Defect Engineering Simultaneously Regulating Exciton Dissociation in Carbon Nitride and Local Electron Density in Pt Single Atoms Toward Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production.

The high exciton binding energy (Eb) and sluggish surface reaction kinetics have severely limited the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of carbon nitride (CN). Herein, a hybrid system consisting of nitrogen defects and Pt single atoms is constructed through a facile self-assembly and photodeposition strategy. Due to the acceleration of exciton dissociation and regulation of local electron density of Pt single atoms along with the introduction of nitrogen defects, the optimized Pt-MCT-3 exhibits a hydrogen production rate of 172.0 µmol h-1 (λ ≥ 420 nm), ≈41 times higher than pristine CN. The apparent quantum yield for the hydrogen production is determined to be 27.1% at 420 nm. The experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the nitrogen defects act as the electron traps for the exciton dissociation, resulting in a decrease of Eb from 86.92 to 43.20 meV. Simultaneously, the stronger interaction between neighboring nitrogen defects and Pt single atoms directionally drives free electrons to aggregate around Pt single atoms, and tailors the d-band electrons of Pt, forming a moderate binding strength between Pt atoms and H* intermediates.

Indoor air quality improvement with filtration and UV-C on mitigation of particulate matter and airborne bacteria: Monitoring and modeling.

Indoor air, especially with suspended particulate matter (PM), can be a carrier of airborne infectious pathogens. Without sufficient ventilation, airborne infectious diseases can be transmitted from one person to another. Indoor air quality (IAQ) significantly impacts people's daily lives as people spend 90% of their time indoors. An industrial-grade air cleaner prototype (filtration + ultraviolet light) was previously upgraded to clean indoor air to improve IAQ on two metrics: particulate matter (PM) and viable airborne bacteria. Previous experiments were conducted to test its removal efficiency on PM and airborne bacteria between the inlet and treated air. However, the longer-term improvement on IAQ would be more informative. Therefore, this research focused on quantifying longer-term improvement in a testing environment (poultry facility) loaded with high and variable PM and airborne bacteria concentrations. A 25-day experiment was conducted to treat indoor air using an air cleaner prototype with intermittent ON and OFF days in which PM and viable airborne bacteria were measured to quantify the treatment effect. The results showed an average of 55% reduction of total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration between OFF days (110 µg/m3) and ON days (49 µg/m3). An average of 47% reduction of total airborne viable bacteria concentrations was achieved between OFF days (∼3200 CFU/m3) and ON days (∼2000 CFU/m3). A cross-validation (CV) model was established to predict PM concentrations with five input variables, including the status of the air cleaner, time (h), ambient temperature, indoor relative humidity, and day of the week to help simulate the air-cleaning effect of this prototype. The model can approximately predict the air quality trend, and future improvements may be made to improve its accuracy.

An Evaluation of the Edible Value of Salvia miltiorrhiza Seeds: Proximate Composition, Phytochemical Components and Antioxidant Activity.

Salvia miltiorrhiza seeds (SMS) are the main by-product of the production processing of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. The main purposes of this work are to analyse the nutritional components in SMS, to explore the antioxidant activity of the chemical components in SMS and to evaluate the possibility of SMS as a raw material for functional foods. The contents of crude fibre, total protein, carbohydrates, total phenolics and flavonoids in SMS and the composition and relative content of fatty acids in SMS oil were determined. The results suggested that SMS has high contents of crude fibre (28.68 ± 4.66 g/100 g), total protein (26.65 ± 2.51 g/100 g), total phenolics (6.45 ± 0.55 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g) and total flavonoids (3.28 ± 0.34 mg of rutin equivalent/g), as well as a high level of α-linolenic acid (33.774 ± 4.68%) in their oil. Twenty-two secondary metabolites were identified in SMS residue, and nine compounds were isolated. The IC50 values of the total phenolic content in SMS on an ABTS radical, DPPH radical, superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical were 30.94 ± 3.68 µg/mL, 34.93 ± 4.12 µg/mL, 150.87 ± 17.64 µg/mL and 230.19 ± 24.47 µg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that SMS contain many nutrients and have high utilization value as a promising functional food.

Advancements in nonthermal physical field technologies for prefabricated aquatic food: A comprehensive review.

