Knee Frontal Plane Projection Angle: A Comparison Study Between Drop Vertical Jump and Step-Down Tests With Young Volleyball Athletes.

STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. CONTEXT: Altered frontal plane knee mechanics during dynamic tasks have been often associated with lower-extremity injuries. Strategies to decrease these risk factors and improve knee joint stability are often applied in rehabilitation and training environments. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare knee joint frontal plane projection angles (FPPA) via 2-dimensional video analysis during drop vertical jump (DVJ) and step-down test (SDT) tasks in the preferred and nonpreferred limbs of young male and female volleyball players. METHODS: A total of 60 young male (n = 29) and female (n = 31) volleyball players (13.6 [1.1] y, 62.2 [11.2] kg, and 170.8 [10] cm) participated in this study. Once the athletes were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria, limb preference was operationally defined as the preferred kicking leg or the foot used for stair climbing. In a randomized study design, participants were asked to perform a bilateral DVJ and unilateral step-down landing tasks for both preferred and nonpreferred limb. Kinematic analysis was performed via a 2-dimensional video recording of knee joint FPPA alignment. RESULTS: No difference was noted in FFPA during DVJ and SDT tasks between preferred and nonpreferred limbs in both male and female groups (P > .05). The FFPA was significantly higher for both limbs during DVJ versus SDT in both groups (P ≤ .05), but it was not different between male and female athletes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, clinicians may expect young male and female volleyball athletes to demonstrate similar and symmetrical lower-extremity 2-dimensional knee joint FPPA values across screening tests intended to identify lower-extremity injury risk factors. However, greater FPPA values should be expected during the more dynamic DVJ task.

Myoeletric Activity of the Quadriceps During Leg Press Exercise Performed With Differing Techniques.

Machado, W, Paz, G, Mendes, L, Maia, M, Winchester, JB, Lima, V, Willardson, JM, and Miranda, H. Myoeletric activity of the quadriceps during leg press exercise performed with differing techniques. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 422-429, 2017-The quadriceps muscle supplies the motive force for dynamic knee extension. During this action, the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) co-contract to stabilize the patella as it tracks within the patellofemoral groove. The purpose of this study was to analyze surface electromyographic (SEMG) responses for the VL, VMO, rectus femoris (RF), and biceps femoris (BF), as well as the VMO:VL ratio during an open-kinetic chain 45° angled leg press (LP45). The traditional LP45 technique was compared with 2 alternative LP45 exercise techniques that used a physioball and elastic band, respectively. Thirteen female college students performed 3 protocols in random order: TRAD-1 LP45 set performed using the traditional exercise technique, PBALL-1 LP45 set performed with a physioball held between the knee joints, and PEB-1 LP45 set performed with an elastic band proximal to the knee joints. Ten repetitions at 70% of a 10 repetition maximum load were performed in each protocol, and the SEMG data were recorded for the VMO, VL, RF, and BF muscles. Significant increases in VMO activity were noted during PBALL vs. PEB (p = 0.001) and TRAD (p = 0.002). Higher VMO activity was noted during TRAD vs. PEB (p = 0.001). Greater VL activity was noted during PBALL vs. TRAD (p = 0.0001) and PEB (p = 0.0001). The PBALL condition elicited a greater VMO:VL ratio during the concentric phase vs. the PEB (p = 0.001) and TRAD (p = 0.001) protocols. Greater RF activity was observed during PEB vs. TRAD (p = 0.001) and PBALL (p = 0.001). Therefore, practitioners should consider placing a physioball between the knees during the LP45 exercise as an alternative technique when greater overall quadriceps activity is desired for clinical rehabilitation or a muscle strengthening program.

Electromyography Activation of the Lower-Limb Muscles Adopting a Physioball and Elastic Band to Stabilize the Knee Joint During Multiple Sets With Submaximal Loads.

STUDY DESIGN: Crossover design. CONTEXT: Excessive valgus and varus force which affected the knee joint during dynamic tasks has been often associated to lower extremity injuries. Strategies to increase the resistance against these asymmetries (eg, the use of a physioball between the knees or elastic bands around the knees) are often applied in rehabilitation and conditioning programs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of performing leg press (LP) 45° using a physioball and elastic band over multiple sets with submaximal loads on electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and fatigue indices. METHODS: 18 trained females volunteered (age: 24.4 ± 2.1 y; height: 168.1 ± 4 cm; body mass: 65.1 ± 4.4 kg) participated in this study. The 10 repetition maximum (RM) loads were determined for the LP. Then, 3 experimental protocols were followed in a randomized crossover design over 3 nonconsecutive days: control protocol-the participants performed 4 LP sets; physioball between knees-4 LP sets were performed with the physioball between the knees; elastic band-4 LP sets were performed with the elastic band involving the knees. Ten repetitions were performed during each set with 70% of 10-RM loads; EMG spectral indices (CRMS and Cf5) was collected from the biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles. RESULTS: Higher levels of CRMS and Cf5 were noted for RF, VL, and VM muscles using the physioball and elastic band when compared with control protocol, respectively. CRMS index of BF muscle was significantly higher using physioball and elastic band protocol versus control condition, respectively. CONCLUSION: Therefore, both physioball and elastic band can be adopted during LP with the goal to reduce excessive varus and valgus forces, respectively, even performing consecutive sets with submaximal loads. Furthermore, this may be an interesting alternative to increasing quadriceps activation and improving the knee joint stabilization.

