Shigella evades pyroptosis by arginine ADP-riboxanation of caspase-11.

Mouse caspase-11 and human caspase-4 and caspase-5 recognize cytosolic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce pyroptosis by cleaving the pore-forming protein GSDMD1-5. This non-canonical inflammasome defends against Gram-negative bacteria6,7. Shigella flexneri, which causes bacillary dysentery, lives freely within the host cytosol where these caspases reside. However, the role of caspase-11-mediated pyroptosis in S. flexneri infection is unknown. Here we show that caspase-11 did not protect mice from S. flexneri infection, in contrast to infection with another cytosolic bacterium, Burkholderia thailandensis8. S. flexneri evaded pyroptosis mediated by caspase-11 or caspase 4 (hereafter referred to as caspase-11/4) using a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector, OspC3. OspC3, but not its paralogues OspC1 and 2, covalently modified caspase-11/4; although it used the NAD+ donor, this modification was not ADP-ribosylation. Biochemical dissections uncovered an ADP-riboxanation modification on Arg314 and Arg310 in caspase-4 and caspase-11, respectively. The enzymatic activity was shared by OspC1 and 2, whose ankyrin-repeat domains, unlike that of OspC3, could not recognize caspase-11/4. ADP-riboxanation of the arginine blocked autoprocessing of caspase-4/11 as well as their recognition and cleavage of GSDMD. ADP-riboxanation of caspase-11 paralysed pyroptosis-mediated defence in Shigella-infected mice and mutation of ospC3 stimulated caspase-11- and GSDMD-dependent anti-Shigella humoral immunity, generating a vaccine-like protective effect. Our study establishes ADP-riboxanation of arginine as a bacterial virulence mechanism that prevents LPS-induced pyroptosis.

GbyE: an integrated tool for genome widely association study and genome selection based on genetic by environmental interaction.

BACKGROUND: The growth and development of organism were dependent on the effect of genetic, environment, and their interaction. In recent decades, lots of candidate additive genetic markers and genes had been detected by using genome-widely association study (GWAS). However, restricted to computing power and practical tool, the interactive effect of markers and genes were not revealed clearly. And utilization of these interactive markers is difficult in the breeding and prediction, such as genome selection (GS). RESULTS: Through the Power-FDR curve, the GbyE algorithm can detect more significant genetic loci at different levels of genetic correlation and heritability, especially at low heritability levels. The additive effect of GbyE exhibits high significance on certain chromosomes, while the interactive effect detects more significant sites on other chromosomes, which were not detected in the first two parts. In prediction accuracy testing, in most cases of heritability and genetic correlation, the majority of prediction accuracy of GbyE is significantly higher than that of the mean method, regardless of whether the rrBLUP model or BGLR model is used for statistics. The GbyE algorithm improves the prediction accuracy of the three Bayesian models BRR, BayesA, and BayesLASSO using information from genetic by environmental interaction (G × E) and increases the prediction accuracy by 9.4%, 9.1%, and 11%, respectively, relative to the Mean value method. The GbyE algorithm is significantly superior to the mean method in the absence of a single environment, regardless of the combination of heritability and genetic correlation, especially in the case of high genetic correlation and heritability. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, this study constructed a new genotype design model program (GbyE) for GWAS and GS using Kronecker product. which was able to clearly estimate the additive and interactive effects separately. The results showed that GbyE can provide higher statistical power for the GWAS and more prediction accuracy of the GS models. In addition, GbyE gives varying degrees of improvement of prediction accuracy in three Bayesian models (BRR, BayesA, and BayesCpi). Whatever the phenotype were missed in the single environment or multiple environments, the GbyE also makes better prediction for inference population set. This study helps us understand the interactive relationship between genomic and environment in the complex traits. The GbyE source code is available at the GitHub website ( https://github.com/liu-xinrui/GbyE ).

Whole-genome resequencing of major populations revealed domestication-related genes in yaks.