Aquatic foods are nutritious, enjoyable, and highly favored by consumers. In recent years, young consumers have shown a preference for prefabricated food due to its convenience, nutritional value, safety, and increasing market share. However, aquatic foods are prone to microbial spoilage due to their high moisture content, protein content, and unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, traditional processing methods of aquatic foods can lead to issues such as protein denaturation, lipid peroxidation, and other food safety and nutritional health problems. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring new technologies that can achieve a balance between antimicrobial efficiency and food quality. This review examines the mechanisms of cold plasma, high-pressure processing, photodynamic inactivation, pulsed electric field treatment, and ultraviolet irradiation. It also summarizes the research progress in nonthermal physical field technologies and their application combined with other technologies in prefabricated aquatic food. Additionally, the review discusses the current trends and developments in the field of prefabricated aquatic foods. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new technologies and their implementation in the industrial production of prefabricated aquatic food.

The potential role of extracellular vesicles in bioactive compound-based therapy: A review of recent developments.

Recent studies have explored the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs), driving an increasing interest in their application to human health. EVs have unique physicochemical traits to participate in intercellular communication, thus fostering the idea of using EVs to yield synergistic, preventive, and therapeutic effects. Many reports have shown that EVs contain natural bioactive compounds, such as lipids, proteins, RNA, and other active components that regulate biological processes, thereby contributing to human health. Therefore, in this review, we comprehensively elucidate various facets of the relationship between EVs and bioactive compounds that modulate EVs contents, including RNAs and proteins, discussing different forms of biological regulation. The use of EVs for cargo-loading bioactive compounds to exert biological functions and methods to load bioactive compounds into EVs are also discussed. This review highlighted the effect of EV-delivered bioactive compounds on several therapeutic mechanisms and applications, providing new insight into nutrition and pharmacology.

Multimode Luminescence Tailoring and Improvement of Cs2 NaHoCl6 Cryolite Crystals via Sb3+ /Yb3+ Alloying for Versatile Photoelectric Applications.

Lead-free halide double perovskites are currently gaining significant attention owing to their exceptional environmental friendliness, structural adjustability as well as self-trapped exciton emission. However, stable and efficient double perovskite with multimode luminescence and tunable spectra are still urgently needed for multifunctional photoelectric application. Herein, holmium based cryolite materials (Cs2 NaHoCl6 ) with anti-thermal quenching and multimode photoluminescence were successfully synthesized. By the further alloying of Sb3+ (s-p transitions) and Yb3+ (f-f transitions) ions, its luminescence properties can be well modulated, originating from tailoring band gap structure and enriching electron transition channels. Upon Sb3+ substitution in Cs2 NaHoCl6 , additional absorption peaking at 334 nm results in the tremendous increase of photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Meanwhile, not only the typical NIR emission around 980 nm of Ho3+ is enhanced, but also the red and NIR emissions show a diverse range of anti-thermal quenching photoluminescence behaviors. Furthermore, through designing Yb3+ doping, the up-conversion photoluminescence can be triggered by changing excitation laser power density (yellow-to-orange) and Yb3+ doping concentration (red-to-green). Through a combined experimental-theoretical approach, the related luminescence mechanism is revealed. In general, by alloying Sb3+ /Yb3+ in Cs2 NaHoCl6 , abundant energy level ladders are constructed and more luminescence modes are derived, demonstrating great potential in multifunctional photoelectric applications.

Simultaneous Broadening and Enhancement of Cr3+ Photoluminescence in LiIn2 SbO6 by Chemical Unit Cosubstitution: Night-Vision and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Detection Applications.

Near-infrared (NIR)-emitting phosphor materials have been extensively developed for optoelectronic and biomedical applications. Although Cr3+ -activated phosphors have been widely reported, it is challenging to achieve ultra-broad and tunable NIR emission. Here, a new ultra-broadband NIR-emitting LiIn2 SbO6 :Cr3+ phosphor with emission peak at 965 nm and a full-width at half maximum of 217 nm is reported. Controllable emission tuning from 965 to 892 nm is achieved by chemical unit cosubstitution of [Zn2+ -Zn2+ ] for [Li+ -In3+ ], which can be ascribed to the upshift of 4 T2g energy level due to the strengthened crystal field. Moreover, the emission is greatly enhanced, and the FWHM reaches 235 nm. The as-prepared luminescent tunable NIR-emitting phosphors have demonstrated the potential in night-vision and NIR spectroscopy techniques. This work proves the feasibility of chemical unit cosubstitution strategy in emission tuning of Cr3+ -doped phosphors, which can stimulate further studies on the emission-tunable NIR-emitting phosphor materials.