Maximal repetition performance, rating of perceived exertion, and muscle fatigue during paired set training performed with different rest intervals.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine rest interval length between agonist-antagonist paired set training (PS) on maximal repetition performance, rating of perceived exertion, and neuromuscular fatigue. METHODS: Fourteen trained men (age, 24.2 ± 1.1 years; height, 175 ± 5.5 cm; body mass, 76.6 ± 7.0 kg) performed two experimental protocols in random order with 2 minutes (P2) or 4 minutes (P4) between agonist-antagonist PS, which consisted of a bench press set followed immediately by a seated row set with 8-repetition maximum loads, respectively. A total of three PS were performed for each rest interval protocol. The total repetitions performed and the rating of perceived exertion were recorded for each exercise set within each rest interval protocol. Electromyography signals were recorded for the posterior deltoid, biceps brachii, pectoralis major, and triceps brachii muscles during the SR exercise. The electromyography signals were then used to calculate a fatigue index for each rest interval protocol. RESULTS: No significant differences were identified in the total repetitions completed between rest interval protocols for the bench press (P2 = 22.9 ± 1.3 and P4 = 22.6 ± 0.8) and seated row (P2 = 25.4 ± 1.7 and P4 = 25.1 ± 1.3). However, a significantly higher fatigue index was found for all muscles under the P2 versus the P4 protocol. CONCLUSION: When performing agonist-antagonist PS, prescribing a shorter rest interval between PS may induce higher levels of fatigue, albeit with similar total repetitions versus a longer rest interval.

Influence of different recovery intervals on time under tension, total training volume, and fatigue index in horizontal bench press exercise in young male wrestling athletes.

BACKGROUND: The recovery interval (RI) seems to be a variable closely related to the training volume since it can determine the performance after this rest time. This study investigated the influence of different recovery intervals on time under tension (TUT), total training volume (TTV), and Fatigue Index (FI) in the horizontal bench press exercise. METHODS: Eighteen male wrestling athletes underwent three visits: 1st) performed the 10-repetition maximum (10RM) test; 2nd and 3rd) performed 5 sets of up to 10 repetitions with 1 minute (RI1) and 3 minutes (RI3) of passive RI with randomized entry. TUT, number of repetitions, TTV and FI data were collected or calculated. RESULTS: TUT was lower in sets 5 (P<0.001) for RI1 when compared to RI3, with no significant difference for the other 4 sets. The number of repetitions for RI1 was lower when compared to RI3 in sets 3 (P=0.018), 4 (P=0.023), and 5 (P<0.001), with no significant difference in sets 1 and 2. The FI was significantly higher for RI1 (P<0.001); however, TTV was significantly higher for RI3 (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Different RI influenced the TUT and the number of repetitions along 5 sets in the horizontal bench press exercise. Moreover, these two variables showed different behavior when compared under the same condition (RI1 or RI3), especially after the third set. Using longer RI demonstrated a greater ability to maintain TTV and less negative effect of fatigue in young male wrestling athletes.

Effects of Pilates with and without elastic resistance on health variables in postmenopausal women with low back pain.

Aim: To compare the effects of Pilates with and without accessories on biochemical markers, pain intensity, functional disability and muscle strength in postmenopausal women with nonspecific chronic low back pain. Materials & methods: Twenty-two participants were randomized to a group of Pilates without (PG; n = 11) and with elastic resistance (PAG; n = 11) for 8 weeks, twice a week. We analyzed IGF-1, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), cortisol, creatine kinase, pain intensity, functional disability, abdominal and back strengths. Results: Both groups had lower pain intensity and functional disability and increased lumbar strength postinterventions. PAG exhibited an increase in IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio and reduction in creatine kinase compared with PG. Conclusion: Both interventions were effective in the treatment of low back pain. However, PAG presented better responses than PG. Clinical Trial Registration: Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: ReBEC (RBR-9jwcykc), www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-9jwcykc.

