Outdoor Light at Night, Air Pollution, and Risk of Cerebrovascular Disease: A Cohort Study in China.

BACKGROUND: We sought to explore the associations of outdoor light at night (LAN) and air pollution with the risk of cerebrovascular disease (CeVD). METHODS: We included a total of 28 302 participants enrolled in Ningbo, China from 2015 to 2018. Outdoor LAN and air pollution were assessed by Satellite-derived images and land-use regression models. CeVD cases were confirmed by medical records and death certificates and further subdivided into ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs. RESULTS: A total of 1278 CeVD cases (including 777 ischemic and 133 hemorrhagic stroke cases) were identified during 127 877 person-years of follow-up. In the single-exposure models, the hazard ratios for CeVD were 1.17 (95% CI, 1.06-1.29) for outdoor LAN, 1.25 (1.12-1.39) for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm, 1.14 (1.06-1.22) for particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm, and 1.21 (1.06-1.38) for NO2 in every interquartile range increase. The results were similar for ischemic stroke, whereas no association was observed for hemorrhagic stroke. In the multiple-exposure models, the associations of outdoor LAN and PM with CeVD persisted but not for ischemic stroke. Furthermore, no interaction was observed between outdoor LAN and air pollution. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of exposure to outdoor LAN and air pollution were positively associated with the risk of CeVD. Furthermore, the detrimental effects of outdoor LAN and air pollution might be mutually independent.

Association between drinking water quality and mental health and the modifying role of diet: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Environmental factors play an important role in developing mental disorders. This study aimed to investigate the associations of metal and nonmetal elements in drinking water with the risk of depression and anxiety and to assess whether diets modulate these associations. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study including 24,285 participants free from depression and anxiety from the Yinzhou Cohort study in the 2016-2021 period. The exposures were measured by multiplying metal and nonmetal element concentrations in local pipeline terminal tap water samples and total daily drinking water intakes. Cox regression models adjusted for multi-level covariates were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). RESULTS: During an average follow-up period of 4.72 and 4.68 years, 773 and 1334 cases of depression and anxiety were identified, respectively. A 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in manganese exposure reduced the incidence of depression by 8% (HR 0.92, 95%CI 0.88 to 0.97). In contrast, with a 1 SD increase in copper and cadmium exposure, the incidence of depression increased by 6% (HR 1.06, 95%CI 1.01 to 1.11) and 8% (HR 1.08, 95%CI 1.00 to 1.17), respectively. The incidence of anxiety increased by 39% (HR 1.39, 95%CI 1.20 to 1.62), 33% (HR 1.33, 95%CI 1.03 to 1.71), and 14% (HR 1.14, 95%CI 1.03 to 1.25) respectively for a 1 SD increase in manganese, iron, and selenium exposure. Diets have a moderating effect on the associations of metal and nonmetal elements with the risk of anxiety. Stronger associations were observed in older, low-income groups and low-education groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant associations between exposure to metal and nonmetal elements and depression and anxiety. Diets regulated the associations to some extent.