BACKGROUND: The yak is a symbol of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and provides important basic resources for human life on the plateau. Domestic yaks have been subjected to strong artificial selection and environmental pressures over the long-term. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of phenotypic differences in yak populations can reveal key functional genes involved in the domestication process and improve genetic breeding. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Here, we re-sequenced 80 yaks (Maiwa, Yushu, and Huanhu populations) to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as genetic variants. After filtering and quality control, remaining SNPs were kept to identify the genome-wide regions of selective sweeps associated with domestic traits. The four methods (π, XPEHH, iHS, and XP-nSL) were used to detect the population genetic separation. RESULTS: By comparing the differences in the population stratification, linkage disequilibrium decay rate, and characteristic selective sweep signals, we identified 203 putative selective regions of domestic traits, 45 of which were mapped to 27 known genes. They were clustered into 4 major GO biological process terms. All known genes were associated with seven major domestication traits, such as dwarfism (ANKRD28), milk (HECW1, HECW2, and OSBPL2), meat (SPATA5 and GRHL2), fertility (BTBD11 and ARFIP1), adaptation (NCKAP5, ANTXR1, LAMA5, OSBPL2, AOC2, and RYR2), growth (GRHL2, GRID2, SMARCAL1, and EPHB2), and the immune system (INPP5D and ADCYAP1R1). CONCLUSIONS: We provided there is an obvious genetic different among domestic progress in these three yak populations. Our findings improve the understanding of the major genetic switches and domestic processes among yak populations.

Myeloid cells protect intestinal epithelial barrier integrity through the angiogenin/plexin-B2 axis.

Communication between myeloid cells and epithelium plays critical role in maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Myeloid cells interact with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) by producing various mediators; however, the molecules mediating their crosstalk remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that deficiency of angiogenin (Ang) in mouse myeloid cells caused impairment of epithelial barrier integrity, leading to high susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. Mechanistically, myeloid cell-derived angiogenin promoted IEC survival and proliferation through plexin-B2-mediated production of tRNA-derived stress-induced small RNA (tiRNA) and transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), respectively. Moreover, treatment with recombinant angiogenin significantly attenuated the severity of experimental colitis. In human samples, the expression of angiogenin was significantly down-regulated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Collectively, we identified, for the first time to our knowledge, a novel mediator of myeloid cell-IEC crosstalk in maintaining epithelial barrier integrity, suggesting that angiogenin may serve as a new preventive agent and therapeutic target for IBD.

Biotransformation of Organophosphate Diesters Characterized via In Vitro Metabolism and In Vivo Screening.

Organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs), as additives in industrial applications and/or transformation products of emerging environmental pollutants, such as organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs), have been found in the environment and biological matrices. The metabolic fate of di-OPEs in biological media is of great significance for tracing the inherent and precursor toxicity variations. This is the first study to investigate the metabolism of a suite of di-OPEs by liver microsomes and to identify any metabolite of metabolizable di-OPEs in in vitro and in vivo samples. Of the 14 di-OPEs, 5 are significantly metabolizable, and their abundant metabolites with hydroxyl, carboxyl, dealkylated, carbonyl, and/or epoxide groups are tentatively identified. More than half of the di-OPEs are detectable in human serum and/or wild fish tissues, and dibenzyl phosphate (DBzP), bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (BDBPP), and isopropyl diphenyl phosphate (ip-DPHP) are first reported at a detectable level in humans and wildlife. Using an in vitro assay and a known biotransformation rule-based integrated screening strategy, 2 and 10 suspected metabolite peaks of DEHP are found in human serum and wild fish samples, respectively, and are then identified as phase I and phase II metabolites of DEHP. This study provides a novel insight into fate and persistence of di-OPE and confirms the presence of di-OPE metabolites in humans and wildlife.

Recognizing Functional Groups of MES/APG Mixed Surfactants for Enhanced Solubilization toward Benzo[a]pyrene.