Pilates is a type of exercise that has been practiced, both in health promotion and rehabilitation, including low back pain (LBP) treatment. LBP prevails in women after menopause when compared with men. Thus, we submitted postmenopausal women with chronic LBP to two groups, one that practiced Pilates with elastic resistance and the other without these accessories. These elastic bands of progressive tension increase the effort of the exercise performed. We analyzed biochemical markers, pain intensity, functional disability and muscle strength. After 8 weeks, both groups had lower pain intensity and functional disability and increased lumbar strength. Furthermore, the group that used elastic resistance during the training showed increase in IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio and reduction in creatine kinase compared with the other group.

Effects of two training programs on health variables in adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial.

Aim: To analyze the effects of two training programs on health variables in adults with low back pain (LBP). Methods: Thirty-eight adults were randomly divided into three groups: resistance training (RG); resistance training with core training (RCG) and control (CG). Results: There were reductions in body mass index (BMI) in RG and RCG, waist circumference in RG and RCG, pain in RG, RCG and CG, CK in RCG, stress in RG and RCG, functional deficiency in RG and RCG and increases in trunk flexor and extensor strength in the RG and RCG. Conclusion: Resistance training, with or without core training exercises, reduced the levels of LBP, functional disability, stress and CK, and increased the strength of trunk flexors and extensors. Trial registration: Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: ReBEC (RBR-5khzxz).

Resistance and core exercises can be an alternative treatment for adults with low back pain (LBP) that does not require any medicines. This study was designed to test the effectiveness of different exercise regimens on the health of people with low back pain. We divided adults with LBP into three groups: resistance training, resistance training with core training and a control group. We assessed the health of the participants by measuring certain chemicals in their blood samples, pain intensity, functional disability, perceived stress level and muscle strength. After 4 weeks, there were reductions in body mass index, waist circumference, pain, creatine kinase (CK ­ a natural chemical found in the bloodstream that may be higher when muscles are stressed or damaged), stress, functional impairment and increases in the strength of muscles involved in flexing the trunk (torso) in both intervention groups. Therefore, resistance training, with or without basic training exercises, is an effective form of treatment to reduce LBP.

Effects of physical exercise on low back pain and cortisol levels: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Aim: To verify the effects of physical exercise on low back pain (LBP) and serum cortisol levels in individuals with chronic LBP. Materials & methods: Randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of exercise on LBP perception and cortisol levels in adults with nonspecific chronic LBP were included. Results: Four randomized controlled trials were included, with a total of 85 participants in the exercise group and 84 in the control group. The interventions reduced -1.61 (95% CI: -2.36 to -0.85) with inconsistency I2 = 72% (p = 0.031) the LBP level and increased 1.05 (95% CI: 0.22-2.32) with inconsistency I2 = 86% (p < 0.0001) the cortisol levels. Conclusion: The practice of physical exercise for 6 weeks or more reduced LBP levels, whereas the rate of progression of an exercise-training program in people with chronic LBP is greater than 4 weeks, but increased the cortisol serum levels in individuals with LBP.

Myoelectric activity of the gastrocnemius during plantar flexion in a standing versus seated position and with a neutral or dorsiflexed ankle: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of the medial (GM) and lateral (GL) heads of the gastrocnemius muscle during plantar flexion performed in standing or seated positions, and with a neutral or dorsiflexed ankle. INTRODUCTION: The tríceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) is an essential muscle group that promotes propulsion during walking, running and tasks of daily living. METHODS: Ten male volunteers (24.5 ± 3.6 years, weight: 75.8 ± 10 kg; height: 1.74 ± 0.07 m) performed ten repetitions of plantar flexion under four different conditions: a) standing position (SP); b) standing position with passive stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle (SPS); c) seated with the knee flexed (KF); d) seated with the knee flexed and a passive stretch of the gastrocnemius (KFS). RESULTS: The muscle activity expressed as the root mean square (RMS) was significantly higher for the GL in the SPS versus the SP condition, while there was no difference for the GM between conditions. However, for the KF condition, GM activity was significantly higher versus the KFS condition, which was not verified for the GL. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the standing position with passive stretching of the triceps surae may be more efficient in increasing the myoelectric activity of the GL. However, the sitting position without passive stretching promoted greater GM muscle recruitment. The length/tension relationship of gastrocnemius could be used as a prescription variable during rehabilitation or conditioning programs.

Correlation between pain, anthropometric measurements, stress and biochemical markers in women with low back pain.

Aim: To analyze the associations between pain duration, pain levels, anthropometric measures, perceived stress and biochemical markers in women with low back pain. Materials & methods: Forty-two participants were submitted to body mass, height, abdominal circumference, cortisol and creatine kinase (CK) collections. Pain duration, pain levels and stress were analyzed through specific questionnaires. Results: There were positive correlations between abdominal circumference and body mass, duration of pain and age, abdominal circumference, CK and age, CK and BMI, CK and abdominal circumference, and CK and duration of pain (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The higher the level of tissue damage over the years, the greater the tendency for higher levels of low back pain perception. Central fat was related to greater load on the spine.

