A guided single session intervention to reduce intrusive memories of work-related trauma: a randomised controlled trial with healthcare workers in the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Intrusive memories of psychologically traumatic events bring distress both sub-clinically and clinically. This parallel-group, two-arm randomised controlled trial evaluated the effect of a brief behavioural intervention on reducing intrusive memories in frontline healthcare workers exposed to traumatic events during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Participants with at least two intrusive memories of work-related trauma in the week before recruitment were randomised 1:1 to an imagery-competing task intervention (n = 73) or attention-based control task (n = 71). The number of intrusive memories was assessed at baseline and 5 weeks after the guided session (primary endpoint). RESULTS: The intervention significantly reduced intrusive memory frequency compared with control [intervention Mdn = 1.0 (IQR = 0-3), control Mdn = 5.0 (IQR = 1-17); p < 0.0001, IRR = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.17-0.53] and led to fewer post-traumatic stress-related symptoms at 1, 3 and 6 month follow-ups (secondary endpoints). Participants and statisticians were blinded to allocation. Adverse events data were acquired throughout the trial, demonstrating safety. There was high adherence and low attrition. CONCLUSIONS: This brief, single-symptom, repeatable digital intervention for subclinical-to-clinical samples after trauma allows scalability, taking a preventing-to-treating approach after trauma. TRIAL REGISTRATION: 2020-07-06, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04460014.

Newly employed nurses' transition into their new role in the ambulance service- a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Nurses are essential to ensure safe and high-quality care worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts a shortfall of 5.9 million nurses by the year 2030, and in the ambulance service, the turnover rate ranges between 20% and 30%. With this study, we seek to increase knowledge by exploring the transition of newly employed experienced nurses into their roles in the ambulance service using the Meleis theory of transition. Through understanding transition, support for newly employed nurses can be developed, turnover rates can decrease, and in the long term, patient safety may increase. DESIGN: The study employed a qualitative approach. METHODS: Eighteen newly employed experienced nurses were individually interviewed four times during their first six months of employment. Deductive qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data. The reporting of this research adheres to the COREQ checklist. RESULTS: The results show that the transition process for newly employed nurses in the ambulance service encompassed all five aspects of Meleis' transition theory: Awareness, Engagement, Change and Difference, Time Span, and Critical Points. The transition period varied among the participants, and it was also observed that not all nurses went through a transition in line with Meleis' theory. Additionally, there were findings that nurses highlighted the impact of the ambulance service culture on their transition. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide a more profound insight into how newly employed nurses with previous experience as nurses navigate their roles and transition into a new profession in a new context. An ambulance service where the organisation is aware of the newly employed nurses' transition processes and what the transition entails can develop and promote a supportive and permissive culture within the ambulance service. For newly employed nurses who are adequately supported, health transitions are more likely to occur, which may increase retention and in the long term increase patient safety. The insights gained from the study can empower ambulance organisations to improve their introduction programmes and offer enhanced support for newly employed experienced nurses entering the ambulance service.

The complexity of kidney disease and diagnosing it - cystatin C, selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes and proteome regulation.

Estimation of kidney function is often part of daily clinical practice, mostly done by using the endogenous glomerular filtration rate (GFR)-markers creatinine or cystatin C. A recommendation to use both markers in parallel in 2010 has resulted in new knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of kidney disorders by the identification of a new set of kidney disorders, selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes. These syndromes, connected to strong increases in mortality and morbidity, are characterized by a selective reduction in the glomerular filtration of 5-30 kDa molecules, such as cystatin C, compared to the filtration of small molecules <1 kDa dominating the glomerular filtrate, for example water, urea and creatinine. At least two types of such disorders, shrunken or elongated pore syndrome, are possible according to the pore model for glomerular filtration. Selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes are prevalent in investigated populations, and patients with these syndromes often display normal measured GFR or creatinine-based GFR-estimates. The syndromes are characterized by proteomic changes promoting the development of atherosclerosis, indicating antibodies and specific receptor-blocking substances as possible new treatment modalities. Presently, the KDIGO guidelines for diagnosing kidney disorders do not recommend cystatin C as a general marker of kidney function and will therefore not allow the identification of a considerable number of patients with selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes. Furthermore, as cystatin C is uninfluenced by muscle mass, diet or variations in tubular secretion and cystatin C-based GFR-estimation equations do not require controversial race or sex terms, it is obvious that cystatin C should be a part of future KDIGO guidelines.