Benzo[a]pyrene is difficult to remove from soil due to its high octanol/water partition coefficient. The use of mixed surfactants can increase solubility but with the risk of secondary soil contamination, and the compounding mechanism is still unclear. This study introduced a new approach using environmentally friendly fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate (MES) and alkyl polyglucoside (APG) to solubilize benzo[a]pyrene. The best result was obtained when the ratio of MES/APG was 7:1 under 6 g/L total concentration, with an apparent solubility (Sw) of 8.58 mg/L and a molar solubilization ratio (MSR) of 1.31 for benzo[a]pyrene, which is comparable to that of Tween 80 (MSR, 0.95). The mechanism indicates that the hydroxyl groups (-OH) in APG form "O-H···OSO2-" hydrogen bonding with the sulfonic acid group (-SO3-) of MES, which reduces the electrostatic repulsion between MES molecules, thus facilitating the formation of large and stable micelles. Moreover, the strong solubilizing effect on benzo[a]pyrene should be ascribed to the low polarity of ester groups (-COOCH3) in MES. Functional groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds and having low polarity are responsible for the enhanced solubilization of benzo[a]pyrene. This understanding helps choose suitable surfactants for the remediation of PAH-contaminated soils.

High-Density Energetic Materials with Low Mechanical Sensitivity and Twinning Derived from Nitroimidazole Fused Ring.

The innovative synthesis of 3,8-dibromo-2,9-dinitro-5,6-dihydrodiimidazo [1,2-a:2',1'-c]pyrazine and 3,9-dibromo-2,10-dinitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-diimidazo [1,2-a:2',1'-c][1,4]diazepine is described in this study. The tricyclic fused molecular structures are formed by the respective amalgamation of piperazine and homopiperazine with the imidazole ring containing nitro. Compound 1 and 2 possess excellent high-density physical properties (ρ1 = 2.49 g/cm3, ρ2 = 2.35 g/cm3) due to the presence of a fused ring structure and Br atom. In addition to their high density, they have high decomposition temperatures (Td > 290 °C) which means that they have excellent thermal stability and can be used as potential heat-resistant explosives. Low mechanical sensitivities (IS > 40 J, FS > 360 N) are observed. The twinning structure of 2 was resolved by X-ray diffraction. Non-covalent interaction analysis, Hirshfeld surfaces, 2D fingerprint plot, and Electrostatic potential analysis were used to understand the intramolecular interactions in relation to physicochemical properties. The unique structures of this type of compound provide new potential for the evolution of energetic materials.

The effect of virtual reality technology in exercise and lung function of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious chronic disease worldwide, with significant negative impacts on the quality of life, family economic burden, and social healthcare burden of patients. AIMS: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of virtual reality technology on exercise function and lung function in COPD patients. METHODS: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was utilized. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Weipu Database (VIP), and Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) were systematically searched. We included randomized controlled trials published from the establishment of the database to August 10, 2022, on virtual reality technology in COPD patients. Literature retrieval and screening was carried out independently by two reviewers to obtain literature that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria and to extract relevant data. Two reviewers assessed the risk of bias in the included literature. A meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.4 Software. RESULTS: A total of 10 randomized controlled trials with 539 participants were included. The results showed that virtual reality technology significantly improved the lung function of COPD patients, such as forced expiratory volume (FEV1; MD = 7.29, 95% CI [4.34, 10.24], p < .01) and forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC; MD = 6.71, 95% CI [4.72, 8.71], p < .01). The combined intervention with different virtual reality technology had different effects on motor function. Compared with endurance training (ET) alone, virtual reality technology combined with ET had no significant effect on the 6-minute walk test (6WMT) in COPD patients (p > .05). Compared with pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) alone, virtual reality technology combined with PR was more effective in increasing 6WMT in COPD patients (MD = 30.80, 95% CI [10.85, 50.74], p < .01). LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION: Virtual reality technology can help to improve lung function in COPD patients, and virtual reality combined with PR can improve exercise tolerance in COPD patients. However, due to the limited number of included studies, large-sample, multicenter, high-quality randomized controlled trial studies are needed to provide clear evidence.

The GZnC1 variant from common wild rice influences grain Zn content.