Lay abstract Low back pain (LBP) is one of the factors that hinders the routine and productivity of women. LBP can cause functional disability and negatively interfere with work activities. The increase in pain can be caused by mechanical postural factors (such as behavioral habits), traumatic (such as accidents), and psychosocial factors (such as physical inactivity). Chronic LBP can influence behavioral aspects due to adaptations of pain feedback, such as postures to avoid pain and sedentary lifestyle. In this study, we observed that duration of LBP was related to higher levels of creatine kinase, which is an enzyme of our body that can be related to tissue damage. Moreover, the abdominal circumference, due to the accumulation of fat in this region, presented correlation with higher levels of tissue damage by creatine kinase and longer exposure time with LBP.

Myoeletric indices of fatigue adopting different rest intervals during leg press sets.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effect of different rest intervals between multiple sets of the 45° angled leg press exercise (LP45) on surface electromyographic (SEMG) spectral and amplitude indices of fatigue. METHODS: Fifteen recreationally trained females performed three protocols in a randomized crossover design; each consisting of four sets of 10 repetitions with 1 (P1), 3 (P3), or 5 (P5) minute rest intervals between sets. Each set was performed with 70% of the LP45 ten-repetition maximum load. The SEMG data for biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles was then evaluated. RESULTS: The SEMG amplitude change in the time coefficient (CRMS) and spectral fatigue index (Cf5) indicated higher levels of fatigue for all muscles evaluated during the P3 protocol versus the P1 and P5 protocols (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. The RF and VL muscles showed greater fatigue levels by the second and third sets; whereas, greater fatigue was shown in the VM and BF muscles by the fourth set (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A three-minute rest interval between sets might represent a neuromuscular window between a fatigue stated and fully recovered state in the context of neural activation. Moreover, a three minute rest interval between sets might allow for consistent recruitment of high threshold motor units over multiple sets, and thus promote a more effective stimulus for strength gains.

Pain perception and low back pain functional disability after a 10-week core and mobility training program: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 10-week core and mobility training program on pain perception and low back disability score in professors, students and employees of a university. METHODS: Twenty-four individuals of a university who previously reported pain and low back disability were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG; n= 8) that received 2 weekly sessions of 50 minutes of core and mobility training for 10 weeks; or to a control group (CG; n= 16). Both groups received a guideline to adopt ergonomic postures during work and activities of daily living. The visual analog pain scale (VAS) and the Roland-Morris questionnaire (RMQ) were applied pre- and post intervention. RESULTS: Significant reductions in the pain intensity perception (p= 0.014) and low back functional disability (p= 0.011) were noted in the EG pre- and post measures. However, no significant difference was observed in the CG. Thus, there was a significant difference between the EG and the CG in the post-intervention measures (p= 0.001). CONCLUSION: Core and mobility training and home-ergonomic instructions were effective to reduce the pain intensity perception and low back functional disability in the EG.

Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes amputados acompanhados em um grande centro referência em reabilitação de Pernambuco / Epidemiological profile of amputee patients monitored at a large reference rehabilitation center in Pernambuco

A amputação de um membro se reveste de maior dramaticidade e limitações sensório-motoras em pacientes jovens, assim como, na população adulta ou idosa com comorbidades. Objetivo: Traçar o perfil demográfico e epidemiológico dos pacientes atendidos em um grande centro de referência em reabilitação em Pernambuco. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal com revisão de prontuários ativos. Os resultados foram tratados pelo Microsoft Excel® e o programa utilizado para os cálculos estatísticos foi o IBM® SPSS® na versão 23. Resultados: Observou-se idade média de 48,36 anos, gênero masculino (76,6%), casados (47,7%), ensino fundamental (64,8%) e oriundos de todas as regiões do estado. Quanto à amputação, sem predileção por lado, mais frequente nos membros inferiores transfemoral (55,1%), cotos de comprimento variável e causas vasculares e traumáticas mais frequentes. No exame físico, cotos em condições de reabilitação, utilização de aditamento comunitário ou domiciliar na primeira consulta e sem uso prévio de prótese. Em 83,6% dos casos, os pacientes usavam sua prótese mais de 7h/dia e 58,6% possuíam marcha independente na comunidade, com durabilidade da prótese em até 36 meses (75,8%). Conclusão: A amputação ocorre em idade jovem, sendo os homens mais acometidos, as doenças vasculares e acidentes envolvendo veículos motorizados são as principais causas, as cirurgias ocorrem mais nas diáfises ósseas. O tempo de terapias foi efetivo. Fazem-se necessárias políticas públicas que agilizem o acesso do paciente a centros especializados e desses aos centros de reabilitação e para melhoria dos materiais e componentes que compõem as próteses oferecidas pelo SUS