The distribution characteristics of intestinal microbiota in children with community-acquired pneumonia under five Years of age.

Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age worldwide. Over the past decades, studies have shown that the upper respiratory pathogens are closely related to the occurrence of pneumonia. However, the co-occurrence of gut microbiome dysbiosis may have clinical manifestation in the prognosis of childhood pneumonia. The aim of the present study is to investigate the differences in gut microbial communities between children's diagnosed community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) under five compared to healthy controls in Inner Mongolia. Fecal samples were collected from children with CAP and healthy controls (<5 years old) and the genomic microbiome 16S rRNA was amplified using the hypervariable V4 region and subjected to MiSeq Illumina sequencing, and then analyzed for microbiota composition and phenotype. Finally functional profiling was performed by KEGG pathways analyses. Our results revealed a gut microbiota dysbiosis in children with CAP. Distinct gut microbiome composition and structure were associated with childhood CAP between two age categories compared to healthy controls. In addition, the phylogenic phenotype's prediction was found to be significantly different between the groups. The prominent genera in age group of 0-3 were Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus. On the contrary, Escherichia-Shigella, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Enterobacter were remarkably decreased in most of the fecal samples from CAP patients in age group of 0-3 compared to the control. At the genus level, the CAP children in the age group of 4-5 showed an increase in the abundance of Escherichia/Shigella, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus and Psychrobacter and, a decrease in the abundance of Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcus compared with the matched healthy controls. Moreover, CAP children in both age groups exhibited distinct profiles in the KEGG functional analysis. Our data revealed that the gut microbiota differ between CAP patients and health children and certain gut microbial species are associated with CAP. Further research to identify specific microbial species which may contribute to the development CAP are merited. In addition, rectification of microbiota dysbiosis may provide supplemental benefits for treatment of the childhood CAP.

Highly Efficient Cyan-Green Emission in Self-Activated Rb3RV2O8 (R = Y, Lu) Vanadate Phosphors for Full-Spectrum White Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs).

Phosphor-converted white-light-emitting diodes (pc-WLEDs) rely on combining a near-ultraviolet (n-UV) or blue chip with trichromatic and yellow-emitting phosphors. It is challenging to discover cyan-green-emitting (480-520 nm) phosphors for compensating the spectral gap and producing full-spectrum white light. In this work, we successfully discovered two unprecedented bright cyan-green emitting Rb3RV2O8 (R = Y, Lu) phosphors that gives emission bands centered at 500 nm upon 362 nm n-UV light excitation. Interestingly, the both self-activated compounds exhibit high internal quantum efficiencies (IQEs) of 71% for Rb3YV2O8 and 85% for Rb3LuV2O8, respectively. Moreover, controllable emission color can be successfully tuned from cyan-green to orange-red across the warm white light region by design strategy of VO43- → Eu3+ energy transfer. The thermal quenching of as-prepared phosphors could be effectively mitigated by this design strategy. Finally, the as-fabricated n-UV (λex = 370 nm) pumped phosphor-converted (pc) W-LED devices utilizing Rb3RV2O8 (R = Y, Lu) along with commercial phosphors demonstrate well-distributed warm white light with high color-rendering index (CRI) of 91.9 and 93.5, and a low correlated color temperature (CCT) of 5095 and 4946 K. It suggests that the both vanadate phosphors have potential applications in full-spectrum pc-WLEDs.

Construction of a new cascade photogenerated charge transfer system for the efficient removal of bio-toxic levofloxacin and rhodamine B from aqueous solution: Mechanism, degradation pathways and intermediates study.

