Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis among children in Shandong, China, 2005-2017.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging. Epidemiological data of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are urgently needed. METHODS: We described trends in epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes in seven cities of Shandong province, China, during 2005-2017. Data were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: Among 6283 (2.4% of all PTB) PTB cases aged < 18 years, 56.5% were male patients, 39.3% were smear-positive and 98.6% were new cases. The overall incidence of childhood PTB declined (7.62 to 3.74 per 100,000) during 2005-2017, with a non-significant change of annual percentage after 2010. While the incidence of smear-positive PTB (6.09 to 0.38 per 100,000 population) decreased significantly, but the incidence of smear-negative PTB (1.52 to 3.36 per 100,000 population) increased significantly during 2005-2017. The overall treatment success occurred among 94.2% childhood PTB. Ten children (0.2%) died. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of childhood PTB declined significantly with the disease burden shifting from smear-positive PTB to smear-negative PTB. The discrepancies between notifications and estimations in both TB morbidity and mortality of children need to be addressed urgently.

Oncoprotein HBXIP induces PKM2 via transcription factor E2F1 to promote cell proliferation in ER-positive breast cancer.

We have reported that hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP, also termed LAMTOR5) can act as an oncogenic transcriptional co-activator to modulate gene expression, promoting breast cancer development. Pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme M2 (PKM2), encoded by PKM gene, has emerged as a key oncoprotein in breast cancer. Yet, the regulatory mechanism of PKM2 is still unexplored. Here, we report that HBXIP can upregulate PKM2 to accelerate proliferation of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry analysis using breast cancer tissue microarray uncovered a positive association between the expression of HBXIP and PKM2. We also discovered that PKM2 expression was positively related with HBXIP expression in clinical breast cancer patients by real-time PCR assay. Interestingly, in ER+ breast cancer cells, HBXIP was capable of upregulating PKM2 expression at mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, as well as increasing the activity of PKM promoter. Mechanistically, HBXIP could stimulate PKM promoter through binding to the -779/-579 promoter region involving co-activation of E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1). In function, cell viability, EdU, colony formation, and xenograft tumor growth assays showed that HBXIP contributed to accelerating cell proliferation through PKM2 in ER+ breast cancer. Collectively, we conclude that HBXIP induces PKM2 through transcription factor E2F1 to facilitate ER+ breast cancer cell proliferation. We provide new evidence for the mechanism of transcription regulation of PKM2 in promotion of breast cancer progression.

Aspirin inhibits the proliferation of hepatoma cells through controlling GLUT1-mediated glucose metabolism.

Aspirin can efficiently inhibit liver cancer growth, but the mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we report that aspirin modulates glucose uptake through downregulating glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), leading to the inhibition of hepatoma cell proliferation. Our data showed that aspirin significantly decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glucose consumption in hepatoma cells. Interestingly, we identified that GLUT1 and HIF1α could be decreased by aspirin. Mechanically, we demonstrated that the -1008/-780 region was the regulatory element of transcriptional factor NF-κB in GLUT1 promoter by luciferase report gene assays. PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-κB, could suppress the expression of GLUT1 in HepG2 and H7402 cells, followed by affecting the levels of ROS and glucose consumption. CoCl2-activated HIF1α expression could slightly rescue the GLUT1 expression inhibited by aspirin or PDTC, suggesting that aspirin depressed GLUT1 through targeting NF-κB or NF-κB/HIF1α signaling. Moreover, we found that GLUT1 was highly expressed in clinical HCC tissues relating to their paired adjacent normal tissues. Importantly, we observed that high level of GLUT1 was significantly correlated with the poor relapse-free survival of HCC patients by analysis of public data. Functionally, overexpression of GLUT1 blocked the PDTC-induced or aspirin-induced inhibition of glucose metabolism in HepG2 cells. Conversely, aspirin failed to work when GLUT1 was stably knocked down in the cells. Administration of aspirin could depress the growth of hepatoma cells through controlling GLUT1 in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our finding provides new insights into the mechanism by which aspirin depresses liver cancer.

[Estrogen Receptor Subtype-mediated Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays for Determining (anti) Estrogen Effect of Chemicals].