The amputation of a limb is more dramatic and sensorimotor limitations in young patients, as well as in the adult or elderly population with comorbidities. Objective: This study outlined the demographic and epidemiological profile of patients treated at a large referral rehabilitation center in Pernambuco. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a review of active medical records. The results were processed by Microsoft Excel® and the program used for the statistical calculations was the IBM® SPSS® version 23. Results: It was observed a mean age of 48.36 years, male gender (76.6%), married (47.7%), elementary education (64.8%) and from all regions of the state. As for amputation, with no predilection for the side, more frequent in the lower limbs transfemoral (55.1%), variable length stumps and more frequent vascular and traumatic causes. On physical examination, stumps in rehabilitation conditions, use of community or home addition in the first consultation and no previous use of prosthesis. In 83.6% of the cases, the patients used their prosthesis more than 7h/day and 58.6% had independent walking in the community, with prosthesis durability of up to 36 months (75.8%). Conclusion: Amputation occurs at a young age, with men being more affected, vascular diseases and accidents involving motor vehicles are the main causes, surgeries occur more in bone diaphyses. The therapy time was effective. Public policies are needed to speed up patient access to specialized centers and from them to rehabilitation centers and to improve the materials and components that make up the prostheses offered by the SUS.

Physical performance and positional differences among young female volleyball players.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association among anthropometric, physical performance parameters, and dynamic postural control attributes of young female volleyball athletes, and to determine if differences exist in these attributes according to playing position. METHODS: Forty-three young female volleyball players participated in this study. Players were divided by position into hitters (N.=17), middle blockers (N.=8), setters (N.=10), and liberos (N.=8). Stature, body mass, vertical jump (VJ), peak power, horizontal jump (HJ), sit-and-reach (SRT), star excursion balance (SEBT), and agility (e.g. shuttle run and Illinois agility test) tests were assessed on non-consecutive days in randomized order. RESULTS: No difference was found between groups for SRT, peak power, VJ, and HJ (P≤0.05). Middle blockers and hitters were taller than setters (P≤0.05). Middle blockers were also taller than liberos (P=0.017). Significant differences were observed among groups for agility tests, with hitters significantly faster than setters (P=0.023) and middle blockers (P=0.037). In addition, liberos were significantly faster than setters (P=0.032) and middle blockers (P=0.046), during the Illinois agility test. No difference was observed between groups for reach distance scores in the SEBT. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate important positional differences in agility measures of young female volleyball players. Coaches can use this information to determine the type of physical profile that is needed for specific positions and to design training programs to maximize strength, power, and neuromuscular development of young female volleyball athletes.

Nível de estresse e humor em estudantes de Educação Físicano último ano de graduação / Nivel de estrés y de humor en estudiantes en estudiantes de Educación Física en el último año de graduación / Stress and mood level in Physical Education studentsin thelast year of graduation

RESUMO: Introdução: As dificuldades e a pressão do último ano da graduação podem afetar negativamente a saúde mental de estudantes universitários. Objetivo: Verificar o nível de estresse e humor em estudantes de Educação Física no último ano de graduação. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 38 estudantes (idade: 25,51 ± 4,24 anos), concluintes do curso de Educação Física. Para análise do nível de estresse e humor foram utilizados os questionários da Escala de Percepção de Estresse PSS14 e a Escala de humor de Brunel, respectivamente. Resultados: O teste inferencial não paramétrico de Friedman verificou que há diferença significativa (p<0,001) entre os níveis de estresse: Nunca (4,94%), Quase nunca (15,02), Às vezes (23,87), Pouco frequente (23,46) e Muito frequente (32,72) e entre as respostas ao questionário de humor (p=0,026) com: Nada (38,27), Pouco (17,65), Moderadamente (16,23), Bastante (14,36) e extremamente (13,49). Conclusão: Diante dos resultados da investigação, concluímos que os participantes do estudo se apresentaram em condições de estresse, entretanto não expuseram perda de humor.