[Comparison of initiation of antihypertensive therapy strategies for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Chinese population: A decision-analytic Markov modelling study].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the health benefits and intervention efficiency of different strategies of initiating antihypertensive therapy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in a community-based Chinese population from the Chinese electronic health records research in Yinzhou (CHERRY) study. METHODS: A decision-analytic Markov model was used to simulate and compare different antihypertensive initiation strategies, including: Strategy 1, initiation of antihypertensive therapy for Chinese adults with systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg (2020 Chinese guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases); Strategy 2, initiation of antihypertensive therapy for Chinese adults with SBP ≥130 mmHg; Strategy 3, initiation of antihypertensive therapy for Chinese adults with SBP≥140 mmHg, or with SBP between 130 and 140 mmHg and at high risk of cardiovascular diseases (2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults); Strategy 4, initiation of antihypertensive therapy for Chinese adults with SBP≥160 mmHg, or with SBP between 140 and 160 mmHg and at high risk of cardiovascular diseases (2019 United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline for the hypertension in adults: Diagnosis and management). The high 10-year cardiovascular risk was defined as the predicted risk over 10% based on the 2019 World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts. Different strategies were simulated by the Markov model for ten years (cycles), with parameters mainly from the CHERRY study or published literature. After ten cycles of simulation, the numbers of quality-adjusted life years (QALY), cardiovascular events and all-cause deaths were calculated to evaluate the health benefits of each strategy, and the numbers needed to treat (NNT) for each cardiovascular event or all-cause death could be prevented were calculated to assess the intervention efficiency. One-way sensitivity analysis on the uncertainty of incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and probabilistic sensitivity analysis on the uncertainty of hazard ratios of interventions were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 213 987 Chinese adults aged 35-79 years without cardiovascular diseases were included. Compared with strategy 1, the number of cardiovascular events that could be prevented in strategy 2 increased by 666 (95% UI: 334-975), while the NNT per cardiovascular event prevented increased by 10 (95% UI: 7-20). In contrast to strategy 1, the number of cardiovascular events that could be prevented in strategy 3 increased by 388 (95% UI: 194-569), and the NNT per cardiovascular event prevented decreased by 6 (95% UI: 4-12), suggesting that strategy 3 had better health benefits and intervention efficiency. Compared to strategy 1, although the number of cardiovascular events that could be prevented decreased by 193 (95% UI: 98-281) in strategy 4, the NNT per cardiovascular event prevented decreased by 18 (95% UI: 13-37) with better efficiency. The results were consistent in the sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: When initiating antihypertensive therapy in an economically developed area of China, the strategy combined with cardiovascular risk assessment is more efficient than those purely based on the SBP threshold. The cardiovascular risk assessment strategy with different SBP thresholds is suggested to balance health benefits and intervention efficiency in diverse populations.

Age at diagnosis modifies associations of type 2 diabetes with cancer incidence and mortality: a retrospective matched-cohort study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The age-specific associations between type 2 diabetes and cancer risk are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to assess how age at diagnosis modifies the associations between type 2 diabetes and cancer risk. METHODS: We used data from the Yinzhou Health Information System, and included 42,279 individuals who were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2010 and 2014, as well as 166,010 age- and sex-matched control individuals without diabetes who were selected randomly from the electronic health records of the entire population. Patients were divided into four age groups according to age at diagnosis: <50, 50-59, 60-69 and ≥70 years. Stratified Cox proportional hazards regression models, with age as the time scale, were used to estimate the HRs and 95% CIs for the associations of type 2 diabetes with the risks of overall and site-specific cancers. Population-attributable fractions were also calculated for outcomes associated with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: During median follow-up periods of 9.20 and 9.32 years, we identified 15,729 incident cancer cases and 5383 cancer deaths, respectively. Patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes before 50 years of age had the highest relative risks of cancer incidence and mortality, with HRs (95% CI) of 1.35 (1.20, 1.52) for overall cancer incidence, 1.39 (1.11, 1.73) for gastrointestinal cancer incidence, 2.02 (1.50, 2.71) for overall cancer mortality, and 2.82 (1.91, 4.18) for gastrointestinal cancer mortality. Risk estimates decreased gradually with each decade increase in diagnostic age. The population-attributable fractions for overall cancer and gastrointestinal cancer mortality also decreased with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The associations of type 2 diabetes with cancer incidence and mortality varied by age at diagnosis, with a higher relative risk among patients who were diagnosed at a younger age.

Disparities in Secondary Prevention between Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease in China: Cross-Sectional Community-Based Study, 2014-2016.

BACKGROUND: Health care quality and insurance coverage have improved with economic development in China, but the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continues to increase with ongoing gaps in prevention. We aimed to compare the uptake of secondary CVD prevention between stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) patients in China. METHODS: In a cross-sectional community-based survey of 47,841 adults (age ≥45 years) in 7 regions of China between 2014 and 2016, we identified those with a history of stroke or CHD to quantify disparities in conventional secondary CVD prevention strategies in multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: There were 4,105 and 1,022 participants with a history of stroke and CHD, respectively. Compared to participants with CHD, those with a history of stroke were significantly less likely to be taking blood-pressure-lowering (39.7% vs. 53%), lipid-lowering (13.7% vs. 36.8%), and antiplatelet (20.8% vs. 50.6%) agents, at least one (48.9% vs. 70.8%) or all 3 recommended medicines (6.1% vs. 24.0%), and were less likely to achieve a lipid-cholesterol target (30.3% vs. 44.0%). Participants with a history of stroke achieved less optimal secondary prevention goals for medication use, either from any (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44-0.66) or all 3 medications (aOR 0.27, 95% CI 0.20-0.36), as well as better blood pressure (aOR 0.81, 95% CI 0.66-0.98) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (aOR 0.34, 95% CI 0.27-0.43) levels of control. There were no significant differences in weight, smoking, or physical activity between the groups. CONCLUSION: Stroke patients had lower use of secondary CVD-preventive medication and achieved lower levels of risk factor control than those of CHD patients in China. Nationwide disease-specific strategies, and better education of participants and health care providers, may narrow these gaps.