OBJECTIVE: To establish gene assays for determining (anti) estrogen effect of environmental chemicals; and to compare the reactivity and sensitivity of two assays with different estrogen subtype. METHODS: Human estrogen receptor a (hERalpha) and hERbeta mediated reporter gene assays employing firefly luciferase (Luc) were developed. The expression plasmid hERalpha or hERbeta was constructed and transiently co-transfected into LLC-MK2 cells with pERE-minP-Luc2P reporter plasmid and the control plasmid pGL4.74. Estradiol (E2) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) served as positive test substances to verify the performance of the assays. The effectiveness of the assays for detecting anti-estrogenic activity was tested using 10(-5) mol/L ICI 182, 780 under different concentrations of E2. The performance of the two subtype-mediated assays was verified and compared using bisphenol A (BPA) and genistein (GS). RESULTS: The hERalpha mediated assay found expression of reported gene at 1.9 x 10(-11) mol/L E2; and the largest luciferase activity was shown at 10(-8) mol/L E2, resulting in 30.7-fold of vehicle control. The hERbeta mediated assay found expression of reporter gene at 2.2 x 10(11) mol/L E2, and the largest luciferase activity was shown at 10(-8) mol/L E2, resulting in 14.4-fold of vehicle control. ICI 182, 780 inhibited estrogenic activity of E2 significantly. In both assays, E2 failed to induce luciferase activity without hER-pcDNA3.1. BPA and GS induced luciferase activity. CONCLUSION: Both assays have high sensitivity and reproducibility for detecting (anti) estrogen effect. The pGL4-based hERbeta has lower sensitivity than the hERalpha- mediated reporter gene assay. BPA shows stronger estrogenic activity than GS in hERalpha mediated reporter gene assay; whereas, GS shows stronger estrogenic activity than BPA in hERbeta mediated reporter gene assay.

A pan-cancer analysis of the MAPK family gene and their association with prognosis, tumor microenvironment, and therapeutic targets.

The mitogen-activated protein kinases family of genes plays a crucial role in a wide range of inflammatory responses in the human body. The MAPK family of genes includes ERK, ERK5, JNK, P-38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. However, the correlation between MAPK family gene expression and pan-cancer prognosis, as well as the tumor microenvironment, has not been extensively studied. This study integrated multiple bioinformatics analysis methods to assess the expression and prognostic value of MAPK family genes, as well as their relationship with tumor microenvironment in patients with pan-cancer. The results showed that ERK, JNK, and P-38 MAPK expression were found to be significantly upregulated in rectum adenocarcinoma (READ), colon adenocarcinoma/rectum adenocarcinoma esophageal carcinoma (COADREAD), and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), and significantly downregulated in acute myeloid leukemia. And the results revealed good prognostic results for ERK, JNK, and P-38 MAPK in READ, COADREAD, and KIRC. We observed significant positive correlation between MAPK family gene expression and immune scores especially dendritic cells in READ, COADREAD, and KIRC. And we observed that the expression levels of MAPK family genes were significantly correlated with the expression of immune-related genes, such as CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCR1, CXCR2, CTLA-4, CD80, CD86, and CD28, suggesting their important role in regulating immune infiltrates and tumor progression. Therefore, our study suggested that MAPK family gene plays an important role in regulating immune infiltrates and tumor progression.

Association of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor and Human Leukocyte antigen-C Genotype with HLA-B27 Associated Acute Anterior Uveitis and Idiopathic Acute Anterior Uveitis in a Chinese Han Population.

PURPOSE: whether killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and human leukocyte antigens C (HLA-C) are associated with HLA-B27 associated acute anterior uveitis (B27AAU) and idiopathic AAU (IAAU) remains unclear. METHODS: PCR with sequence-specific primers was used to analyze KIR genes and HLA-C alleles in a Chinese Han population of 196AAU patients and 210 control subjects. RESULTS: The higher frequencies of HLA-C2 and KIR2DL1/HLA-C2 (p = .009 and p = .044, respectively) and the lower frequencies of HLA-C1C1 and HLA-C1 (p = .034 and p = .009, respectively) were observed in B27AAU than control group. The higher frequencies of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL2/HLA-C1 (p = .009 and p = .044, respectively) and the lower frequencies of KIR2DL3 and KIR2DL3/HLA-C1 (p = .000 and p = .001, respectively) were observed in IAAU than control group. CONCLUSIONS: HLA-C2 and KIR2DL1/HLA-C2, KIR2DL2, and KIR2DL2/HLA-C1 might be susceptible for B27AAU and IAAU, respectively. HLA-C1C1 and HLA-C1, KIR2DL3 and KIR2DL3/HLA-C1 might protect from B27AAU and IAAU, respectively.