RESUMEN: Introducción: Las dificultades y la presión del último año de graduación pueden afectar negativamente la salud mental de los estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: Verificar el nivel de estrés y estado de humor en los estudiantes de Educación Física en su último año de graduación. Métodos: La muestra consistió en 38 estudiantes (25,51 ± 4,24 años), graduados del curso de Educación Física. Para el análisis del nivel de estrés y estado de ánimo, se utilizaron los cuestionarios de la Escala de percepción del estrés PSS14 y la escala del estado de ánimo de Brunel, respectivamente. Resultados: La prueba inferencial no paramétrica de Friedman encontró que existe una diferencia significativa (p<0,001) entre los niveles de estrés Nunca (4,94%), Casi nunca (15,02), A veces (23,87), Poco común (23,46) y Muy frecuente (32,72) y entre las respuestas al cuestionario de estado de ánimo (p = 0,026) con Ninguno (38,27), Poco (17,65), Moderado (16,23), Bastante (14, 36) y extremadamente (13,49). Conclusión: en vista de los resultados de la investigación, concluimos que los participantes del estudio estaban en condiciones de estrés, sin embargo, no mostraron pérdida de humor.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The difficulties and pressure of the last year of graduation can negatively affect the mental health of university students. Objective: To verify the level of stress and mood in Physical Education students in the last year of graduation. Methods: The sample consisted of 38 students (age: 25,51 ± 4,24 years), graduating from the Physical Education course. Stress Perception Scale questionnaires PSS14 and Brunel's mood scale, respectively, were used to analyze the level of stress and mood. Results: Friedman's non-parametric inferential test found that there is a significant difference (p<0,001) between stress levels: Never (4,94%), Almost Never (15,02), Sometimes (23,87), Uncommon (23,46) and Very frequent (32,72) and among the responses to the mood questionnaire (p=0,026) with: Nothing (38,27), Little (17,65), Moderately (16,23), Quite (14,36) and Extremely (13,49). Conclusion: In view of the results of the investigation, we concluded that the study participants were in conditions of stress, however they did not exhibit loss of mood.

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF KNEE VALGUS DURING DROP VERTICAL JUMP AND FORWARD STEP-UP IN YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: Lower limb asymmetry between dominant and nondominant limbs is often associated with injuries. However, there is a lack of evidence about frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) of the knee joint (knee valgus) during drop vertical jump (DVJ) and forward step-up tasks (FSUP) in young basketball players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the FPPA (i.e., dynamic knee valgus) via 2D video analysis during DVJ and FSUP tasks in the dominant and nondominant limbs of young male basketball players. METHODS: Twenty seven young male basketball players (age 14.5 ± 1.3 y, height 161.1 ± 4.1 cm, weight 64.2 ± 10.2 kg) participated in this study. The participants were asked to perform a bilateral DVJ and unilateral FSUP tasks. Kinematic analysis of FPPA was completed via a two-dimensional (2D) examination in order to evaluate the knee valgus alignment during the beginning of the concentric phase of each task. Knee valgus alignment was computed considering the angle between the line formed between the markers at the anterior superior iliac spine and middle of the tibiofemoral joint and the line formed from the markers on the middle of the tibiofemoral joint to the middle of the ankle mortise. Paired t-tests were used to evaluate differences in tasks. Standard error of measurement (SEM) was calculated to establish random error scores. RESULTS: There was no difference in knee valgus angle during the DVJ task between dominant (20.2 ± 4.4 º) and nondominant legs (20 ± 4.1 º; p = 0.067). However, a significant difference was noted during FSUP between the non-dominant limb (18.7 ± 3.4 º) when compared to the dominant (21.7 ± 3.5 º; p = 0.001) limb. CONCLUSION: Two dimensional kinematic analysis of knee FPPA may help coaches and other professionals to detect asymmetries between dominant and nondominant limbs, and to develop training programs with the goal of reducing overall lower extremity injury risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b.

Análise do exercício agachamento com e sem o uso de physioball e banda elástica em diferentes intensidades / Analysis of the squat exercise with and without physioball and elastic band in different intensities

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a atividade mioelétrica (EMG), o tempo sob tensão (TST) e a projeção dos joelhos no exercício agachamento sem o uso de implementos (SI) e com o uso de physioball (PH) e banda elástica (BE) em diferentes intensidades de esforço. Dez homens realizaram o exercício nos três protocolos com a intensidade de 50 e 100% de 10 RM. A distância entre joelhos no protocolo controle (51,25cm) foi menor quando comparada com o SI 50% (84,38cm; p < 0,001), com o SI 100% (88,80cm; p < 0,001) e com BE 100% (67,41cm; p = 0,014). A distância entre os joelhos também foi menor para os protocolos PH 100% (53,10cm; p < 0,001) e BE 100% (67,41cm; p < 0,001) comparada ao SI 100% (88,80cm). O Vasto Medial Oblíquo (VMO) apresentou maior ativação nos protocolos SI 50% (p = 0,035) e PH 50% (p = 0,028) quando comparados ao protocolo BE 50%. A realização do agachamento com cargas submáximas parece aumentar e diminuir a ativação do VMO quando realizado com PH e BE, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to analyze the myoelectric activity (EMG), the time under tension (TST) and the knee projection in the squat exercise without the use of implements (SI) and with the use of physioball (PH) and elastic band (EB) at different intensities of effort. Ten men performed the exercise in the three protocols with the intensity of 50 and 100% of 10 RM. The distance between knees in the control protocol (51.25 cm) was lower when compared to SI 50% (84.38 cm, p <0.001), with SI 100% (88.80 cm, p <0.001) and with EB 100% (67.41cm, p = 0.014). The distance between the knees was also lower for the protocols PH 100% (53.10cm, p <0.001) and EB 100% (67.41, p <0.001) compared to the SI 100% (88.80 cm) protocols. The Vasto Medial Oblique (VMO) presented greater activation in the SI 50% protocols (p = 0.035) and PH 50% (p = 0.028) when compared to the EB 50% protocol. The accomplishment of squatting with submaximal loads seems to increase and decrease the activation of VMO when performed with physioball and BE, respectively.