Prehospital nursing students' experiences of patient safety culture in emergency medical services-A qualitative study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe prehospital nursing students' experiences of patient safety culture in emergency medical services during their internship. BACKGROUND: Patient safety culture in the emergency medical services is a complex phenomenon including more than organisational policies and practices and professionals' technical skills. DESIGN: The descriptive qualitative approach used the Sharing Learning from Practice to improve Patient Safety Learning Event Recording Tool, which includes both open-ended and structured questions. METHODS: Purposeful sampling was used, and data were collected from graduating prehospital nursing students (n = 17) from three Finnish Universities of Applied Sciences. Open-ended questions were reviewed using thematic analysis, and frequencies and percentages were derived from structured questions. COREQ guidelines were used to guide this study. RESULTS: Four themes were identified during the thematic analysis: environmental and other unexpected factors in emergency medical services, working practices and professionalism in emergency medical services, teamwork in emergency medical services and feelings related to patient safety events in emergency medical services. Patient safety events described by students were seldom reported in the healthcare system or patient files. According to the students, such events were most likely related to communication, checking/verification and/or teamwork. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that prehospital nursing students can produce important information about patient safety events and the reasons that contributed to those events. Therefore, emergency medical services organisations and managers should use students' observations to develop a patient safety culture in emergency medical services. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Understanding how prehospital nursing students have experienced patient safety culture during their internships on ambulances can support educational institutions, together with emergency medical services organisations and managers, to improve policies for students to express patient safety concerns as well as patient safety successes.

A phenomenological interview study with patients being non-conveyed in the ambulance service.

BACKGROUND: Non-conveyed patients (i.e. patients who are not transported to a hospital after being assessed by ambulance clinicians) represent a significantly increasing proportion of all patients seeking ambulance care. Scientific knowledge about patients' non-conveyance experiences is sparse. This study describes the lived experiences of non-conveyed patients in an ambulance care context. METHODS: A reflective lifeworld research (RLR) approach founded on phenomenology is used. Data is derived from nine in-depth interviews with patients not conveyed by the ambulance service in a major Swedish region. RESULTS: Patients' lived experiences of becoming acutely ill or injured and not conveyed by ambulance to a hospital are characterised by several dynamic movements: losing and regaining situational and bodily control, dependence and autonomy, external competence and inner knowledge, handing over and regaining responsibility, and fear and security. CONCLUSIONS: Patients' lived experiences of non-conveyance are complex and versatile. Although non-conveyed patients initially experience strong fear and the loss of situational and bodily control, they gradually feel more secure when experiencing confirmation and trust, which evolves into insecurity and uncertainty. The non-conveyance situation's complexity from a patient's perspective implies the need for ambulance organisations to take measures to prevent further suffering. Non-conveyed patients must be taken seriously in their unique situations, requiring ambulance clinicians to reflect and act with a conscious ethical perspective before, during and after their visit.

Paramedics' perceptions of job demands and resources in Finnish emergency medical services: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Paramedics' fatigue is rising. Stress factors show increased risk for burnout, fatigue, leaving the profession, decreased performance and risk for patient safety. Meanwhile, paramedics' strong community of practice, autonomy and a sense of professional respect are important factors in forming psychological resilience. We aimed to explore Finnish paramedics' perceptions of job demands and resources. METHODS: Our study design was descriptive, inductive with a constructivist approach. Using reflexive thematic analysis, we analyse open-ended questions, from a web-based survey and essays written by Finnish paramedic masters-degree students. The study followed the SRQR checklist. RESULTS: We identified paramedics' job demands as stress from a high workload, environmental factors and emotional burden. Performance expectations and a sense of inadequacy were further noted, as well as an organizational culture of hardiness, presenting lack of support and sense of inequality. Paramedics' job resources were pressure management strategies, which were expressed as positive coping mechanisms, agency to affect workload and professional self-actualization, expressed as psychologically safe work community, professional pride and internal drive to professional development. CONCLUSIONS: Finnish paramedics exhibit resources and demands related to uncertainty and emotional burden as well as cultural hardiness and psychological safety in communities. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: This study was done based on survey data collected and analysed by the authors. No patient or public contribution was utilized for this study.