Zinc (Zn) deficiency, caused by inadequate Zn intake in the human diet, has serious health implications. Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food in regions with a high incidence of Zn deficiency, so raising Zn levels in rice grain could help alleviate Zn deficiency. The wild relatives of cultivated rice vary widely in grain Zn content and thus are suitable resources for improving this trait. However, few loci underlying grain Zn content have been identified in wild rice relatives. Here, we identified a major quantitative trait locus for grain Zn content, Grain Zn Content 1 (qGZnC1), from Yuanjiang common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) using map-based cloning. Down-regulating GZnC1 expression reduced the grain Zn content, whereas the presence of GZnC1 had the opposite effect, indicating that GZnC1 is involved in grain Zn content in rice. Notably, GZnC1 is identical to a previously reported gene, EMBRYO SAC ABORTION 1 (ESA1), involved in seed setting rate. The mutation in GZnC1/ESA1 at position 1819 (T1819C) causes delayed termination of protein translation. In addition, GZnC1 is specifically expressed in developing panicles. Several genes related to Zn-transporter genes were up-regulated in the presence of GZnC1. Our results suggest that GZnC1 activates Zn transporters to promote Zn distribution in panicles. Our work thus sheds light on the genetic mechanism of Zn accumulation in rice grain and provides a new genetic resource for improving Zn content in rice.

Three-Week Versus 4-Week Schedule of nab-Paclitaxel in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Randomized Phase II Study.

BACKGROUND: This head-to-head study compared a 3-week versus 4-week schedule of nab-paclitaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC). METHODS: Patients with HER2-negative mBC were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive nab-paclitaxel for a 3-week schedule (125 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8) or a 4-week schedule (same dose on days 1, 8, and 15) until disease progression or treatment intolerance. Patients with intolerable toxicities were allowed to receive a maintenance regimen after benefiting from nab-paclitaxel. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Ninety-four patients were included in the analysis (n = 47 in each arm). A longer median PFS (mPFS) was observed in the 3-week versus the 4-week schedule in the overall population (not reached vs. 6.8 months; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.44; P = .029). Patients in the 2 arms had a similar overall survival (28.0 vs. 25.8 months), objective response rate (51.1% vs. 48.9%), and disease control rate (93.6% vs. 80.9%). The 3-week schedule was associated with a lower rate of toxicity-related treatment discontinuation (8.5% vs. 29.8%) and dose delays (6.4% vs. 23.4%). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the better antitumor activity and safety profile of a 3-week over 4-week nab-paclitaxel schedule in HER2-negative mBC, suggesting that a 3-week schedule may be a better treatment regimen in clinical practice (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04192331).

Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Duomeisu®) monotherapy in patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer heavily pretreated with anthracycline and taxanes: a single-arm, phase II study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) heavily pretreated with anthracycline and taxanes. METHODS: In this single-arm, phase II study, patients with HER2-negative MBC previously treated with anthracycline and taxanes as second- to fifth chemotherapy received PLD (Duomeisu®, generic doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome) 40 mg/m2 every 4 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or completion of six cycles. Primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), and safety. RESULTS: Of 44 enrolled patients (median age, 53.5 years; range, 34-69), 41 and 36 were evaluable for safety and efficacy, respectively. In total, 59.1% (26/44) of patients had ≥ 3 metastatic sites, 86.4% (38/44) had visceral disease, and 63.6% (28/44) had liver metastases. Median PFS was 3.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3-4.1) and median OS was 15.0 months (95% CI 12.1-17.9). ORR, DCR, and CBR were 16.7%, 63.9%, and 36.1%, respectively. The most common adverse events (AEs) were leukopenia (53.7%), fatigue (46.3%), and neutropenia (41.5%), with no grade 4/5 AEs. The most common grade 3 AEs were neutropenia (7.3%) and fatigue (4.9%). Patients experienced palmar-plantar-erythrodysesthesia (24.4%, 2.4% grade 3), stomatitis (19.5%, 7.3% grade 2), and alopecia (7.3%). One patient displayed a left ventricular ejection fraction decline of 11.4% from baseline after five cycles of PLD therapy. CONCLUSION: PLD (Duomeisu®) 40 mg/m2 every 4 weeks was effective and well-tolerated in patients with HER2-negative MBC heavily pretreated with anthracycline and taxanes, revealing a potentially viable treatment option for this population. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR1900022568.

A phase 1 trial of fuzuloparib in combination with apatinib for advanced ovarian and triple-negative breast cancer: efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics and germline BRCA mutation analysis.