[Tongdu Xingshen acupuncture and moxibustion combined with cognitive training in treatment of post-stroke mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effect of Tongdu Xingshen (promoting the governor vessel and regaining consciousness) acupuncture and moxibustion combined with cognitive training and the simple cognitive training for post-stroke mild cognitive impairment (PSMCI). METHODS: Eighty-four patients with PSMCI were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, with 42 cases in each group (3 cases in the observation group and 2 cases in the control group dropped off). The observation group was treated by Tongdu Xingshen acupuncture and moxibustion combined with cognitive training, acupuncture was given at Baihui (GV 20), Sishencong (EX-HN 1), Shenting (GV 24), etc., and moxibustion was given at Shenting (GV 24) , Baihui (GV 20), Shendao (GV 11), Fengfu (GV 16) and Xinshu (BL 15). The control group was only given cognitive training. All the above treatment was given once a day, 5 times a week, for 4 consecutive weeks. The scores of Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), mini-mental state examination (MMSE), activity of daily living (ADL) and stroke-specific quality of life (SS-QOL) were compared between the two groups before treatment, after treatment, 4 weeks and 12 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: After treatment, 4 weeks and 12 weeks after treatment, the MoCA, MMSE and SS-QOL scores of the two groups were all higher than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the ADL scores were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05). In the observation group, the MoCA and MMSE scores were higher than those of the control group after treatment, 4 weeks and 12 weeks after treatment (P<0.05), and the SS-QOL score was higher than that of the control group 12 weeks after treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Both Tongdu Xingshen acupuncture and moxibustion combined with cognitive training and simple cognitive training can improve cognitive function, daily living ability and quality of life in patients with PSMCI, and the combined therapy is superior to simple cognitive training in improving cognitive function and long-term quality of life in patients with PSMCI.

Association of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genotypes and Haplotypes in Dry Eye Disease Patients Treated with Restasis and Systane.

Purpose: whether the Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotypes and haplotypes are associated with the improvement in dry eye disease (DED) patients treated with Restasis and Systane (RS) remain unclear.Methods: Polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) was used to analyze KIR genes in a Chinese Han population of 198 severe DED patients treated with RS.Results: The higher frequencies of KIR genotype M, AF, AJ and haplotype 2 and 8 (P = .001, P = .03, P = .004, P = .000 and P = .023, respectively) and the lower frequencies of genotype AG and haplotype 1 (P = .000 and P = .000, respectively) were observed in complete responders (CR) than those in null or partial responders (NPR) of DED patients treated by RS.Conclusions: The patients with KIR genotype M, AF and AJ might be of advantage to therapy with RS, which are useful for improving novel personalized precise therapy strategy in DED patients.

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), especially multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a public health threat. Little is known about estimates of different profiles and rates of DR-TB among children globally. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies reporting DR-TB among children by searching Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases from January 1, 2000 to October 1, 2020. Publications reporting more than 60 children with bacteriological confirmed tuberculosis and phenotypical drug susceptibility testing (DST) results were included. Pooled proportions of MDR-TB and sub-analysis by age subgroups, regions, economical levels were performed. Results: We identified 4,063 studies, of which 37 were included. Of 23,652 pediatric TB patients, the proportions of DR-TB, MDR-TB, mono-resistant TB, polydrug resistant TB, extensively drug-resistant TB were 13.59% (1,964/14,453), 3.72% (881/23,652), 6.07% (529/8,719), 1.61% (119/7,361), 0.44% (30/6,763), respectively. The pooled proportion of MDR-TB among 23,652 children of 37 studies was 3.7% (95% CI, 3.5-4.0%). Rate of MDR-TB was much lower in high-income countries (1.8%) than that in lower-middle-income countries (6.3%) and upper-middle-income countries (7.3%). More specifically, the rates of MDR-TB were 1.7% in USA, 1.7% in UK, 2.9% in India, 6.0% in South Africa, 9.8% in China, respectively. Conclusions: The burden of DR-TB remains high in children, and there are potential associations between rates of pediatric MDR-TB and national economical levels. More interventions on child TB cases in low-income countries may be urgently needed in future.

Characterization of PAHs contamination in soils from metropolitan region of Northern China.

The present study characterized the distribution, sources as well as carcinogenic potency of PAHs in surface soil from metropolitan region of northern China. The total PAHs in topsoil ranged from 322.6 to 23244.7 microg kg(-1). The mean and median concentrations of 16 PAHs were 1040.8 and 626.7 microg kg(-1), respectively. Source analysis revealed that pyrogenic sources played a major role at the locations and pyrogenic PAHs were mainly from incomplete combustion of coal, biomass and petroleum. The calculated mean BaP-equivalent values for individual carcinogenic PAHs were 148.4 microg kg(-1).

Impacts of transportation and meteorological factors on the transmission of COVID-19.