Infectious diseases prevention and control using an integrated health big data system in China.

BACKGROUND: The Yinzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) in China implemented an integrated health big data platform (IHBDP) that pooled health data from healthcare providers to combat the spread of infectious diseases, such as dengue fever and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), and to identify gaps in vaccination uptake among migrant children. METHODS: IHBDP is composed of medical data from clinics, electronic health records, residents' annual medical checkup and immunization records, as well as administrative data, such as student registries. We programmed IHBDP to automatically scan for and detect dengue and TB carriers, as well as identify migrant children with incomplete immunization according to a comprehensive set of screening criteria developed by public health and medical experts. We compared the effectiveness of the big data screening with existing traditional screening methods. RESULTS: IHBDP successfully identified six cases of dengue out of a pool of 3972 suspected cases, whereas the traditional method only identified four cases (which were also detected by IHBDP). For TB, IHBDP identified 288 suspected cases from a total of 43,521 university students, in which three cases were eventually confirmed to be TB carriers through subsequent follow up CT or T-SPOT.TB tests. As for immunization screenings, IHBDP identified 240 migrant children with incomplete immunization, but the traditional door-to-door screening method only identified 20 ones. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has demonstrated the effectiveness of using IHBDP to detect both acute and chronic infectious disease patients and identify children with incomplete immunization as compared to traditional screening methods.

Impact of HPV vaccination on HPV infection and cervical related disease burden in real-world settings (HPV-RWS): protocol of a prospective cohort.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and could be prevented by human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination. Cervarix, the first available HPV vaccine, has been widely administrated to Chinese women, while little was known about its effect on the prevention and control for HPV related diseases in China. The study aims to assess the impact of Cervarix on HPV infection and cervical related diseases in real world. METHODS: This is a prospective, multi-age birth cohort study to investigate the incidence and continuous status of HPV infection, and relevant cervical diseases by exposure status (with Cervarix vaccination history or without any HPV vaccination history). It is planned to recruit 12,118 eligible women at age of 9 to 45 years from vaccination clinics or hospital outpatient clinics, and then follow up them for three years. The standard questionnaire will be used to collect information such as demographic characteristics, menstruation and obstetrical histories, history of sexual behavior, personal behavior history, history of disease and pathogen infection, medication history, and family history at baseline. After three years, the changes of these behaviors will be investigated again, and other related health status information will be retrieved from the electronic health records during the follow-up period. If available physically and legally, the cervical cancer screening will be performed, including type-specific HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and contingent thinprep cytologic test (TCT) and colposcopy. The free cervical cancer screening will be captured and uploaded timely to the Yinzhou Regional Health Information Platform (YRHIP); therefore, the long-term outcomes of participants will be monitored. DISCUSSION: This prospective cohort study will assess the impact of HPV vaccine on HPV infection and related cervical diseases in women aged 9-45 years, which makes up for the lack of evidence in Chinese women. The results of this study will provide support for understanding the impact of HPV vaccination in China, and make a contribution to increasing HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening coverage in China. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study has been retrospectively registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05341284) on April 22, 2022.

Sex Differences in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in China.