BACKGROUND: The effect of the combination of an anti-angiogenic agent with a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor in cancer treatment is unclear. We assessed the oral combination of fuzuloparib, a PARP inhibitor, and apatinib, a VEGFR2 inhibitor for treating advanced ovarian cancer (OC) or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS: This dose-escalation and pharmacokinetics-expansion phase 1 trial was conducted in China. We used a standard 3 + 3 dose-escalation design, with 7 dose levels tested. Patients received fuzuloparib orally twice daily, and apatinib orally once daily. The study objectives were to determine the safety profile, recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), pharmacokinetics, preliminary efficacy, and efficacy in relation to germline BRCA mutation (gBRCAmut). RESULTS: Fifty-two pre-treated patients were enrolled (30 OC/22 TNBC). 5 (9.6%) patients had complete response, 14 (26.9%) had partial response, and 15 (28.8%) had stable disease. Objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate were 36.5% (95% CI 23.6-51.0) and 65.4% (95% CI 50.9-78.0), respectively. At the highest dose level of fuzuloparib 100 mg plus apatinib 500 mg, the ORR was 50.0% (4/8; 95% CI 15.7-84.3); this dose was determined to be the RP2D. Patients with gBRCAmut had higher ORR and longer median progression-free survival (PFS) than those with gBRCAwt, both in OC (ORR, 62.5% [5/8] vs 40.9% [9/22]; PFS, 9.4 vs 6.7 months) and TNBC (ORR, 66.7% [2/3] vs 15.8% [3/19]; PFS, 5.6 vs 2.8 months). Two dose-limiting toxicities occurred: grade 4 febrile neutropenia (fuzuloparib 100 mg plus apatinib 250 mg) and thrombocytopenia (fuzuloparib 100 mg plus apatinib 375 mg). Maximum tolerated dose was not reached. The most common treatment-related grade ≥ 3 toxicities in all patients were hypertension (19.2%), anaemia (13.5%), and decreased platelet count (5.8%). Exposure of apatinib increased proportionally with increasing dose ranging from 250 to 500 mg, when combined with fuzuloparib 100 mg. CONCLUSIONS: Fuzuloparib plus apatinib had acceptable safety in patients with advanced OC or TNBC. Fuzuloparib 100 mg bid plus apatinib 500 mg qd was established as the RP2D. With the promising clinical activity observed, this combination is warranted to be further explored as a potential alternative to chemotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03075462 (Mar. 9, 2017).

Efficacy and safety of PEG-rhG-CSF versus rhG-CSF in preventing chemotherapy-induced-neutropenia in early-stage breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: To compare the clinical value of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) and pegylated rhG-CSF(PEG-rhG-CSF) in early-stage breast cancer (EBC) patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, compare the efficacy of PEG-rhG-CSF with different dose and explore the timing of rhG-CSF rescue treatment. METHODS: Patients in two PEG-rhG-CSF subgroups were given 3 mg or 6 mg PEG-rhG-CSF within 24 ~ 48 h after chemotherapy for preventing myelosuppression, while patients in the rhG-CSF group were given rhG-CSF. Observation indicators include the incidence of febrile neutropenia (FN) and grade 3/4 chemotherapy-induced-neutropenia (CIN), the overall levels and nadir values of white blood cells (WBC) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC), comparison of WBC and ANC curves over time, the incidence of CIN-related complications, the incidence of adverse events in each group and the timing of rescue treatment for rhG-CSF. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the incidence of FN in the first cycle among the groups (P = 0.203). But the incidence of ≥ 3 grade CIN in two PEG-rhG-CSF subgroups was significantly lower than that in the rhG-CSF group (P < 0.001). The overall WBC and ANC levels in the PEG-rhG-CSF group were significantly higher than those in the rhG-CSF group (P < 0.001). In terms of CIN-related complications, less chemotherapy delay rate (1.1 vs. 7.5%, P = 0.092), less dose reduction rate (6.9 vs. 7.5%, P = 1.000), less antibiotic use rate (3.4 vs. 17.5%, P = 0.011) and less proportion of rhG-CSF rescue therapy (24.1 vs. 85.0%, P < 0.001) in the PEG-rhG-CSF group, and there were no significant differences between PEG-rhG-CSF subgroups. In the incidence of adverse events among the groups, there were no statistical differences. All patients undergoing rhG-CSF rescue treatment were mainly 4 grade (63.6%) and 3 grade (25.5%) CIN, and 10.9% of patients with 1 ~ 2 grade CIN who had high infection risk or had been infected. CONCLUSION: PEG-rhG-CSF has better efficacy and equal tolerance compared with rhG-CSF in preventing CIN in EBC patients receiving EC regimen. Moreover, a half-dose 3 mg PEG-rhG-CSF also had good efficacy. Last, patients with ≥ 3 grade CIN and others who have been assessed to be at high risk of infection or have co-infection should consider rhG-CSF or even antibiotic rescue treatment.

