Injectable Oxygen-Carrying Microsphere Hydrogel for Dynamic Regulation of Redox Microenvironment of Wounds.

The delayed healing of infected wounds can be attributed to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent damages to vascellum and tissue, resulting in a hypoxic wound environment that further exacerbates inflammation. Current clinical treatments including hyperbaric oxygen therapy and antibiotic treatment fail to provide sustained oxygenation and drug-free resistance to infection. To propose a dynamic oxygen regulation strategy, this study develops a composite hydrogel with ROS-scavenging system and oxygen-releasing microspheres in the wound dressing. The hydrogel itself reduces cellular damage by removing ROS derived from immune cells. Simultaneously, the sustained release of oxygen from microspheres improves cell survival and migration in hypoxic environments, promoting angiogenesis and collagen regeneration. The combination of ROS scavenging and oxygenation enables the wound dressing to achieve drug-free anti-infection through activating immune modulation, inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, and promoting tissue regeneration in both acute and infected wounds of rat skins. Thus, the composite hydrogel dressing proposed in this work shows great potential for dynamic redox regulation of infected wounds and accelerates wound healing without drugs.

The P38MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathway is involved in PND in mice.

Accumulating evidence indicates that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in the hippocampus contributes to the development of perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND). P38MAPK, a point of convergence for different signaling processes involved in inflammation, can be activated by various stresses. This study aims to investigate the role of the P38MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathway in the development of PND in mice. Aged C57BL/6 mice were subjected to tibial fracture surgery under isoflurane anesthesia to establish a PND animal model. The open field test was used to evaluate the locomotor activity of the mice. Neurocognitive function was assessed with the Morris water maze (MWM) and fear conditioning test (FCT) on postoperative days 1, 3 and 7. The mice exhibited cognitive impairment accompanied by increased expression of proinflammatory factors (IL-1ß, TNF-α), proapoptotic molecules (caspase-3, bax) and microglial activation in the hippocampus 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery. Treatment with SB239063 (a P38MAPK inhibitor) decreased the expression of proinflammatory factors, proapoptotic molecules and Iba-1 in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The number of surviving neurons was significantly increased. Inhibition of the P38MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathway attenuates hippocampal neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in aged mice with PND, thus improving the perioperative cognitive function of the mice.

Integrated bioinformatic and physiological analyses reveal the pivotal role of hydrogen sulfide in enhancing low-temperature tolerance in alfalfa.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is an important gaseous signal molecule that regulates plant growth and stress resistance. However, research on the H2 S synthase (HSase) genes is still limited in the model legume plant Medicago truncatula Gaertn. In the present study, a total of 40 HSase family members were first identified and analyzed in the M. truncatula genome, and these genes distributed across eight chromosomes and were clustered into five groups (I-V) based on their conserved gene structures and protein motifs. Expression analysis revealed that the MtHSase genes were expressed in all the tested abiotic stresses, albeit with expression level differences. This study also showed that H2 S improves low temperature tolerance of alfalfa seedlings by regulating the antioxidant defense system and enhancing photosynthetic capacity. Thus, the study provides new insights into how the H2 S signal regulates tolerance to low-temperature stress and provides the basis for further gene function and detection.

Paclobutrazol Ameliorates Low-Light-Induced Damage by Improving Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Defense System, and Regulating Hormone Levels in Tall Fescue.

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant-growth regulator (PGR) in the triazole family that enhances plant tolerance to environmental stresses. Low-light (LL) intensity is a critical factor adversely affecting the growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Therefore, in this study, tall fescue seedlings were treated with PBZ under control and LL conditions to investigate the effects of PBZ on enhancing LL stress resistance by regulating the growth, photosynthesis, oxidative defense, and hormone levels. Our results reveal that LL stress reduced the total biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthetic capacity, and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) but increased the membrane lipid peroxidation level and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, the application of PBZ increased the photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO) activity, and starch content. In addition, PBZ treatment activated the antioxidant enzyme activities, antioxidants contents, ascorbate acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, and related gene expression, lessening the ROS burst (H2O2 and O2∙-). However, the gibberellic acid (GA) anabolism was remarkably decreased by PBZ treatment under LL stress, downregulating the transcript levels of kaurene oxidase (KO), kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), and GA 20-oxidases (GA20ox). At the same time, PBZ treatment up-regulated 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) gene expression, significantly increasing the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) concentration under LL stress. Thus, our study revealed that PBZ improves the antioxidation and photosynthetic capacity, meanwhile increasing the ABA concentration and decreasing GA concentration, which ultimately enhances the LL stress tolerance in tall fescue.