BACKGROUND: Despite improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to combat cardiovascular disease (CVD) in recent decades, there are significant ongoing access gaps and sex disparities in prevention that have not been adequately quantified in China. METHODS: A representative, cross-sectional, community-based survey of adults (aged ≥45 years) was conducted in 7 geographic regions of China between 2014 and 2016. Logistic regression models were used to determine sex differences in primary and secondary CVD prevention, and any interaction by age, education level, and area of residence. Data are presented as adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: Of 47 841 participants (61.3% women), 5454 (57.2% women) had established CVD and 9532 (70.5% women) had a high estimated 10-year CVD risk (≥10%). Only 48.5% and 48.6% of women and 39.3% and 59.8% of men were on any kind of blood pressure (BP)-lowering medication, lipid-lowering medication, or antiplatelet therapy for primary and secondary prevention, respectively. Women with established CVD were significantly less likely than men to receive BP-lowering medications (OR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.65-0.95]), lipid-lowering medications (OR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.56-0.84]), antiplatelets (OR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.45-0.62]), or any CVD prevention medication (OR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.52-0.73]). Women with established CVD, however, had better BP control (OR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.14-1.50]) but less well-controlled low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.57-0.76]), and were less likely to smoke (OR, 13.89 [95% CI, 11.24-17.15]) and achieve physical activity targets (OR, 1.92 [95% CI, 1.61-2.29]). Conversely, women with high CVD risk were less likely than men to have their BP, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and bodyweight controlled (OR, 0.46 [95% CI, 0.38-0.55]; OR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.52-0.69]; OR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.48-0.63], respectively), despite a higher use of BP-lowering medications (OR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.01-1.45]). Younger patients (<65 years) with established CVD were less likely to be taking CVD preventive medications, but there were no sex differences by area of residence or education level. CONCLUSIONS: Large and variable gaps in primary and secondary CVD prevention exist in China, particularly for women. Effective CVD prevention requires an improved overall nationwide strategy and a special emphasis on women with established CVD, who have the greatest disparity and the most to benefit.

Rationale, design and population description of the CREDENCE study: cardiovascular risk equations for diabetes patients from New Zealand and Chinese electronic health records.

The cardiovascular risk equations for diabetes patients from New Zealand and Chinese electronic health records (CREDENCE) study is a unique prospectively designed investigation of cardiovascular risk in two large contemporary cohorts of people with type 2 diabetes from New Zealand (NZ) and China. The study was designed to derive equivalent cardiovascular risk prediction equations in a developed and a developing country, using the same epidemiological and statistical methodology. Two similar cohorts of people with type 2 diabetes were identified from large general population studies in China and New Zealand, which had been generated from longitudinal electronic health record systems. The CREDENCE study aims to determine whether cardiovascular risk prediction equations derived in patients with type 2 diabetes in a developed country are applicable in a developing country, and vice versa, by deriving and validating equivalent diabetes-specific cardiovascular risk prediction models from the two countries. Baseline data in CREDENCE was collected from October 2004 in New Zealand and from January 2010 in China. In the first stage of CREDENCE, a total of 93,207 patients (46,649 from NZ and 46,558 from China) were followed until December 31st 2018. Median follow-up was 7.0 years (New Zealand) and 5.7 years (China). There were 5926 (7.7% fatal) CVD events in the New Zealand cohort and 3650 (8.8% fatal) in the Chinese cohort. The research results have implications for policy makers, clinicians and the public and will facilitate personalised management of cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes worldwide.

Ambient air pollution and hospital visits for peptic ulcer disease in China: A three-year analysis.

BACKGROUND: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) continued to be a source of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, it has been reported that exposure to air pollution is a potential risk factor for PUD, but evidence on the association still remains inconsistent. METHODS: We performed an ecological study to examine the association between short-term exposure to air pollution and daily hospital visits for PUD in Yinzhou, China from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2019. Distributed lag nonlinear models were used to estimate the nonlinear and lag-response effects of air pollutants. Subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age and season were conducted to examine the effect modifications. RESULTS: Overall, we found that short-term exposure to air pollution including SO2, NO2, CO, O3 and PM2.5 was significantly associated with hospital visits for PUD among all subjects. The lag-response effects of SO2, NO2 and O3 varied at different concentrations and lag days. The cumulative risk ratios of CO and PM2.5 showed nearly linear adverse effects and increased to maxima of 2.68 (95% CI: 1.49-4.78) and 2.40 (95% CI: 1.36-4.24) with their ranges from the references to the maximum concentrations, respectively. Moreover, the cumulative risks of particulate matters on hospital visits for PUD increased significantly in cold seasons, but not in warm seasons. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings could provide growing evidence regarding the adverse health effects of air pollution on PUD, thereby strengthening the hypothesis that air pollutants have harmful impacts on digestive system.