Curcumin Induces Apoptosis by Suppressing XRCC4 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Curcumin is a chemical with various pharmacological activities used for cancer treatment. It inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by inducing apoptosis. Here, the mechanism underlying the effect of curcumin on the apoptosis of HCC cells was studied. Cell counting kit-8 and plate cloning assays were used to assess the proliferation of HCC cells, and acridine orange/ethidium bromide and Annexin V/PI staining were used to analyze their apoptosis. HCC xenograft tumor models were established to validate anti-cancer effects of curcumin. Expression levels of XRCC4 protein in tumor tissues were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Correlation between XRCC4 expression and the prognosis of patients with HCC was analyzed by integrating publicly available gene expression data. Curcumin inhibited HCC cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, curcumin significantly promoted the apoptosis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that curcumin downregulated XRCC4 expression levels in HCC tissues. Prognosis of HCC patients with high XRCC4 expression was poorer than that of patients with low XRCC4 expression. Therefore, curcumin exerts anti-cancer effects by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis in HCC. This may be due to curcumin interference in the repair process of the nonhomologous DNA terminal link of HCC cells by downregulating XRCC4 expression.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor-decorated semiconducting oligomer nanoparticles for active-targeting NIR-II fluorescence tumor imaging.

Second near-infrared window (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging has shown great potential in the field of bioimaging. To achieve a better imaging effect, variety of NIR-II fluorescence probes have been designed and developed. Among them, semiconducting oligomers (SOs) have shown unique advantages including high photostability and quantum yield, making them promise in NIR-II fluorescence imaging. Herein, we design a SO nanoparticle (ASONi) for NIR-II fluorescence imaging of tumor. ASONi is composed of an azido-functionalized semiconducting oligomer as the NIR-II fluorescence emitter, and a benzene sulfonamide-ended DSPE-PEG (DSPE-PEG-CAi) as the stabilizer. Owing to the benzene sulfonamide groups on the surface, ASONi has the capability of targeting the carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell. Compared with ASON without benzene sulfonamide groups on the surface, ASONi has a 1.4-fold higher uptake for MDA-MB-231 cells and 1.5-fold higher breast tumor accumulation after i.v. injection. The NIR-II fluorescence signal of ASONi can light the tumor up within 4 h, demonstrating its capability of active tumor targeting and NIR-II fluorescence imaging.

Prevalence of alexithymia in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To systematically evaluate the prevalence of alexithymia in cancer patients and to compare the prevalence of alexithymia in different countries, genders, and cancer types. METHODS: We thoroughly searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsychINFO, China Integrated Knowledge Resource Database, Wanfang Database, Weipu Database, and Chinese Biomedical Database for studies on the prevalence of alexithymia in cancer patients from the inception to April 2, 2023. Based on the Stata 15.0 software package, the prevalence of alexithymia in cancer patients was estimated using a random-effects model in this meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eighteen studies with a total of 3,196 participants met the eligibility criteria for the meta-analysis. In 18 studies, 37.0% (95% CI: 28.0% - 46.0%) of cancer patients had alexithymia. 13 studies identified that the pooled mean score of alexithymia in cancer patients was 56.91 (95% CI: 54.44% to 59.37%). The prevalence of alexithymia was higher in cancer patients in developing countries (39.7%, 95% CI: 28.7% to 50.7%), males (40.0%, 95% CI: 24.0% to 55.9%), and colorectal cancer patients (47.3%, 95% CI: 21.3% to 93.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that the pooled prevalence of alexithymia in cancer patients was 37.0%, and higher in developing countries, males, and patients with colorectal cancer. Understanding the current status of alexithymia in cancer patients, timely identification and treatment by medical practitioners can improve the prognosis of cancer patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol was registered in PROSPERO [CRD42023414665].