The ongoing pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is challenging global public health response system. We aim to identify the risk factors for the transmission of COVID-19 using data on mainland China. We estimated attack rate (AR) at county level. Logistic regression was used to explore the role of transportation in the nationwide spread. Generalized additive model and stratified linear mixed-effects model were developed to identify the effects of multiple meteorological factors on local transmission. The ARs in affected counties ranged from 0.6 to 9750.4 per million persons, with a median of 8.8. The counties being intersected by railways, freeways, national highways or having airports had significantly higher risk for COVID-19 with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.40 (p = 0.001), 2.07 (p < 0.001), 1.31 (p = 0.04), and 1.70 (p < 0.001), respectively. The higher AR of COVID-19 was significantly associated with lower average temperature, moderate cumulative precipitation and higher wind speed. Significant pairwise interactions were found among above three meteorological factors with higher risk of COVID-19 under low temperature and moderate precipitation. Warm areas can also be in higher risk of the disease with the increasing wind speed. In conclusion, transportation and meteorological factors may play important roles in the transmission of COVID-19 in mainland China, and could be integrated in consideration by public health alarm systems to better prevent the disease.

Treatment with yiqi bushen koufuye combined with chemotherapy for preventing postoperative metastasis of stomach cancer--a clinical observation of 28 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of yiqi bushen koufiuye (oral liquid for invigorating qi and tonifying the kidney) combined with chemotherapy on postoperative metastasis of stomach cancer. METHODS: The 47 cases of postoperative stomach cancer with the syndrome of deficiency of both the spleen and kidney were divided randomly into the treatment group (28 cases), and the control group (19 cases). The control group was treated simply by chemotherapy; while the treatment group, was treated with Yiqi Bushen Koufuye in addition to chemotherapy. The effect was observed 12 months later on local relapse and distal metastasis, the life quality, peripheral hemogram, and immunologic function. RESULTS: The rates of postoperative relapse and metastasis of the treatment group were obviously lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The Karnofasky scores, peripheral hemogram and immunologic function of the treatment group were obviously improved in comparison with the control group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Yiqi bushen koufuye combined with chemotherapy is effective in preventing postoperative metastasis of stomach cancer, increasing sensitivity and decreasing toxins, and improving the life quality and immunologic function of the patient.

[Expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling in peripheral blood monocular cells of patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) mRNA and protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease. METHODS: Blood samples were taken from 15 VKH patients with active uveitis, 17 quiescent patients and 16 healthy individuals. IFN-gamma, IL-12 and IL-4 in the serum were measured by ELISA. PBMC were subjected to analysis of SOCS mRNA and protein expression using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS: The level of IL-4 in the serum of VKH patients and in controls were (28.40 +/- 5.93) ng/L, (34.5 +/- 9.47) ng/L and (11.25 +/- 4.43) ng/L, IL-12 were (24.33 +/- 8.55) ng/L, (11.53 +/- 6.11) ng/L and (5.19 +/- 2.43) ng/L, IFN-gamma were (18.05 +/- 2.23) ng/L, (15.53 +/- 2.63) ng/L and (1.61 +/- 3.47) ng/L, respectively. The level of IFN-gamma, IL-12 and IL-4 were all significantly higher in the serum of VKH patients than in controls(P < 0.01). IL-4 in quiescent patients was higher than in active patients (P < 0.01), IL-12 and IFN-gamma were lower in quiescent patients was higher than in active patients (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Cytokine inducible SH2 containing protein (CIS) mRNA, SOCS1 mRNA, SOCS2 mRNA, SOCS3 mRNA and SOCS5 mRNA levels in PBMC of VKH patients with active uveitis are 0.72, 4.92, 1.09, 0.75 and 1.15 folds than that in healthy volunteers, respectively. They are 1.15, 2.25, 1.40, 0.69 and 1.16 folds in static patients, respectively. Marked decreased expression of CIS protein is detected in both active and quiescent patients with no significant difference between two groups (both P < 0.01). SOCS1 protein is up-regulated significantly in active patients compares to in quiescent patients nor in healthy volunteers (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). SOCS3 protein is significantly decreased in patients than in controls (both P < 0.05). SOCS5 protein is much higher in patients than in controls (both P < 0.01), and even higher in quiescent patients than in active episode (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Up regulation of SOCS1 and SOCS5 expression and down-regulation of SOCS3 and CIS may correlate with the development of a Th1 mediated immune response in VKH disease. There is insidious inflammation in VKH patients with clinically quiescent uveitis, and this may be one of the causes of persistence and recurrences of uveitis.

Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in Shandong, China, 2005-2017: A retrospective study.