Air pollution, surrounding green, road proximity and Parkinson's disease: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Though growing evidence has linked air pollution to Parkinson's disease (PD), the results remain inconsistent. Less is known about the relevance of road proximity and surrounding green. We aimed to investigate the individual and joint associations of air pollution, road proximity and surrounding green with the incidence of PD in a prospective cohort study. METHODS: We used data from a prospective cohort of 47,516 participants recruited from July 2015 to January 2018 in Ningbo, China. Long-term exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) and ≤10 µm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) estimated by land-use regression models, road proximity and surrounding green assessed by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were calculated based on the residential address for each participant. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the individual and joint effects of air pollution, road proximity, and surrounding green on PD. RESULTS: In single-exposure models, PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and road proximity was associated with increased risk of PD (e.g. Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.51, 95%CI:1.02, 2.24 per interquartile range (IQR) increase for PM2.5) while surrounding green was associated with decreased risk of PD (e.g. HR = 0.80, 95%CI:0.65, 0.98 per IQR increase for NDVI in 300 m buffer). In two-exposure models, the associations of PM2.5 and surrounding green persisted while the associations of NO2 and road proximity attenuated towards unity. CONCLUSIONS: We found that PM2.5 were associated with increased risk of incident PD while surrounding green was associated with decreased risk of PD. Future studies about PD etiology may benefit from including multiple environmental exposures to address potential joint associations.

HDL-C, longitudinal change and risk of mortality in a Chinese cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration and variability are both important factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. We aimed to explore the associations of HDL-C and longitudinal change in HDL-C with risk of mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: We recruited a total of 69,163 participants aged ≥40 years and had medical examination records of HDL-C during 2010-2014 from the Yinzhou District, Ningbo, China. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. We observed a non-linear association of HDL-C with risks of non-accidental and CVD mortality. Compared with the moderate concentration group (1.4-1.6 mmol/L), HDL-C <1 mmol/L was associated with a higher risk of non-accidental mortality (HR: 1.13 (95% CI: 1.01-1.27)) and both HDL-C <1 mmol/L and ≥2 mmol/L were associated with a higher risk of CVD mortality (HRs: 1.23 (95% CI: 1.01-1.50) and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.03-1.82), respectively). Compared with the stable group ([-0.1, +0.1 mmol/L]), a large decrease ([-0.5, -0.3 mmol/L]) and very large decrease (<-0.5 mmol/L) in HDL-C were associated with a higher risk of non-accidental mortality (HRs: 1.40 (95% CI: 1.21-1.63) and 1.78 (95% CI: 1.44-2.20), respectively). Similar results were observed for CVD mortality and cancer mortality. CONCLUSION: Extremely low or high HDL-C and a large decrease or very large decrease in HDL-C were associated with a higher risk of cause-specific mortality. Monitoring of HDL-C may have utility in identifying individuals at higher risk of mortality.

