration model of the smart wheelchair, which reduces the sudden acceleration of the smart wheelchair during rapid motion and improves the smoothness of the motion of the smart wheelchair. The lightweight eye-movement recognition model is transplanted into an embedded AI controller. The test results show that the accuracy of eye-movement direction recognition is 98.49%, the wheelchair movement speed is up to 1 m/s, and the movement trajectory is smooth, without sudden changes.
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Aprendizado Profundo , Cadeiras de Rodas , Humanos , Fixação Ocular , Movimento , Movimento (Física)RESUMO
A low-profile, wideband, and high-gain antenna array, based on a novel double-H-shaped slot microstrip patch radiating element and robust against high temperature variations, is proposed in this work. The antenna element was designed to operate in the frequency range between 12 GHz and 18.25 GHz, with a 41.3% fractional bandwidth (FBW) and an obtained peak gain equal to 10.2 dBi. The planar array, characterized by a feed network with a flexible 1 to 16 power divider, comprised 4 × 4 antenna elements and generated a pattern with a peak gain of 19.1 dBi at 15.5 GHz. An antenna array prototype was fabricated, and the measurements showed good agreement with the numerical simulations as the manufactured antenna operated in the range of 11.4-17 GHz, with a 39.4% FBW, and the peak gain at 15.5 GHz was 18.7 dBi. The high-temperature simulated and experimental results, performed in a temperature chamber, demonstrated that the array performance was stable in a wide temperature range, from -50 °C to 150 °C.
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Urban ecological environment is the basis of citizens' survival and development. A rapid and objective urban ecological environment assessment (UEEA) plays an important role in the urban sustainable development and environment protection. This study established an improved urban ecological comfort index (UECIIMP), which is based on our previous UECI and fully composed of four remote sensing indicators: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), land surface temperature (LST), and aerosol optical depth (AOD), representing the greenness, dryness, heat, and atmospheric turbidity, respectively. Combining the entropy method and random forest (RF) algorithm, the weights of four indicators were calculated. To improve the accuracy of UECIIMP, the gap-filled quarterly mean results of each indicator with 30m resolution were obtained using the harmonic analysis of time series (HANTS) method and spatial-temporal information fusion based on non-local means filter (STNLFFM). UECIIMP was applied to the Hefei-Nanjing-Hangzhou Region to explore its spatiotemporal changes and response characteristics. Results show that the weights of UECIIMP fluctuate slightly (within 10%) before and after sensitivity analysis, with good stability and reliability. UECIIMP in Hangzhou > Hefei ≈ Nanjing, spring ≈ autumn > summer â« winter. From 2009 to 2019, UECIIMP has improved in all 33 districts of the Hefei-Nanjing-Hangzhou Region. The significant improvement of UECIIMP in 2014-2019 is 4.3 times than that in 2009-2014. The correlation between UECIIMP and economic index indicates that economic development has a positive impact on the urban ecological environment. The significant degradation of UECIIMP in the urban expansion area demonstrates a negative impact on the local environment from urban expansion.
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Monitoramento Ambiental , Tecnologia de Sensoriamento Remoto , China , Cidades , Entropia , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
3,4,5,4'-Trans-tetramethoxystilbene (Synonyms: DMU-212) is a resveratrol analogue with stronger antiproliferative activity and more bioavailability. However, the metabolite characterization of this component remains insufficient. An efficient strategy was proposed for the comprehensive in vivo metabolite profiling of DMU-212 after oral administration in ApcMin/+ mice based on the effectiveness of the medicine. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap/linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/LTQ MS) in the AcquireXTM intelligent data acquisition mode, combining the exact mass and structural information, was established for the profiling and identification of the metabolites of DMU-212 in vivo, and the possible metabolic pathways were subsequently proposed after the oral dose of 240mg/kg for 3 weeks in the colorectal adenoma (CRA) spontaneous model ApcMin/+ mice. A total of 63 metabolites of DMU-212 were tentatively identified, including 48, 48, 34 and 28 metabolites in the ApcMin/+ mice's intestinal contents, liver, serum, and colorectal tissues, respectively. The metabolic pathways, including demethylation, oxidation, desaturation, methylation, acetylation, glucuronide and cysteine conjugation were involved in the metabolism. Additionally, further verification of the representative active metabolites was employed using molecular docking analysis. This study provides important information for the further investigation of the active constituents of DMU-212 and its action mechanisms for CRA prevention.
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Neoplasias Colorretais , Camundongos , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Espectrometria de Massas/métodosRESUMO
The joint landscape ecological risk as well as ecological corridors for ecological restoration area identification is of great significance to the past evolution and future development of landscapes. Ecological risks were assessed based on the landscape pattern and functional changes in Pengyang County in 2000, 2010, and 2020; ecological restoration areas were divided based on ecological risks and security pattern. Results showed that the ecological risk types in Pengyang County were mainly low risk from 2000 to 2010 and distributed in the central region, while the high-risk areas increased from 2010 to 2020 and were concentrated in the southern residential area. According to a comprehensive assessment of the landscape ecological risks, an ecological security pattern consisting of 17 ecological source points and 34 potential ecological corridors with an average length of 6.57 km was identified. Three ecological restoration areas were eventually identified: mining restoration areas, mountain restoration area, and urban restoration area. Our results would provide an important perspective for the sustainable development of regional natural landscape resources.
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , Monitoramento Ambiental , Medição de Risco , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , China , EcologiaRESUMO
Straw pellets are widely promoted and expected to be a cleaner alternative fuel to unprocessed crop residues and raw coal in rural China. However, the effectiveness of these dissemination programs is not well evaluated. In this field study, emission characteristics of burning straw pellets, raw coal, and unprocessed corn cobs in heating stoves were investigated in a pilot village in Northeast China. Emission measurements covering the whole combustion cycle (ignition, flaming, and smoldering phases) shows the promotion of improved heating stoves and straw pellets could reduce pollutant emissions (e.g., SO2 and CO), but increase NOX and PM2.5 emissions compared to the initial stove-fuel use pattern in the studied area. There is a significant variance in emission characteristics between different combustion phases. The normalized emission concentrations of the different stove-fuel combinations were higher than the limits in the Chinese national standard for heating stoves, indicating that the standard is not met for real-world emissions. Coal consumption was lower than official data. Household surveys were conducted to identify the barriers to fuel and stove access associated with existing promotion strategies, management, and policies. The pilot program was of the typical "subsidy-and-policy-dependence" pattern and was unlikely to be implemented on a large scale. Technological innovation, operational optimization, and proper policies considering the local socioeconomic factors are needed to sustain the promotion of biomass straw pellets and stoves.