Kinesiophobia and functionality perception in postmenopausal women with chronic low back pain / Cinesiofobia e percepção de funcionalidade em mulheres na pós-menopausa portadoras de lombalgia crônica

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Low back pain is the main cause of global disability and is prevalent in women, tending to increase after menopause. The present study aimed to analyze the correlation between body mass index, muscle strength, kinesiophobia, estradiol, functional disability, and low back pain perception in postmenopausal women with chronic low back pain. METHODS: Twenty-two postmenopausal women with chronic low back pain were evaluated. Abdominal and lower back strength were assessed using isometric tests. Basal serum estradiol levels were analyzed using the chemiluminescence method. Kinesiophobia, low back pain perception, and low back functional disability were determined using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, the visual analog scale, and the Roland Morris Questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS: The Spearman correlation test showed correlations between the levels of kinesiophobia and the value of body mass (rho= -0.513; p=0.015) and the levels of kinesiophobia and the values of body mass index (rho= -0.576; p=0.005). There was correlation between the levels of kinesiophobia and perception of lumbar functional disability (rho= 0.434; p=0.043). No significant correlations were found between the variables of muscle strength, estradiol, and low back pain perception. CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal women with low back pain who have higher body mass and body mass index values tend to present lower levels of kinesiophobia. There is a direct relationship between the fear of moving or maintaining a specific position and the perception of the functionality and safety of the lumbar spine.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor lombar é a principal causa de incapacidade global e possui prevalência em mulheres, tendendo a aumentar após a menopausa. O presente estudo objetivou analisar as associações entre índice de massa corporal, força muscular, cinesiofobia, estradiol, incapacidade funcional e percepção de dor lombar em mulheres na pós-menopausa com dor lombar crônica. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 22 mulheres na pós-menopausa diagnosticadas com dor lombar crônica. A força abdominal e dos extensores da coluna foi avaliada por meio de testes isométricos. Os níveis séricos basais de estradiol foram analisados pelo método de quimiluminescência. A cinesiofobia, a percepção de dor e a incapacidade funcional lombar foram determinadas pela Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, escala analógica visual e Roland Morris Questionnaire, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: O teste de correlação de Spearman mostrou associações entre os níveis de cinesiofobia e os valores de massa corporal total (rho=-0,513; p=0,015) e os níveis de cinesiofobia e os valores de índice de massa corporal (rho=-0,576; p=0,005). Foi encontrada correlação entre os níveis de cinesiofobia e de percepção de incapacidade funcional lombar (rho=0,434; p=0,043). Não houve correlações significativas entre as variáveis força muscular, estradiol e percepção de dor. CONCLUSÃO: Mulheres na pós-menopausa com dor lombar crônica que apresentam maiores valores de massa corporal total e índice de massa corporal tendem a apresentar menores níveis de cinesiofobia. Existe relação direta entre o medo de se movimentar ou permanecer em uma posição específica e a percepção de funcionalidade e segurança da coluna lombar.

Correlação Entre Índice de Massa Corporal, Potência Muscular e Consumo de Oxigênio de Estudantes de Educação Física / Correlation among Body Mass Index, Muscle Power, and Oxygen Consumption of Physical Education Students

A prática de exercícios é aceita como uma importante ferramenta no que tange seu impacto em relação à melhora do rendimento físicoesportivo, bem como na saúde da população. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar possíveis correlações entre o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx), potência muscular (ImpHoriz) e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) em estudantes de Educação Física. Dezesseis estudantes de Educação Física de uma faculdade particular localizada na zona oeste do Rio de Janeiro, de ambos os sexos, foram recrutados para o presente estudo. Os participantes realizaram três testes, durante três dias não consecutivos, com intervalo de 48 horas entre eles. Durante o primeiro dia de teste, medição da massa corporal total e altura foram realizadas para posterior cálculo do índice de massa corporal, o segundo dia de teste consistiu na avaliação da capacidade cardiorrespiratória e terceiro dia de teste consistiu na avaliação de força de membros inferiores. Como resultado, não foram encontradas boa correlação entre IMC e VO2máx (r = -0,168) e ImpHoriz (r = 0,242). Em contrapartida, foi observada boa correlação entre ImpHoriz e VO2máx (r = 0,801). Conclui-se que o IMC está diretamente relacionado com a potência muscular. Entretanto, em indivíduos fisicamente ativos esse fator parece não influenciar.(AU).