Developing new possibilities for interprofessional learning- students' experience of learning together in the ambulance service.

BACKGROUND: It is known that setting and context matters, and contextual factors influence interprofessional education (IPE). Activities developed in a new setting should therefore be evaluated to determine students' experiences and learning. IPE in the ambulance service may present a new setting for interprofessional learning (IPL). AIM: The aim of this study was to explore undergraduate students' experiences of collaboration and learning together during their clinical rotation in the ambulance service. STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD: A mixed convergent parallel design was used to describe nursing and medical students' experiences of collaboration and learning together during their clinical rotation in the ambulance service during autumn 2019. Two group interviews with nursing students (n = 20; response rate 80%) were conducted and the medical students (n = 40; response rate 72.5%) answered a self-assessment questionnaire regarding their IPE. The group discussions were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used to describe the medical students' self-assessed experiences and competencies in interprofessional collaboration. RESULTS: In the context of the ambulance service, some of the challenges included, the team vary daily, a context that can be unpredictable, and the team being required to make decisions in various situations with limited support. The context presented good opportunities to learn together, since they faced a broad variety of situations and had opportunities to follow patients through the chain of care. CONCLUSION: The students' experiences show that the ambulance service offers possibilities for IPL. The ambulance service enhanced the students' learning in an unfamiliar environment, encouraging them to develop collaborative learning strategies and situational leadership regardless of established hierarchical structures and stereotypes that are sometimes present in other parts of the health care service. ETHICAL APPROVAL: By the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. No: 2019-03595.

Finnish paramedics' professional quality of life and associations with assignment experiences and defusing use - a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Paramedics experience traumatic events and social emergencies during assignments while also being subjected to verbal and physical threats. Consequently, they are at risk for burnout and secondary traumatic stress, factors inherent to professional quality of life. Defusing and peer-support potentially decrease such symptoms; however, perceived defusing needs and use are not always balanced. Our aim was to explore Finnish paramedics' professional quality of life, using the Professional Quality of Life Scale, with associations to EMS assignment experiences as well as formal and informal defusing need and use over a 12-month period. METHODS: A quantitative study of 257 Finnish paramedics using a cross-sectional design. Study outcomes were secondary traumatic stress (STS), compassion satisfaction (CS), and burnout (BO) scores using the modified 9-item Short Professional Quality of Life scale (ProQOL). Likert-type scales were used to collect participants' recollections of assignment experiences and defusing from a 12-month period. Associations were explored using Spearman's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Short ProQOL score medians were STS 4.00 (IQR 3), BO 6.00 (IQR 3) and CS 13.00 (IQR 3). STS and BO correlated to experiences of social emergencies and traumatic events while BO correlated to experiences of threat situations (r = 0.206, p = .001). Paramedics perceived a need for defusing in general associated with STS (r = 0.178, p < .001) and participated in informal defusing. Participation in defusing of any form did not associate with ProQOL scores. CONCLUSIONS: Finnish paramedics' more frequent experiences of social emergencies, traumatic events, and paramedic-directed threat situations were associated with higher levels of STS and BO. STS was also associated with paramedics' increased need for defusing and use of informal peer defusing, although neither STS, BO or CS scores associated to any defusing form. Managing paramedics STS and BO, while fostering CS, could therefore be a future research focus.

Multi-method versus single method appraisal of clinical quality indicators for the emergency medical services.