In this work, a novel cascade system (i.e., SnTCPP/g-C3N4/Bi2WO6) is successfully constructed using stannum (II) meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (SnTCPP) as the key photovoltaic agent for the first time. Visible light driven photocatalytic experiments indicated that wt. 12% SnTCPP and 30% Bi2WO6 codecorated g-C3N4 demonstrates the highest photodecomposition capabilities for levofloxacin and rhodamine B, achieving 85.64% and 93.64% degradation rates, respectively. The dramatically enhanced photocatalytic performance mainly raised from the synergetic co-effects among SnTCPP, g-C3N4 and Bi2WO6, including: i) the incorporation of SnTCPP extends the visible light response of the binary Bi2WO6/g-C3N4 heterojunctions, resulting in the highly efficient visible light harvesting; ii) we find that the g-C3N4 not only serves as a promising supporter to trap electrons from Bi2WO6, but also as an interfacial electron-hole pairs transfer moderator, like "volleyball setter" to facilitate the charges transfer between Bi2WO6 and SnTCPP. The presence of the "setter" endows a cascade system for boosting the photodegradation efficiency of levofloxacin and rhodamine B. This study provides a promising design strategy to construct efficient g-C3N4 based heterojunctions suitable for removing pharmaceutical antibiotics and hazardous dyes from various real wastewaters.

De Novo Design of Chemical Stability Near-Infrared Molecular Probes for High-Fidelity Hepatotoxicity Evaluation In Vivo.

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging technique is garnering increasing research attention due to various advantages. However, most NIR fluorescent probes still suffer from a false signals problem owing to their instability in real application. Especially in a pathological environment, many NIR probes can be easily destroyed due to the excessive generation of highly reactive species and causing a distorted false signal. Herein, we proposed an approach for developing a new stable NIR dye platform with an optically tunable group to eliminate false signals using the combination of dyes screening and rational design strategy. The conception is validated by the construction of two high-fidelity NIR fluorescent probes (NIR-LAP and NIR-ONOO-) sensing leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), the markers of hepatotoxicity. These probes (NIR-LAP and NIR-ONOO-) were demonstrated to sensitively and accurately monitor LAP and ONOO- (detection limit: 80 mU/L for LAP and 90 nM for ONOO-), thereby allowing one to precisely evaluate drug-induced hepatotoxicity. In addition, based on the fluctuation of LAP, the therapeutic efficacy of six hepatoprotective medicines for acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity was analyzed in vivo. We anticipate the high-fidelity NIR dye platform with an optically tunable group could provide a convenient and efficient tool for the development of future probes applied in the pathological environment.

Overexpression of apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondrion-associated 1 (AIFM1) induces apoptosis by promoting the transcription of caspase3 and DRAM in hepatoma cells.

Full-length apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondrion-associated 1 (AIFM1) (∼67 kDa) induces apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner when it is cleaved at its N-terminus to produce truncated AIFM1 (∼57 kDa). Here, we produced recombinant adenovirus AIFM1 (rAd-AIFM1) encoding full-length AIFM1 to detect whether full-length AIFM1 suppresses cell growth and induces apoptosis of hepatoma cell lines (HepG2 and Hep3B). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most difficult cancers to treat worldwide. The MTT assay demonstrated that full-length AIFM1 inhibited the growth of hepatoma cells because rAd-AIFM1 infection suppressed the proliferation of HepG2 and Hep3B cells. TUNEL assay demonstrated that full-length AIFM1 overexpression induced apoptosis in HepG2 and Hep3B cells infected with rAd-AIFM1, suggesting an apoptosis-inducing ability of full-length AIFM1. Our data further showed that the expression of two pro-apoptotic genes, caspase3 and DRAM, were involved in full-length AIFM1 infection-induced apoptosis, and full-length AIFM1 could also positively regulate the transcription of caspase3 and DRAM. Thus, overexpression of full-length AIFM1 can induce caspase-dependent apoptosis and suppresses cell growth of hepatoma cells. Our data uncover a potential role of rAd-AIFM1 in HCC gene therapy.

Laser trapping/confocal Raman spectroscopic characterization of PLGA-PEG nanoparticles.

We have immobilized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the surfaces of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles by two different chemical methods, i.e., SOCl2 halogenate-alcoholysis and DCC dehydration. The immobilized PLGA nanoparticles were characterized by DLS, 1H NMR, FT-IR and laser trapping/confocal Raman spectroscopic techniques. As a result, especially the Raman spectra which were measured after optically trapping ca. 10 individual nanoparticles in solution indicated that the PLGA nanoparticles were successfully immobilized with the PEG by the chemical methods.

Ceria Oxide Nanoparticles an Ideal Carrier Given Little Stress to Cells and Rats.