This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and gained insight into the future TB control plan in China.We extracted epidemiological, clinical, and geographic data from TB prevention and control institutions in 6 cities of Shandong province, China, during 2005 to 2017.Among 224,480 diagnosed PTB, rural residents accounted for 93%, smear-positive PTB 52%, and new cases 92%. The incidence rate of overall PTB declined from 40.8 to 26.25 per 100,000 during 2005 to 2017. Except smear-negative PTB (7.57-19.87 per 100,000), the incidence of smear-positive PTB and all that stratified by age, sex, and treatment history decreased. With 80% reduction, the incidence of smear-positive PTB (6.38 per 100,000) and relapse cases (1.01 per 100,000) were already very low in 2017.With persistent efforts to combat TB, the disease burden had shifted from smear-positive PTB to smear-negative PTB. While new cases need continuous attention, further reducing the incidence of smear-negative PTB and elderly patients may have a greater impact on future TB control.

Effects of Paclitaxel-conjugated N-Succinyl-Hydroxyethyl Chitosan Film for Proliferative Cholangitis in Rabbit Biliary Stricture Model.

BACKGROUND: Paclitaxel (PTX) could inhibit the growth of fibroblasts, which occurs in proliferative cholangitis and leads to biliary stricture. However, its use has been limited due to poor bioavailability and local administration for short time. This study designed and synthesized a new PTX-conjugated chitosan film (N-succinyl-hydroxyethyl chitosan containing PTX [PTX-SHEC]) and evaluated its safety and efficiency using in vivo and in vitro experiments. METHODS:: The SHEC conjugated with PTX was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurements. Drug releases in vitro and in vivo were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability in vitro was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Rabbit biliary stricture model was constructed. All rabbits randomly divided into five groups (n = 8 in each group): the sham-operated rabbits were used as control (Group A), Groups B received laparotomies and suture, Group C received laparotomies and covered SHEC suture without the PTX coating, Group D received laparotomies and covered PTX-SHEC suture, and Group E received laparotomies and 1000 µmol/L PTX administration. Liver function tests and residual dosage of PTX from each group were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histological data and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) immunohistochemical staining of common bile duct were examined. RESULTS:: NMR and FT-IR indicated that PTX was successfully introduced, based on the appearance of signals at 7.41-7.99 ppm, 1.50 ppm, and 1.03 ppm, due to the presence of aromatic protons, methylene protons, and methyl protons of PTX, respectively. No bile leak was observed. The PTX-conjugated film could slowly release PTX for 4 weeks (8.89 ± 0.03 µg at day 30). The in vitro cell viability test revealed significantly different levels of toxicity between films with and without PTX (111.7 ± 4.0% vs. 68.1 ± 6.0%, P < 0.001), whereas no statistically significant difference was observed among the three sets of PTX-contained films (67.7 ± 5.4%, 67.2 ± 3.4%, and 59.1 ± 6.0%, P > 0.05). Histological examinations revealed that after 28 days of implantment, Groups D and E (but not Group C) had less granulation tissue and glandular hyperplasia in the site of biliary duct injury than Group B. The pattern was more obvious in Group D than Group E. Less α-SMA-positive cells were found in tissue from Groups D and E. Comparing with Group E, the liver function was improved significantly in Group D, including total bilirubin (2.69 ± 1.03 µmol/L vs. 0.81 ± 0.54 µmol/L, P = 0.014), alanine aminotransferase (87.13 ± 17.51 U/L vs. 42.12 ± 15.76 U/L, P = 0.012), and alkaline phosphatase (60.61 ± 12.31 U/L vs. 40.59 ± 8.78 U/L, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PTX-SHEC film effectively inhibites the myofibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix over-deposition during the healing process of biliary reconstruction. This original film might offer a new way for reducing the occurrence of the benign biliary stricture.

Li+-Permeable Film on Lithium Anode for Lithium Sulfur Battery.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is an important candidate for next-generation energy storage. However, the reaction between polysulfide and lithium (Li) anode brings poor cycling stability, low Coulombic efficiency, and Li corrosion. Herein, we report a Li protection technology. Li metal was treated in crown ether containing electrolyte, and thus, treated Li was further used as the anode in Li-S cell. Due to the coordination between Li+ and crown ether, a Li+-permeable film can be formed on Li, and the film is proved to be able to block the detrimental reaction between Li anode and polysulfide. By using the Li anode pretreated in 2 wt % B15C5-containing electrolyte, Li-S cell exhibits significantly improved cycling stability, such as∼900 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles, and high Coulombic efficiency of>93%. In addition, such effect is also notable when high S loading condition is applied.