Effect of COVID-19 on hospital visits in Ningbo, China: an interrupted time-series analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Unprecedented rigorous public health measures were implemented during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, but it is still unclear how the intervention influenced hospital visits for different types of diseases. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the intervention on hospital visits in Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China. METHODS: We conducted an interrupted time-series analysis from 1 January 2017 to 6 September 2020 based on the Yinzhou Health Information System in Ningbo, Zhejiang province. The beginning of the intervention was on 23 January 2020, and thus, there were 160 weeks before the intervention and 32 weeks after the implementation of the intervention. Level changes between expected and observed hospital visits in the post-intervention period were estimated using quasi-Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Compared with the expected level, there was an estimated decrease of -22.60% (95% confidence interval (CI): -27.53%, -17.36%) in the observed total hospital visits following the intervention. Observed hospital visits for diseases of the respiratory system were found to be decreased dramatically (-62.25%; 95% CI: -65.62%, -58.60%). However, observed hospital visits for certain diseases were estimated to be increased, including diseases of the nervous system (+11.17%; 95% CI: +3.21%, +19.74%); diseases of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (+27.01%; 95% CI: +17.89%, +36.85%); certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (+45.05%; 95% CI: +30.24%, +61.56%); and congenital malformation deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (+35.50%; 95% CI: +21.24%, +51.45%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provided scientific evidence that cause-specific hospital visits evolve differently following the intervention during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Association of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution with the incidence of sleep disorders: A cohort study in China.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disorders have been verified to be associated with adverse health outcomes. Recent studies have linked ambient air pollution to sleep disorders. However, evidence with large sample size and especially prospective studies is very limited. METHODS: We used data from a prospective cohort study established from 2015 to 2018 in Ningbo, China. Participants were followed-up after baseline survey through linkage to the regional Health Information System (HIS). Sleep disorders were defined based on International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD-10). Spatial-temporal land-use regression (LUR) models were used to estimate the annual exposure to particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5), ≤ 10 µm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxides (NO2). The associations between long-term exposure to air pollutants and prevalence of sleep disorders were examined using logistic regression models, and Cox regression models for the effects of air pollution on the incidence of sleep disorders. A generalized weighted quantile sum (gWQS) regression was used in the multipollutant analysis. RESULTS: A total of 38,775 participants were included in the final analysis. Based on baseline data, we observed significant positive associations between air pollution exposure and increased odds of prevalent sleep disorders (Odds Ratio (OR)= 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.41-1.55 for PM2.5; OR= 1.47,95%CI:1.38-1.57 for PM10; OR= 1.38, 95%CI:1.31-1.46 for NO2). In the longitudinal analysis, hazard ratios for incident sleep disorders associated with per interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 were 1.14 (1.03, 1.25), 1.13 (1.01, 1.27) and 1.13 (1.04, 1.23), respectively. A gWQS regression analysis showed significant association between air pollution mixture and incident sleep disorders (OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.03-1.20). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 were associated with increased risk of sleep disorders in a Chinese population. Our findings could provide evidence for a more general role in the adverse health impact of air pollution.

Sulphonylureas monotherapy and risk of hospitalization for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A population-based cohort study in China.

PURPOSE: The risk of heart failure associated with sulphonylureas is unclear. We evaluated the association between sulphonylureas and hospitalization of heart failure (HHF) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was implemented using the Yinzhou Regional Health Care Database (YRHCD). We identified 15 752 adult patients with T2DM who were newly exposed to sulphonylurea monotherapy (N = 12 487) or acarbose monotherapy (N = 3265) from January 2010 to September 2016. Cox proportional hazards models weighted by inverse probability of treatment weights were used to compare the risk of HHF between initiators of sulphonylurea and acarbose. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 0.55 (0.49, 1.11) and 0.49 (0.35, 0.70) years for sulphonylureas and acarbose initiators separately, 320 patients developed HHF, with 279 events in sulphonylureas group, and 41 events in acarbose group. The incidence rates of HHF among sulphonylureas initiators and acarbose initiators were 22.2 (95% CI 19.6-24.9) and 18.3 (95% CI 13.2-24.9) per 1000 person-years, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of HHF for sulphonylureas vs acarbose was 1.61 (95% CI 1.14-2.27). When stratified by history of heart failure, aHR was 1.55 (95% CI 0.79-3.06) in patients with a history of heart failure, and 1.64 (95% CI 1.10-2.45) in patients with no history of heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that use of sulphonylureas monotherapy compared with acarbose monotherapy for initial treatment of T2DM for approximately 0.5 years are significantly associated with a higher risk of HHF.

Intra-individual variability of total cholesterol is associated with cardiovascular disease mortality: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The relationship between serum total cholesterol (TC) and mortality remains inconsistent. Additionally, intra-individual variability of cholesterol has been of increasing interest as a new indicator for health outcomes. We aimed to examine the association between TC and its variability and risk of mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a retrospective cohort study with 122,645 individuals aged over 40 years in Ningbo, China. The intra-individual variability was calculated using four metrics including standard deviation, coefficient variation, variation independent of mean and average successive variability. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for the associations of baseline and variability in TC with risk of mortality by Cox proportional hazards regression models. During 591,585.3 person-years of follow-up, 4563 deaths (including 1365 from cardiovascular disease, 788 from stroke and 1514 from cancer) occurred. A U-shaped association was observed for baseline TC level and risk of total, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, with lowest mortality at 5.46 mmol/L, 5.04 mmol/L and 5.51 mmol/L, respectively. As compared with subjects with TC variability in the lowest quartile, individuals in the highest quartile had 21% higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.40), and 41% higher risk of CVD mortality (HR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.10 to 1.81). CONCLUSION: Both too low and too high baseline TC level were associated with higher risk of total, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality. Variability of TC could be a risk factor of total and CVD mortality, independent of mean TC level. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Air pollution exposures and blood pressure variation in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients: A retrospective cohort study in China.