Isolation of Novel Mycobacterium Species from Skin Infection in an Immunocompromised Person.

We investigated a case of cutaneous infection in an immunocompromised patient in China that was caused by a novel species within the Mycobacterium gordonae complex. Results of whole-genome sequencing indicated that some strains considered to be M. gordonae complex are actually polyphyletic and should be designated as closely related species.

No Longterm Severe Thyroid Dysfunction Seen In Patients With Preexisting Reduced Serum Tt3 Concentrations After A Single Large Dose Of Iodinated Contrast.

OBJECTIVE: After an intravenous bolus injection of 100 mL of iodinated contrast agent (370 mgI/mL), the amount of iodine atoms entering the blood is tens of thousands of times the daily dose of iodine recommended by the World Health Organization. However, the effect of iodinated contrast in patients with nonthyroidal illness, manifested as reduced serum total triiodothyronine (TT3) concentrations, is unclear. We studied the effect of iodinated contrast on thyroid function and auto-antibodies in patients with reduced TT3 after diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study. One hundred and fifty-four stable angina pectoris patients with reduced TT3 and normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) were enrolled from January, 2017, to June, 2018. All subjects had no history of thyroid dysfunction and had no recent infections, tumors, trauma, or other critical illnesses. Fourty-one patients underwent coronary angiography and 113 patients underwent coronary intervention. RESULTS: There were 6 patients (3.9%) with hypothyroidism and 30 patients (19.5%) developed subclinical hypothyroidism (SCHypo) on the first day after surgery. There were 6 patients (3.9%) with hypothyroidism, 6 patients (3.9%) with SCHypo, and 18 patients (11.7%) with subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCHyper) at the first month postsurgery. There were 23 patients (14.9%) with SCHyper and 6 patients (3.9%) with SCHypo at the sixth month after surgery. No patient with longterm severe thyroid dysfunction occurred during follow-up. The levels of free triiodothyronine, FT4, TT3, total thyroxine, and TSH showed statistically significant changes at 1 day, and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperative (P<.005). The level of rT3 showed no statistically significant change at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperative (P>.05). The levels of thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid peroxidase antibody decreased at 6 months postoperative (P<.001). CONCLUSION: The risk of subclinical thyroid dysfunction and transient hypothyroidism occurred with a single large dose of iodinated contrast in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease, but no longterm severe thyroid dysfunction occurred. Patients with preoperative thyroid antibody elevation were more likely to have subclinical thyroid dysfunction after surgery. ABBREVIATIONS: FT3 = free triiodothyronine; FT4 = free thyroxine; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; rT3 = reverse triiodothyronine; SCHyper = subclinical hyperthyroidism; SCHypo = subclinical hypothyroidism; TGAB = thyroglobulin antibody; TPOAB = thyroid peroxidase antibody; TT3 = total triiodothyronine; TT4 = total thyroxine; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; WHO = World Health Organization.

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the hepcidin gene from the convict cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) and its expression pattern in response to lipopolysaccharide challenge.

The hepcidin gene is widely expressed in many fish species and functions as an antimicrobial peptide, suggesting that it plays an important role in the innate immune system of fish. In the present study, the Amatitlania nigrofasciata hepcidin gene (AN-hepc) was cloned from the liver and its expression during an immune response was characterized. The results of quantitative PCR and RT-PCR showed that the AN-hepc transcript was most abundant in the liver. The expression of AN-hepc mRNA was significantly increased in the liver, stomach, heart, intestine, gill and muscle but was not significantly altered in the spleen, kidney, brain or skin after lipopolysaccharide challenge. The synthetic AN-hepc peptide showed a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity in vitro toward gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In particular, this peptide demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against the aquatic pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae. The in vivo bacterial challenge results demonstrated that the synthetic AN-hepc peptide significantly improved the survival rate of S. agalactiae- and V. vulnificus-infected zebrafish. Taken together, these data indicate an important role for AN-hepc in the innate immunity of A. nigrofasciata and suggest its potential application in aquaculture for increasing resistance to disease.