Nanoparticles were used as ideal carrier for its passive and active targeting property. Unfortunately, many of them were failed for its biotoxicology. Thus, find a safe and targeted drug delivery was the new goal of pharmaceutical industries. Here, A549 and H1299 cells were exposed to ceria oxide nanoparticles, silicon oxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles for 12 h to induce autophagy and late apoptosis. Rats were exposed to ceria oxide nanoparticles (20 mg/kg · bw) for 1, 7, 14 or 28 days to induce lung injury and cytokines change. Luckily, compare with silicon oxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles, autophagy and late apoptosis were failed to fund in ceria oxide nanoparticles groups in 100 µg/ml in cell lines for 12 h. At the same time, the autophagy related genes LC3, atg5, beclin1 and bcl2 were not change in protein level at 0 to 200 µg/ml. What's more, histopathology change of the lung was recovered at the day of 28, only four of twenty-seven cytokines (IL12P70, RANTES, IL-X and MIP-1α) were changed at the day of 28 after exposed to ceria oxide nanoparticles (20 mg/kg · bw). Therefore, we indicated that ceria oxide nanoparticles can't give a stress both in vivo and vitro, and ceria oxide nanoparticles will be an ideal carrier for targeted drug delivery.

Incomplete radiofrequency ablation promotes the development of CD133+ cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 via inducing SOX9 expression.

BACKGROUND: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) accelerate the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) residual after incomplete radiofrequency ablation (In-RFA). The present study aimed to detect the effects of In-RFA on stemness transcription factors (STFs) expression which are important for the production and function of CSCs, and to find which STFs promote HCC stemness after In-RFA. METHODS: HepG2 cells were used for in vitro and in vivo studies. Flow cytometry and sphere-formation assays were used to detect the level and function of CD133+CSCs in the models. PCR array and ELISA were applied to analyze the altered expression of 84 STFs in CD133+CSCs in two models. Specific lentiviral shRNA was used to knockdown STFs expression, followed by detecting In-RFA's effects on the levels and function of CD133+CSCs. RESULTS: In-RFA was identified to induce CD133+CSCs and increase their tumorigenesis ability in vitro and in vivo. The mRNA levels of 84 STFs in CD133+CSCs were detected by PCR array, showing that 15 and 22 STFs were up-regulated in two models, respectively. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of seven common STFs were up-regulated in both models. ELISA assay demonstrated that only the protein of sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) was up-regulated in both models, the protein levels of the other 6 common STFs did not increase in both models. Finally, SOX9 was identified to play an important role in inducing, maintaining stemness and promoting tumorigenesis ability of CD133+CSCs in both models. CONCLUSION: In-RFA-induced SOX9 stimulates CD133+CSCs proliferation and increases their tumorigenesis ability, suggesting that SOX9 may be a good target for HCC treatment.

[Clinical features of childhood hemophagocytic syndrome and its association with human parvovirus B19 infection].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of childhood hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) with human parvovirus B19 (HPVB19) infection, and to analyze the clinical features of this disease. METHODS: ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR were used to detect HPVB19-IgM, HPVB19-IgG and HPVB19-DNA in 65 children with HPS (HPS group) and 65 healthy children (control group). The HPS group was divided into HPVB19-infected (n=14) and non-infected (n=51) groups according to the detection results of HPVB19-DNA. The clinical data of two groups were compared. RESULTS: The positive rate of HPVB19-IgM in the HPS group (26%, 17/65) was significantly higher than that in the control group (9%, 6/65) (P=0.011), and there was no significant difference in the positive rate of HPVB19-IgG between the HPS (38%, 25/65) and control groups (29%, 19/65) (P=0.266). The infection rate of HPVB19 in the HPS group (22%, 14/65) was significantly higher than that in the control group (3%, 2/65) (P=0.001). Compared with the non-infected group, the HPVB19-infected group had significantly lower platelet count and hemoglobin level on admission, significantly more severe liver function damage, a significantly earlier onset time, and a significantly longer course of disease (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of HPS may be associated with HPVBl9 infection. HPVBl9-infected children with HPS have more acute onset, more severe clinical manifestations, and a longer disease duration.

Metabolomic analysis reveals the effect of ultrasonic-microwave pretreatment on flavonoids in tribute Citrus powder.