Air pollution exposure has been associated with hypertension, but limited studies have examined the associations in diabetic patients. We aimed to examine the associations of exposure to air pollution with blood pressure in diabetic patients. We identified patients who were previously diagnosed as type-2 diabetes mellitus from hospital records from January 2013 to May 2017. We used generalized linear models to estimate adverse effects of air pollution on systolic/diastolic blood pressure in diabetic patients. A total of 40,125 patients were enrolled in this study. An IQR increase in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and O3 exposure was associated with an increased risk of higher systolic blood pressure level (ß = 0.628 for PM2.5, ß = 0.758 for PM10, ß = 0.766 for NO2, ß = 0.516 for SO2, ß = 0.482 for O3, all P value < 0.05). Significant associations were observed for some air pollutants and SBP among patients with fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, normal weight, and younger age. Little evidence was available for the associations between particulate matter (PM) or O3 exposure and diastolic blood pressure in present study. In our study, diabetic patients were at increased risk of higher blood pressure when exposed to higher residential PM, NO2 and SO2. Individuals with lower BMI, younger age, and FBG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L were more susceptible to the adverse effects of ambient air pollution.

Long-Term Patterns of Antidiabetic Medication Use in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the patterns of use of antidiabetic medication among patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), focusing on the comparison in glycemic control between sulfonylureas and metformin. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data from patients newly diagnosed and treated for T2DM between 2011 and 2014, who were ³18 years of age were obtained from the Yinzhou Regional Health Care Database, and patterns of medication and glycemic control were analyzed. The Poisson probability distribution was used to determine the rate ratio (incidence density ratio) of uncontrolled hyperglycemia between sulfonylureas and metformin. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the association between initial treatment with sulfonylureas and metformin and the requirement for additional medications. RESULTS Of the 4,017 patients included in the study, 33.58% began treatment with sulfonylureas and 20.41% began treatment with metformin, and during follow-up, 21.13% and 22.68%, respectively were treated with a second drug. After adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and fasting blood glucose (FBG), the rate ratio of uncontrolled blood glucose for sulfonylurea monotherapy compared with metformin monotherapy was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.17-1.45). Patients who began treatment with sulfonylureas were 18% less likely to progress to dual medication compared with metformin (HR=0.82; 95% CI, 0.68-0.99), CONCLUSIONS Sulfonylurea monotherapy was the most common initial treatment for patients with newly diagnosed T2DM and was associated with an increased risk of uncontrolled hyperglycemia, but patients were less likely to receive additional drugs when compared with patients initially treated with metformin monotherapy.

[A community-based survey on risk factors of type 2 diabetic kidney disease in Ningbo, China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic nephropathy in Ningbo Yinzhou district. METHODS: Nephropathy screening was conducted among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) registered in Ningbo Yinzhou district. Demographic information, clinical examination information, diabetes complications and behavioral risk factors of enrolled patients were collected. Logistic regression model was used to identify possible risk factors for the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy. RESULTS: Among 10 604 T2DM patients included in this study, there were 3744 cases of diabetic nephropathy(35.31%). Univariate analysis showed that gender, age, education level, diabetes duration, glycemic control, hypertension, stroke, smoking and waist circumference were associated with diabetic nephropathy (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male, elders, long diabetes duration, hypertension and smoking were independent risk factors of diabetic nephropathy (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: sDiabetic nephropathy is of high prevalence in T2DM patients. Male patients, elders, and those with long diabetes duration, hypertension and smoking habits are more likely to have diabetic nephropathy.

A facile method for the synthesis of 2-(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)-2-oxoacetic acid and it's optimization.

2-(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)-2-oxoacetic acid (IV), a key intermediate of saxagliptin for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), was prepared from 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid(I) via oxidation by potassium permanganate(KMnO4) to afford 3-hydroxy-1-adamantanecarboxylic acid (II), which was treated with a one-pot method to give 1-acetyl-3-hydroxyadamantane (III) followed by oxidation. Some key steps were optimized and the overall yield was about 51%.