Generalized ratiometric indicator based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the detection of Cd(2+) in environmental water samples.

The concept of generalized ratiometric indicator based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy was first introduced and successfully implemented in the detection of Cd(2+) in environmental water samples using Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified by trithiocyanuric acid (TMT). Without the use of any internal standard, the proposed method achieved accurate concentration predictions for Cd(2+) in environmental water samples with recoveries in the ranges of 91.8-108.1%, comparable to the corresponding values obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were estimated to be 2.9 and 8.7 nM, respectively. More importantly, other species present in water samples which cannot react with TMT and have weaker binding ability to AuNPs than TMT do not interfere with the quantification of Cd(2+). Therefore, it is expected that the combination of the generalized ratiometric indicator based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with the proposed AuNP-TMT probing system can be a competitive alternative for the primary screening of Cd(2+) pollution.

Identification of marine neuroactive molecules in behaviour-based screens in the larval zebrafish.

High-throughput behavior-based screen in zebrafish is a powerful approach for the discovery of novel neuroactive small molecules for treatment of nervous system diseases such as epilepsy. To identify neuroactive small molecules, we first screened 36 compounds (1-36) derived from marine natural products xyloketals and marine isoprenyl phenyl ether obtained from the mangrove fungus. Compound 1 demonstrated the most potent inhibition on the locomotor activity in larval zebrafish. Compounds 37-42 were further synthesized and their potential anti-epilepsy action was then examined in a PTZ-induced epilepsy model in zebrafish. Compound 1 and compounds 39, 40 and 41 could significantly attenuate PTZ-induced locomotor hyperactivity and elevation of c-fos mRNA in larval zebrafish. Compound 40 showed the most potent inhibitory action against PTZ-induced hyperactivity. The structure-activity analysis showed that the OH group at 12-position played a critical role and the substituents at the 13-position were well tolerated in the inhibitory activity of xyloketal derivatives. Thus, these derivatives may provide some novel drug candidates for the treatment of epilepsy.

Marine compound catunaregin inhibits angiogenesis through the modulation of phosphorylation of akt and eNOS in vivo and in vitro.

Angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature. Excessive or uncontrolled angiogenesis is a major contributor to many pathological conditions whereas inhibition of aberrant angiogenesis is beneficial to patients with pathological angiogenesis. Catunaregin is a core of novel marine compound isolated from mangrove associate. The potential anti-angiogenesis of catunaregin was investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and zebrafish. HUVECs were treated with different concentrations of catunaregin in the presence or absence of VEGF. The angiogenic phenotypes including cell invasion cell migration and tube formation were evaluated following catunaregin treatment in HUVECs. The possible involvement of AKT, eNOS and ERK1/2 in catunaregin-induced anti-angiogenesis was explored using Western blotting. The anti-angiogenesis of catunaregin was further tested in the zebrafish embryo neovascularization and caudal fin regeneration assays. We found that catunaregin dose-dependently inhibited angiogenesis in both HUVECs and zebrafish embryo neovascularization and zebrafish caudal fin regeneration assays. In addition, catunaregin significantly decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, but not the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. The present work demonstrates that catunaregin exerts the anti-angiogenic activity at least in part through the regulation of the Akt and eNOS signaling pathways.

Research hotspots and trends in biological agents for psoriasis: Visualization and bibliometric analysis.

Psoriasis is a global health concern, and biological therapies have proven to be highly effective in treating psoriatic patients in many countries. We performed a bibliometric analysis of current research on biological agents for the treatments of psoriasis, investigating research patterns and public interest in this area. We conducted a thorough review of articles on biological agents for psoriasis in the Web of Science Core Collection spanning from 2000 to 2022. Our study involved examining the distribution of these articles based on publication year, affiliations, countries, authors, and journals. To visualize this data effectively, we employed bibliometric tools like CiteSpace and the R package bibliometrix. Our analysis encompassed 8,047 publications. The number of papers published sharply increased from 2009, either reaching its peak in 2022 or not yet reaching it. The United States (n = 2,292), Kristian Reich (n = 166), and British Journal of Dermatology (n = 368) emerged as the top countries, author, and journal, respectively, in terms of publication productivity. The burst references predominantly focused on evaluating the safety and efficacy of biological treatments. The keyword citation network identified 11 clusters, with research themes revolving around "double blind", "efficacy", "therapy", "safety", and "psoriatic arthritis" were the research focuses. Additionally, potential future research areas such as "multicenter," "drug survival," and "severity" were emphasized. This study sheds light on the evolving research landscape and public interest in biological agents for psoriasis. The results suggest rapid expansion in this field, with the United States at the forefront. Enhanced international collaboration is recommended, and forthcoming research endeavors may concentrate on predicting treatment outcomes and adverse effects. Researching new biological agents, broadening the indications for biological agent treatment, and creating personalized treatment plans may pave the way for further research.