BACKGROUND: Quality Indicator (QI) appraisal protocol is a novel methodology that combines multiple appraisal methods to comprehensively assess the 'appropriateness' of QIs for a particular healthcare setting. However, they remain inadequately explored compared to the single appraisal method approach. OBJECTIVES: To describe and test a multi-method QI appraisal protocol versus the single method approach, against a series of QIs previously identified as potentially relevant to the prehospital emergency care setting. METHODS: An appraisal protocol was developed consisting of two categorical-based appraisal methods, combined with the qualitative analysis of the discussion generated during the consensus application of each method. The output of the protocol was assessed and compared with the application and output of each method. Inter-rater reliability (IRR) of each particular method was evaluated prior to group consensus rating. Variation in the number of non-valid QIs and the proportion of non-valid QIs identified between each method and the protocol were compared and assessed. RESULTS: There was mixed IRR of the individual methods. There was similarly low-to-moderate correlation of the results obtained between the particular methods (Spearman's rank correlation = 0.42, P < 0.001). From a series of 104 QIs, 11 non-valid QIs were identified that were shared between the individual methods. A further 19 non-valid QIs were identified and not shared by each method, highlighting the benefits of a multi-method approach. The outcomes were additionally evident in the group discussion analysis, which in and of itself added further input that would not have otherwise been captured by the individual methods alone. CONCLUSION: The utilization of a multi-method appraisal protocol offers multiple benefits, when compared to the single appraisal approach, and can provide the confidence that the outcomes of the appraisal will ensure a strong foundation on which the QI framework can be successfully implemented.

Non-conveyance of older adult patients and association with subsequent clinical and adverse events after initial assessment by ambulance clinicians: a cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Older adults (age ≥ 65 years) represent a significant proportion of all patients who are not transported to hospital after assessment by ambulance clinicians (non-conveyed patients). This study aimed to fill the knowledge gap in the understanding of the prevalence of older adult non-conveyed patients and investigate their characteristics and risk factors for subsequent and adverse events with those of younger non-conveyed patients comparatively. METHODS: This population-based retrospective cohort study included all adult non-conveyed patients who availed the ambulance service of Region Stockholm, Sweden in 2015; they were age-stratified into two groups: 18-64 and ≥ 65 years. Inter-group differences in short-term outcomes (i.e. emergency department visits, hospitalisations, and mortality within 7 days following non-conveyance) were assessed using multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Older adult patients comprised 48% of the 17,809 non-conveyed patients. Dispatch priority levels were generally lower among older non-conveyed patients than among younger patients. Non-conveyance among older patients occurred more often during daytime, and they were more frequently assessed by ambulance clinicians with nonspecific presenting symptoms. Approximately one in five older adults was hospitalised within 7 days following non-conveyance. Patients presenting with infectious symptoms had the highest mortality risk following non-conveyance. Oxygen saturation level < 95% or systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg had significantly higher associations with hospitalisation within 7 days following non-conveyance in older adult patients. CONCLUSIONS: Older adult patients have an increased risk for adverse events following non-conveyance. In combination with a complex and variating presentation of symptoms and vital signs proved difficult for dispatch operators and ambulance clinicians to identify and assess, the identified risks raise questions on the patient safety of older adult non-conveyed patients. The results indicate a system failure that need to be managed within the ambulance service organisation to achieve higher levels of patient safety for older non-conveyed patients.

Shrunken pore syndrome and mortality: a cohort study of patients with measured GFR and known comorbidities.

Shrunken pore syndrome (SPS) is defined by a cystatin C-based estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFRCYS) being less than 60% or 70% of a creatinine-based GFR estimation (eGFRCR) in the absence of extrarenal influences on cystatin C or creatinine concentrations. SPS has been associated with a substantial increase in mortality or morbidity in all investigated populations. However, in these studies, neither the diagnoses, nor causes of death were described, and only estimated GFR was available. The present study concerns 2781 individuals with measured GFR (mGFR), known diagnoses, and known causes of death during 5.6 years in median. Cox multivariate proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause and cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes or chronic kidney disease (CKD) as cause-specific mortality among patients with SPS. At an eGFRCYS/eGFRCR-ratio <0.70, the adjusted SPS death risk in the total cohort (HR 3.0, 95% CI 2.4-3.7) was clearly higher than that for the other diagnosis groups. In a sub-cohort of 1300 persons with or without diagnosis, but with normal mGFR, the all-cause mortality of SPS was markedly increased (HR 4.1, 95% CI 2.6-6.5). In a sub-cohort of 567 persons with normal mGFR and no diagnosis, the all-cause mortality of SPS was even more increased (HR 7.3, 95% CI 2.3-23). The prevalence of SPS in the total cohort was 23% and in the sub-cohorts 17 and 12%, respectively. As SPS is associated with a high mortality, occurs in the absence of reduced mGFR and albuminuria, it expands the spectrum of kidney disorders.

