Fluctuations in External Peak Demands Across Quarters During Basketball Games.

The purpose of this study was to compare external peak demands (PDs) across quarters (Q) in basketball. Thirteen elite, junior, male basketball players were monitored using electronic performance tracking systems. There were studied intervals for different time windows to determine the external PD for distance (m); player load; distance covered in four different zones; accelerations; and decelerations. A mixed linear model was run to identify differences among quarters, and the auto-correlation function was carried out to determine fluctuations across the whole game. The results showed significant differences between Q1 vs. Q2 for distance, player load, and standing-walking distance; between Q1 vs. Q3 for distance, player load, and HSR; between Q1 vs. Q4 for distance, player load, standing-walking, and HSR; and between Q3 vs. Q4 for distance and player load. These findings suggest that external PD for running-based demands (distance, player load, and high-speed running) decrease across basketball games with the most notable declines occurring between the first and fourth quarters. Nevertheless, it is important to note that non-significant differences were found between quarters for several external PD variables (jogging, running, acceleration, and deceleration) across different time windows. Findings from the present study reinforce the importance of considering specific PD variables for different functions due to the specific insight each provides.

Higher Playing Times Accumulated Across Entire Games and Prior to Intense Passages Reduce the Peak Demands Reached by Elite, Junior, Male Basketball Players.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different factors on the external peak demands (PD) encountered by elite, junior, male basketball players in games, including the (1) total playing time during games and (2) playing time accumulated directly prior to each PD episode. Workload variables included the PD for total distance, distance covered in different intensity zones, accelerations >2 m·s-2 (ACC), decelerations <-2 m·s-2 (DEC), and PlayerLoad. PD were calculated across different sample durations for each variable. Linear mixed models were used to identify differences in PD between groups based on playing times. PD for total distance (5-min window), high-speed running (>18 km·h-1) distance (2-min window), and ACC (30-s, 45-s, 1-min, 2-min, and 5-min windows) were significantly (p < .05) higher for players who completed lower total playing times (16.6 ± 2.4 min) than players who completed higher total playing times (25.0 ± 3.4 min). The PD for total distance (30-s, 45-s, 1-min, and 2-min windows), high-speed running distance (30-s and 5-min windows), and PlayerLoad (1-min and 2-min windows) were significantly (p < .05) higher for players who accumulated lower playing times before each PD episode than players who accumulated higher playing times before each PD episode. Players who undertake less playing time overall and prior to each PD episode can reach higher peak external loads aggregated across varied time windows. These findings can inform tactical coaching decisions during games for high external loads to be accomplished during important passages of play.

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from spent coffee grounds oil obtained by supercritical fluid extraction technology.

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) oil was obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction in a pilot plant apparatus, with an oil extraction yield of 90% at a 35kgkg(-1) CO2/SCG ratio. Cupriavidus necator DSM 428 was cultivated in 2L bioreactor using extracted SCG oil as sole carbon source for production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. The culture reached a cell dry weight of 16.7gL(-1) with a polymer content of 78.4% (w/w). The volumetric polymer productivity and oil yield were 4.7gL(-1)day(-1) and 0.77gg(-1), respectively. The polymer produced was a homopolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate with an average molecular weight of 2.34×10(5) and a polydispersity index of 1.2. The polymer exhibited brittle behaviour, with very low elongation at break (1.3%), tensile strength at break of 16MPa and Young's Modulus of 1.0GPa. Results show that SCG can be a bioresource for polyhydroxyalkanoates production with interesting properties.

Notas sobre os dormentes da estrada de ferro do tocantins

SUMMARY General observations were made on the durability of wood ties used in the old Tocantins railroad. Nine different timbers were identified, with Itauba (Mezilaurus itauba) showing the greatest durability. Other species that also showed high durability were Acapu (Vouacapoua americana), Macaranduba (Manilkara huberi), Sucupira da-terra-firme (Bowdickia nitida) and Mata-matá (Eschweilera sp.).

The relationship between stem vessel parameters and the development of strata in the early stages of secondary forest succession in Amazonia

In order to compare the development of strata in the early stages of secondary forest succession with vessel parameters of the tree species, a forest inventory was carried out in 4-year (Q1: 48 m2), 11-year (Q2: 400 m2) and 20-year (Q3: 400 m2) forests and vessel parameters were investigated from stem cross sections of 18 species obtained in Q2. Thirty three species (21 families), 77 species (35 families), 39 species (20 families) were found in Ql, Q2, Q3, respectively. The percentage of dead individuals, dead stems and the percentage of individuals with multiple stems increased with time after clear cutting. Also, the total D2H of Q3 was 26.1 times that of Q1, and the development of strata started in Q2 and Q3. The image analysis of vessel size, area and number of vessels revealed that species which reach the forest canopy had a large D2H value, vessel diameter and area, while species which remain near the forest floor had smaller ones. Poecilanthe effusa (Huber) Ducke is an example of the latter case, with a large number of individuals and abundant sprouting of new stems from stumps, but with high mortality.

A fim de comparar o desenvolvimento dos estratos no estágio inicial da floresta secundária no Amazônia com os parâmetros de vasos nas espécies de árvores, um inventário florestal foi elaborado em florestas de 4-anos (Q1: 48 m2), 11-anos (Q2: 400 m2) e 20-anos (Q3: 400 m2) e os parâmetros de vasos foram investigados através dos cortes transversais dos troncos em 18 espécies em Q2. Apesar de serem encontradas 33 espécies (21 famílias), 77 espécies (35 famílias), 39 espécies (20 famílias) nas respectivas áreas Q1, Q2 e Q3, a porcentagem de mortes individuais, troncos mortos e a porcentagem de caules individuais em relação a caules germinados aumentou com a passagem do tempo após o período de desmatamento. Também, foi observado que, o D2H total no Q3 foi 26.1 vezes maior que em Ql e o desenvolvimento dos estratos iniciaram-se em Q2 e Q3. As análises de imagens do tamanho do vaso, área celular e do número de vasos, demonstraram que as espécies que poderiam chegar a compor a cobertura florestal, apresentam grandes valores em D2H, diâmetro de vasos e área. Enquanto as espécies que poderiam permanencer no sub-bosque demonstraram baixos valores dos mesmos parâmetros. Poecilanthe effusa (Huber) Ducke e um exemplo do segundo caso: possue grande número de indivíduos e germina consideravelmente um bom número de novos caules, mas apresenta grande taxa de mortalidade.

Caxiuanä

Objetiva estudar a possibilidade de instalaçäo de um projeto sobre o comportamento de mosquitos Culicidae na Estaçäo Científica Ferreira Penna, principalmente no que se refere à distribuiçäo sazonal, atividade nictimeral e estratificaçäo arbórea. Trata-se de uma área em que näo se havia realizado estudos de mosquitos