Detection rate of decreased intrinsic capacity of older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically assess the prevalence of decreased intrinsic capacity in older adults, stratified by relevant factors such as country, sex, sample source, and region. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, PsychINFO, CINAHL, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, Wanfang Database, Weipu Database, and Chinese Biomedical Database to collect studies published on the decline of intrinsic capacity in older adults before February 24, 2023. The results of the study were analyzed using the Stata 15.0 software package, using a random-effects model to estimate the pooled detection rate of decreased intrinsic capacity in older adults. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of all included studies. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies (67,881 older adults in 4 countries) were included. The results showed that the pooled detection rate of decreased intrinsic capacity in older adults was 76.1% (95% CI: 68.0%-84.2%). The 16 studies had obvious heterogeneity, and further subgroup analysis showed that the detection rate of decreased intrinsic capacity in older adults was higher in developed countries, females, and hospitals. Thirteen studies found that the pooled detection rate was 73.7% (95%: CI 64.5%-82.8%) for decreased intrinsic capacity in Chinese older adults, with higher rates in mainland China and Hong Kong than in Taiwan. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that intrinsic capacity declines more rapidly in older adults. Understanding the degree of decline in the intrinsic capacity of older adults will help to provide an important basis for the formulation and development of care policies for older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO (CRD42023402680).

Possible Role of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Response to Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins in the Mussel Perna viridis.

Marine bivalves are rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid known to be beneficial for human health; however, the potential role of DHA in protecting shellfish from the toxicity of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to study the effect of DHA on the response of the bivalve, Perna viridis, to DSTs by using LC-MS/MS, RT-qPCR, and histological examination. In this study, we observed that the DHA content decreased significantly with esterification of DSTs in the digestive gland of the mussel P. viridis after 96 h of exposure to Prorocentrum lima, a DST-producing dinoflagellate. The addition of DHA significantly increased the esterification level of DSTs and increased the expression of Nrf2 signaling pathway-related genes and enzyme activities, alleviating the damage of DSTs to digestive glands. These results suggested that DHA may mediate the esterification of DSTs and activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in P. viridis to protect mussels from the toxic effects of DSTs. This study may provide new insights regarding the response of bivalves to DSTs and lay the foundation for uncovering the role of DHA in environmental adaptation of bivalves.

Autophagic response of intestinal epithelial cells exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics.

Growing evidence demonstrates that the bioaccumulation of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in the gastrointestinal tract has negative effects on health. Until now, little information has been available regarding the potential hazards of PS-NPs to intestinal epithelial barriers. In this study, we employed cellular and animal models to investigate the adverse effects of PS-NPs on intestinal epithelium and the underlying mechanism. We found that PS-NPs affected the growth and survival of intestinal epithelial cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. PS-NPs accumulated in the cytoplasm, resulting in an impaired autophagic flux and inducing an autophagic response. This response was also confirmed in vivo. Our results provide new insights into the internalization of PS-NPs and the resultant autophagy response in intestinal epithelial cells.

Object Affordance-Based Implicit Interaction for Wheelchair-Mounted Robotic Arm Using a Laser Pointer.

With the growth of the world's population, limited healthcare resources cannot provide adequate nursing services for all people in need. The wheelchair-mounted robotic arm (WMRA) with interactive technology could help to improve users' self-care ability and relieve nursing stress. However, the users struggle to control the WMRA due to complex operations. To use the WMRA with less burden, this paper proposes an object affordance-based implicit interaction technology using a laser pointer. Firstly, a laser semantic identification algorithm combined with the YOLOv4 and the support vector machine (SVM) is designed to identify laser semantics. Then, an implicit action intention reasoning algorithm, based on the concept of object affordance, is explored to infer users' intentions and learn their preferences. For the purpose of performing the actions about task intention in the scene, the dynamic movement primitives (DMP) and the finite state mechanism (FSM) are respectively used to generalize the trajectories of actions and reorder the sequence of actions in the template library. In the end, we verified the feasibility of the proposed technology on a WMRA platform. Compared with the previous method, the proposed technology can output the desired intention faster and significantly reduce the user's limb involvement time (about 85%) in operating the WMRA under the same task.