Patients' experiences of the caring encounter with the psychiatric emergency response team in the emergency medical service-A qualitative interview study.

BACKGROUND: Mental illnesses are increasing in the population; consequently, the number of psychiatric emergencies handled by the emergency medical services (EMS) has also increased. Alternative response systems have been developed and evaluated, but there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the patients' experiences of being cared for in the EMS by a psychiatric emergency response unit (In Swedish: Psykiatrisk Akut Mobilitet [PAM]). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore patients' experiences of the caring encounter with the PAM team. DESIGN: A qualitative study design with 14 patients' interviews and content analysis was used. RESULTS: The patients expressed that the PAM team created a safe environment and actively involved the patient in their care by creating an open and safe place for dialogue. In this safe environment, the patients described how they participated in the decision making and received care without fear of being dismissed, ignored or judged. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The patients' experiences of being cared for by the PAM team show that person-centred care was achieved by involving the patients in their own care. This participation was possible because mutual trust and confidence existed, and the patients acknowledged the specialist response unit to be a valuable part of the EMS. However, further studies are needed to explore whether the PAM as a response unit in the EMS decreases the risk of suicide and to examine different health economic aspects of using PAM in the EMS.

Prehospital exenatide in hyperglycemic stroke-A randomized trial.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperglycemia is a predictor for poor stroke outcome. Hyperglycemic stroke patients treated with thrombolysis have an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Insulin is the gold standard for treating hyperglycemia but comes with a risk of hypoglycemia. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are drugs used in type 2 diabetes that have a low risk of hypoglycemia and have been shown to exert neuroprotective effects. The primary objective was to determine whether prehospital administration of the GLP-1RA exenatide could lower plasma glucose in stroke patients. Secondary objective was to study tolerability and safety. MATERIALS & METHODS: Randomized controlled trial comparing exenatide administrated prehospitally with a control group receiving standard care for hyperglycemia. Patients with Face Arm Speech Test ≥1 and glucose ≥8 mmol/L were randomized. Glucose was monitored for 24 hours. All adverse events were recorded. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were randomized, eight received exenatide. An interim recruitment failure analysis with subsequent changes of the protocol was made. The study was stopped prematurely due to slow inclusion. No difference was observed in the main outcome of plasma glucose at 4 hours, control vs exenatide (mean, SD); 7.0 ± 1.9 vs 7.6 ± 1.6; P = .56). No major adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that prehospital exenatide had effect on hyperglycemia. However, it was given without adverse events in this study with limited sample size that was prematurely stopped due to slow inclusion.

Challenging encounters as experienced by registered nurses new to the emergency medical service: explored by using the theory of communities of practice.

The aim of this study was to explore challenging encounters experienced by registered nurses (RN) during their first year in the emergency medical service by using the social learning theory of communities of practice. During the first year in a new professional practice, a new RN experiences a transition during which the new professional identity is being formed. This is a challenging and demanding period of time. According to the learning theory of communities of practice by Lave and Wenger, individuals' learning and development in a new professional practice occurs through participation in social activity and is influenced by context. This study is based on the qualitative data from semi-structured interviews. Thirty-two RNs working in the Swedish emergency medical service were interviewed via telephone during the spring of 2017. A qualitative content analysis with deductive reasoning of the interviews was used. The analysis process generated the main category; New RNs participation is challenged by unpredictability and uncertainty in practice. The main category was based on three generic categories; Loneliness in an unpredictable context, Uncertainty about the team, and Uncertainty in action. The challenges new RNs encounter during the first year relate to all three dimensions of a community of practice; mutual engagement, joint enterprise and shared repertoire. The encountered challenges also relate to the EMS context. Taking into account all these aspects when designing support models for RN's professional development may be advantageous for creating positive development for RNs new to the EMS and/or similar practices.