Characterization of a novel ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B from Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens ZXL1 for D-allose production.

Enzymatic preparation of rare sugars as an alternative to traditional sweeteners is an effective strategy to achieve a low-calorie healthy diet. Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B (RpiB) is a key enzyme in the non-oxidative branch of the catalytic pentose phosphate pathway. Here, we investigated the potential of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens ZXL1 (C. flaccumfaciens ZXL1) derived RpiB (CfRpiB) in D-allose preparation. The optimal reaction conditions for recombinant CfRpiB were found experimentally to be pH 7.0, 55 °C, and no metal ions. The kinetic parameters Km, kcat, and catalytic efficiency kcat/Km were 320 mM, 4769 s-1, and 14.9 mM-1 s-1 respectively. The conversion of D-allulose by purified enzyme (1 g L-1 ) to D-allose was 13% within 1 h. In addition, homology modeling and molecular docking were used to predict the active site residues: Asp13, Asp14, Cys72, Gly73, Thr74, Gly77, Asn106, and Lys144.

Construction and validation of a machine learning model for the diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis based on fecal microbiota.

Purpose: Human gut microbiota has been shown to be significantly associated with various inflammatory diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an excellent auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) based on fecal microbial biomarkers. Method: The fecal metagenomic sequencing data associated with JIA were extracted from NCBI, and the sequencing data were transformed into the relative abundance of microorganisms by professional data cleaning (KneadData, Trimmomatic and Bowtie2) and comparison software (Kraken2 and Bracken). After that, the fecal microbes with high abundance were extracted for subsequent analysis. The extracted fecal microbes were further screened by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and the selected fecal microbe biomarkers were used for model training. In this study, we constructed six different machine learning (ML) models, and then selected the best model for constructing a JIA diagnostic tool by comparing the performance of the models based on a combined consideration of area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, specificity, F1 score, calibration curves and clinical decision curves. In addition, to further explain the model, Permutation Importance analysis and Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) were performed to understand the contribution of each biomarker in the prediction process. Result: A total of 231 individuals were included in this study, including 203 JIA patients and Non-JIA individuals. In the analysis of diversity at the genus level, the alpha diversity represented by Shannon value was not significantly different between the two groups, while the belt diversity was slightly different. After selection by LASSO regression, 10 fecal microbe biomarkers were selected for model training. By comparing six different models, the XGB model showed the best performance, which average AUC, accuracy and F1 score were 0.976, 0.914 and 0.952, respectively, thus being used to construct the final JIA diagnosis model. Conclusion: A JIA diagnosis model based on XGB algorithm was constructed with excellent performance, which may assist physicians in early detection of JIA patients and improve the prognosis of JIA patients.

Study on the lignin-derived sp2-sp3 hybrid hard carbon materials and the feasibility for industrial production.

Hard carbon has been widely used in anode of lithium/sodium ion battery, electrode of supercapacitor, and carbon molecular sieve for CO2 capture and hydrogen storage. In this study the lignin derived hard carbon products are investigated, and the conclusions are abstracted as follows. (1) The lignin derived hard carbon products consist of microcrystal units of sp2 graphene fragments, jointed by sp3 carbon atoms and forming sp2-sp3 hybrid hard carbon family. (2) From the lignin precursors to the sp2-sp3 hybrid hard carbon products, most carbon atoms retain their original electron configurations (sp2 or sp3) and keep their composition in lignin. (3) The architectures of lignin-derived hard carbon materials are closely dependent on the forms of their lignin precursors, and could be preformed by different pretreatment techniques. (4) The carbonization of lignin precursors follows the mechanism "carbonization in situ and recombination nearby". (5) Due to the high carbon ratio and abundant active functional groups in lignin, new activation techniques could be developed for control of pore size and pore volume. In general lignin is an excellent raw material for sp2-sp3 hybrid hard carbon products, a green and sustainable alternative resource for phenolic resin, and industrial production for lignin derived hard carbon products would be feasible.