In this study, the ultrasonic-microwave pretreatment was defined as a processing technology in the production of tribute citrus powder, and it could increase the flavonoid compounds in the processing fruit powder. A total of 183 upregulated metabolites and 280 downregulated metabolites were obtained by non-targeted metabolomics, and the differential metabolites was mainly involved in the pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. A total of 8 flavonoid differential metabolites were obtained including 5 upregulated metabolites (6"-O-acetylglycitin, scutellarin, isosakuranin, rutin, and robinin), and 3 downregulated metabolites (astragalin, luteolin, and (-)-catechin gallate) by flavonoids-targeted metabolomics. The 8 flavonoid differential metabolites participated in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways, and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The results provide a reference for further understanding the relationship between food processing and food components, and also lay a basis for the development of food targeted-processing technologies.

The effect of ultrasonic power on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of frosted figs pectin.

Ultrasound has been widely used in industry due to its high energy and efficiency. This study optimized the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) process of frosted figs pectin (FFP) using response surface methodology (RSM), and further investigated the effect of ultrasonic power on the structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of FFPs. The UAE method of FFP through RSM was optimized, and the optimal extraction process conditions, particle size of 100 mesh, pH value of 1.95, liquid-solid ratio of 47:1 (mL/g), extraction temperature of 50 °C and extraction time of 65 min, were obtained. The extraction rate of FFP under this condition was 37.97 ± 2.56 %. Then, the four FFPs modified by ultrasound were obtained by changing the ultrasonic power. Research had found that ultrasonic power had little effect on the monosaccharide composition, Zeta potential, as well as the thermal stability and appearance structure of the four FFPs. However, ultrasonic power had a significant impact on other properties of FFP: as the ultrasonic power increased, the DM% and particle size decreased continuously, while the total carbohydrate content increased. Meanwhile, ultrasonic power also had a significant impact on antioxidant activities of FFPs. From the research results, it could be seen that different ultrasonic power had certain changes in its spatial structure and properties, and the structural changes also affected the biological activity of FFP. The study of the effects of ultrasonic power on the physicochemical properties and biological activity of FFP lays the foundation for the development and application of FFP in food additives and natural drug carriers.

Phenolic amides (avenanthramides) in oats - an update review.

Oats (Avena sativa L.) are one of the worldwide cereal crops. Avenanthramides (AVNs), the unique plant alkaloids of secondary metabolites found in oats, are nutritionally important for humans and animals. Numerous bioactivities of AVNs have been investigated and demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Despite all these, researchers from all over the world are taking efforts to learn more knowledge about AVNs. In this work, we highlighted the recent updated findings that have increased our understanding of AVNs bioactivity, distribution, and especially the AVNs biosynthesis. Since the limits content of AVNs in oats strictly hinders the demand, understanding the mechanisms underlying AVN biosynthesis is important not only for developing a renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly source in both plants and microorganisms but also for designing effective strategies for enhancing their production via induction and metabolic engineering. Future directions for improving AVN production in native producers and heterologous systems for food and feed use are also discussed. This summary will provide a broad view of these specific natural products from oats.

• Avenanthramides are unique nutritional alkaloids in oats• AVN bioactivity, distribution, and the potential AVNs biosynthesis are discussed• AVNs can be produced via induction and metabolic engineering.

Radiofrequency ablation plays double role in immunosuppression and activation of PBMCs in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the primary curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who are not eligible for surgery. However, the effects of RFA on the global tumor immune response remain unclear. Method: In this study, we examined the phenotypic and functional changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from recurrent HCC patients who had undergone two RFA treatments using mass cytometry and high-throughput mRNA assays. Results: We observed significant increase in monocytes and decrease in T cell subpopulations three days after the first RFA treatment and three days after the second RFA treatment. The down-regulation of GZMB, GZMH, GZMK, and CD8A, which are involved in the cytotoxic function of T cells, was observed following RFA. Furthermore, the population of CD8 effector and memory T cells (CD8 Teff and CD8 Tem) significantly decreased after RFA. The expression of CD5 and CD161 in various T cell subpopulations also showed significant reductions. Additionally, elevated secretion of VEGF was observed in monocytes, B cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and CD4 naive T cells. Conclusion: In recurrent HCC patients, serum components derived from radiofrequency therapy can enhance the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes. However, they also inhibit the anti-cancer immune response by reducing the population of CD8 effector and memory T cells and suppressing the activation of T cells, as well as down-regulating the expression of CD161 and CD5 in various T cell subpopulations. These tumor-derived components also contribute to an immunosuppressive microenvironment by promoting the secretion of VEGF in monocytes, Tregs, B cells, and CD4 naive T cells.