Compliance with hand hygiene in emergency medical services: an international observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare-associated infection caused by insufficient hygiene is associated with mortality, economic burden, and suffering for the patient. Emergency medical service (EMS) providers encounter many patients in different surroundings and are thus at risk of posing a source of microbial transmission. Hand hygiene (HH), a proven infection control intervention, has rarely been studied in the EMS. METHODS: A multicentre prospective observational study was conducted from December 2016 to May 2017 in ambulance services from Finland, Sweden, Australia and Denmark. Two observers recorded the following parameters: HH compliance according to WHO guidelines (before patient contact, before clean/aseptic procedures, after risk of body fluids, after patient contact and after contact with patient surroundings). Glove use and basic parameters such as nails, hair and use of jewellery were also recorded. RESULTS: Sixty hours of observation occurred in each country, for a total of 87 patient encounters. In total, there were 1344 indications for HH. Use of hand rub or hand wash was observed: before patient contact, 3%; before clean/aseptic procedures, 2%; after the risk of body fluids, 8%; after patient contact, 29%; and after contact with patient-related surroundings, 38%. Gloves were worn in 54% of all HH indications. Adherence to short or up done hair, short, clean nails without polish and no jewellery was 99%, 84% and 62%, respectively. HH compliance was associated with wearing gloves (OR 45; 95% CI 10.8 to 187.8; p=0.000) and provider level (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.4; p=0.007), but not associated with gender (OR 1.3; 95% CI 0.9 to 1.9; p=0.107). CONCLUSION: HH compliance among EMS providers was remarkably low, with higher compliance after patient contacts compared with before patient contacts, and an over-reliance on gloves. We recommend further research on contextual challenges and hygiene perceptions among EMS providers to clarify future improvement strategies.

Parents' experiences of the caring encounter in the ambulance service-A qualitative study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore the experiences of the caring encounter in the ambulance service among parents to children aged 0-14 years. BACKGROUND: The care provided by the ambulance team is often associated with emergency medicine, traumatology and disaster medicine. But to develop care in the ambulance service, it is imperative to understand what the parents want and value in the care for their child. DESIGN: A qualitative study design was used. METHODS: Interviews was used for data collection, 16 caring encounters described by 14 parents were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Reporting of this research adheres to the COREQ guidelines. RESULTS: The parents described the importance of giving the family enough time in the situation, creating a safe environment and involving the parents in the care. In cases where the parents felt insecure, there had been lack of communication and lack of sensitivity, and the ambulance team did not invite the parents to be participate in the care. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to strengthen the family-centred care in the ambulance service. Not inviting the parents in the care and use of equipment that was nonfunctioning or not adjustable for the children's age caused lack of trust and increased the level of stress among the parents. The parents had a positive experience and felt included when the team were calm, responsive and gave them the chance to be participants in their child's care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The prehospital emergency care nurses need to be prepared for caring of children and their parents. The ambulance team also need to understand their role in providing care of children. Lack of confidence in treating children may be perceived as nonfamily-centred care. There is need of further training concerning family-centred care in the ambulance service.

Caring science research in the ambulance services: an integrative systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The ambulance services are associated with emergency medicine, traumatology and disaster medicine, which is also reflected in previous research. Caring science research is limited and, since no systematic reviews have yet been produced, its focus is unclear. This makes it difficult for researchers to identify current knowledge gaps and clinicians to implement research findings. AIM: This integrative systematic review aims to describe caring science research content and scope in the ambulance services. DATA SOURCES: Databases included were MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQDiss, LibrisDiss and The Cochrane Library. The electronic search strategy was carried out between March and April 2015. The review was conducted in line with the standards of the PRISMA statement, registration number: PROSPERO 2016:CRD42016034156. REVIEW METHODS: The review process involved problem identification, literature search, data evaluation, data analysis and reporting. Thematic data analysis was undertaken using a five-stage method. Studies included were evaluated with methodological and/or theoretical rigour on a 3-level scale, and data relevance was evaluated on a 2-level scale. RESULTS: After the screening process, a total of 78 studies were included. The majority of these were conducted in Sweden (n = 42), fourteen in the United States and eleven in the United Kingdom. The number of study participants varied, from a case study with one participant to a survey with 2420 participants, and 28 (36%) of the studies were directly related to patients. The findings were identified under the themes: Caregiving in unpredictable situations; Independent and shared decision-making; Public environment and patient safety; Life-changing situations; and Ethics and values. CONCLUSION: Caring science research with an explicit patient perspective is limited. Areas of particular interest for future research are the impact of unpredictable encounters on openness and sensitivity in the professional-patient relation, with special focus on value conflicts in emergency situations.

Human Astrocytes Transfer Aggregated Alpha-Synuclein via Tunneling Nanotubes.