Physical exercise is accepted as an important tool related to the improvement in physical-sports performance, as well as the general population's health. The purpose of the present study was to verify possible correlations among maximal oxygen consumption (VO2máx), muscle power (ImpHoriz), and body mass index (BMI) in Physical Education students. Sixteen Physical Education students from a private university located in the Western zone of Rio de Janeiro, of both sexes, were recruited for the present study. Participants performed three tests, during three non-consecutive days, with 48 hours rest interval among them. During the first testing day, total body mass and height measurement were performed for mass index calculation. The second and third testing day consisted of the cardiorespiratory capacity and lower limb muscle power evaluation, respectively. As result, weak correlation was found between BMI and VO2máx (r = -0.168) and ImpHoriz (r = 0.242). However, strength correlation was observed between VO2máx and ImpHoriz (r = 0.801). It is concluded that BMI is directly related to muscle power. However, in physically active subjects this factor does not influence.(AU).

Repetições máximas e tempo sob tensão entre as ordens multiarticular para monoarticular e monoarticular para multiarticular em exercícios resistidos / Repeticiones máximas y tiempo de tensión entre los ordenes multiarticular para monoarticular y monoarticular para multiarticular en ejercicios resistidos / Maximum repetitions and time under tension between multiarticular orders to monoarticular and monoarticular to multiarticular in resisted exercises

Objetivo: analizar las repeticiones máximas (RM) y el tiempo de tensión (TST) entre los órdenes multiarticular para monoarticular y monoarticular para multiarticular en ejercicios resistidos. Métodos: 15 hombres entrenados (23,53±2,07 años; 74,8±5,1 kg; 173,8±4,6 cm) realizaron la prueba de 10RM en los ejercicios supino horizontal (SH) y rosca tríceps en el pulley (RT). Después de 48 horas realizaron repeticiones máximas para los mismos ejercicios en diferentes órdenes multiarticular-monoarticular y monoarticular-multiarticular. En los dos protocolos propuestos, el número máximo de repeticiones y el tiempo de tensión (TST) se contabilizaron sólo en el último ejercicio realizado. Resultado: La prueba T de Student pareado apuntó reducciones significativas en el número de RM en los dos protocolos analizados cuando comparados a la prueba de 10RM (p <0,005 y p <0,001). Los resultados mostraron no haber diferencias significativas en el TST en ninguna de las condiciones evaluadas. Conclusión: el orden de los ejercicios influenció el número de repeticiones realizadas, aunque no afectó el TST.

Objetivo: analisar as repetições máximas (RM) e o tempo sob tensão (TST) entre as ordens multiarticular para monoarticular e monoarticular para multiarticular em exercícios resistidos. Métodos: quinze homens treinados (23,53±2,07anos; 74,8±5,1kg; 173,8±4,6cm) realizaram teste 10RM nos exercícios supino horizontal (SH) e rosca tríceps no pulley (RT). Após quarenta e oito horas realizaram repetições máximas para os mesmos exercícios nas diferentes ordens multiarticular-monoarticular e monoarticular-multiarticular. Nos dois protocolos propostos, o númeexercício realizado. Resultado: O Teste T de Student pareado apontou reduções significativas no número de RM nos dois protocolos analisados quando comparados ao teste de 10RM (p<0,005 e p<0,001). Os resultados mostraram ainda não haver diferenças significativas para o TST em nenhuma das condições avaliadas. Conclusão: A ordem dos exercícios influenciou o número de repetições realizadas, embora não tenha afetado o tempo sob tensão.

Objective: was to analyze maximal repetitions (MR) and time under tension (TUT) between multi-joint to single-joint order and single-joint to multi-joint order in resistance exercises. Methods: Fifteen trained men (23.53 ± 2.07 years, 74.8 ± 5.1 kg, 173.8 ± 4.6cm) performed a 10RM test in the Bench Press (BP) and Arm Extension (AE). After 48h performed maximal repetitions for the same exercises in different orders, single-joint and multi-joint. In both protocols were measured the maximal repetitions (MR) and time under tension (TUT) only for the last exercise realized. Results: The paired Student's T test showed significant reductions for MR in both analyzed protocols when compared to the 10RM test (p <0.005 and p <0.001). The results showed that there were no significant differences for TUT in any of the conditions evaluated. Conclusion: The order of the exercises influenced the number of repetitions performed, although it did not affect the time under tension.