Many lines of evidence suggest that the Parkinson's disease (PD)-related protein α-synuclein (α-SYN) can propagate from cell to cell in a prion-like manner. However, the cellular mechanisms behind the spreading remain elusive. Here, we show that human astrocytes derived from embryonic stem cells actively transfer aggregated α-SYN to nearby astrocytes via direct contact and tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). Failure in the astrocytes' lysosomal digestion of excess α-SYN oligomers results in α-SYN deposits in the trans-Golgi network followed by endoplasmic reticulum swelling and mitochondrial disturbances. The stressed astrocytes respond by conspicuously sending out TNTs, enabling intercellular transfer of α-SYN to healthy astrocytes, which in return deliver mitochondria, indicating a TNT-mediated rescue mechanism. Using a pharmacological approach to inhibit TNT formation, we abolished the transfer of both α-SYN and mitochondria. Together, our results highlight the role of astrocytes in α-SYN cell-to-cell transfer, identifying possible pathophysiological events in the PD brain that could be of therapeutic relevance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain, yet their role in Parkinson's disease progression remains elusive. Here, we show that human astrocytes actively transfer aggregated α-synuclein (α-SYN) to healthy astrocytes via direct contact and tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), rather than degrade it. The astrocytes engulf large amounts of oligomeric α-SYN that are subsequently stored in the trans-Golgi network region. The accumulation of α-SYN in the astrocytes affects their lysosomal machinery and induces mitochondrial damage. The stressed astrocytes respond by sending out TNTs, enabling intercellular transfer of α-SYN to healthy astrocytes. Our findings highlight an unexpected role of astrocytes in the propagation of α-SYN pathology via TNTs, revealing astrocytes as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.

Extensive uptake of α-synuclein oligomers in astrocytes results in sustained intracellular deposits and mitochondrial damage.

The presence of Lewy bodies, mainly consisting of aggregated α-synuclein, is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The α-synuclein inclusions are predominantly found in neurons, but also appear frequently in astrocytes. However, the pathological significance of α-synuclein inclusions in astrocytes and the capacity of glial cells to clear toxic α-synuclein species remain unknown. In the present study we investigated uptake, degradation and toxic effects of oligomeric α-synuclein in a co-culture system of primary neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Alpha-synuclein oligomers were found to co-localize with the glial cells and the astrocytes were found to internalize particularly large amounts of the protein. Following ingestion, the astrocytes started to degrade the oligomers via the lysosomal pathway but, due to incomplete digestion, large intracellular deposits remained. Moreover, the astrocytes displayed mitochondrial abnormalities. Taken together, our data indicate that astrocytes play an important role in the clearance of toxic α-synuclein species from the extracellular space. However, when their degrading capacity is overburdened, α-synuclein deposits can persist and result in detrimental cellular processes.

Prehospital emergency care nurses' strategies while caring for patients with limited Swedish-English proficiency.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore the strategies of nurses working in the ambulance service while caring for patients with limited Swedish-English proficiency. BACKGROUND: Communication difficulties due to lack of mutual language is a challenge in healthcare systems around the world. Little is known about nurses' strategies while caring for patients with whom they do not share a mutual language in an unstructured, unplanned prehospital emergency environment, the ambulance service. DESIGN AND METHOD: A qualitative study design based on interviews was used, and a purposeful sample and snowball technique were used to identify nurses with prehospital emergency experience of caring for patients with limited Swedish-English proficiency. RESULTS: Eleven nurses were interviewed, and the main strategy they used was adapting to the patients' need and the caring situation. The nurses used their own body, and tone of voice for creating a sense of trust and security. The nurses also used structured assessment in accordance with medical guidelines. Translation devices and relatives/bystanders were used as interpreters when possible. Another strategy was to transport the patient directly to the emergency department as they had not found a secure way of assessing and caring for the patients in the ambulance. CONCLUSION: The nurses used a palette of strategies while assessing and caring for patients when there was no mutual language between the caregiver and care seeker. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The nurses need to be prepared for how to assess and care for patients when there is a lack of mutual language; otherwise, there is a risk of increased unequal care in the ambulance service. To further explore and learn about this field of research, studies exploring the patients' perspective are needed.