Effect of the VivaSight double-lumen tube on the incidence of hypoxaemia during one-lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery: a study protocol for a prospective randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: A double-lumen tube (DLT) is a traditional one-lung ventilation tool that needs to be positioned under the guidance of a fibreoptic bronchoscope or auscultation. The placement is complex, and poor positioning often causes hypoxaemia. In recent years, VivaSight double-lumen tubes (v-DLTs) have been widely used in thoracic surgery. Because the tubes can be continuously observed during intubation and the operation, malposition can be corrected at any time. However, the effect of v-DLT on perioperative hypoxaemia has been rarely reported. The aim of this study was to observe the incidence of hypoxaemia during one-lung ventilation with v-DLT and to compare the perioperative complications between v-DLT and conventional double-lumen tube (c-DLT). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: One hundred patients planning to undergo thoracoscopic surgery will be randomised into the c-DLT group and the v-DLT group. During one-lung ventilation, both groups of patients will receive low tidal volume for volume control ventilation. When the blood oxygen saturation falls below 95%, the DLT will be repositioned and the oxygen concentration will be increased to improve the respiratory parameters (5 cm H2O Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the ventilation side and 5 cm H2O CPAP (continuous airway positive pressure) on the operation side), and double lung ventilation measures will be taken in sequence to prevent a further decline in blood oxygen saturation. The primary outcomes are the incidence and duration of hypoxaemia and the number of intraoperative hypoxaemia treatments, and the secondary outcomes will be postoperative complications and total hospitalisation expenses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (2020-418) and registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn). The results of the study will be analysed and reported. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2100046484.

The Future Landscape of Endothelial Cells Research in Psoriasis: Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review.

Background: Psoriasis is a global health concern as a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Endothelial dysfunction has been implicated in psoriasis pathogenesis. Objective: This study aims to explore the scientific literature on the relationship between psoriasis and endothelial cells using bibliometric analysis, identifying research trends and public interest in this topic. Methods: We analyzed articles on the topic of endothelial cells and psoriasis in the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection from 1987 to 2022, examining their distribution by publication year, country, organization, author, and journal. We used bibliometric software, including CiteSpace and R package bibliometrix, to visualize co-authorship relations, keyword citation burst analysis, co citation networks, keyword time zone map, burst references and cluster analysis. Results: Our analysis included 993 publications. The bibliometric analysis revealed a steady increase in the number of publications on psoriasis and endothelial cells over the past decade. The United States was the leading contributor to this field. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology was the most high-yield publication journal. Burst references analysis identified key articles that have significantly influenced the field, including studies on the role of endothelial dysfunction in psoriasis pathogenesis and the association between psoriasis severity and cardiovascular outcomes. 9 clusters were grouped in the key-word citation network. "Expression", "inflammation", "endothelial growth factor" and "angiogenesis" were the research focuses, while "cardiovascular disease", "atherosclerosis", "endothelial dysfunction", and "oxidative stress" might be the future research hotspots. Conclusion: This bibliometric analysis sheds light on the growing acknowledgement of the involvement of endothelial cells in psoriasis, with the United States taking the lead. It also emphasizes the necessity for additional research to unravel the underlying mechanisms connecting psoriasis, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular comorbidities. Ultimately, this research will contribute to the development of enhanced management strategies for psoriasis patients.

Study on the microcrystal cellulose and the derived 2D graphene and relative carbon materials.

Microcrystal cellulose (MCC) is a green and sustainable resource that widely exists in various lignocellulose species in percentage 10% to 30%. The fine powder of MCC is often discarded in industrial productions that use lignocellulose as feedstock. The crystal structure of two types of MCC (sugarcane pith and bamboo pith) and their derived carbon materials are studied, and the key findings are summarized as follows. (1) In the MCC refined from sugarcane pith, there are large amount of cellulose 2D crystal, which can be converted to valuable 2D graphene crystal. (2) In the MCC refined from bamboo pith there are large amount of cluster microcrystal cellulose, which can be converted to soft and elastic graphene microcrystal (GMC). (3) The 2D cellulose in MCC of sugarcane pith has large surface area and is easily to be degraded to sugars by acid-base hydrolysis reaction, which can be carbonized to Fullerenes-like carbon spheres. (4) The crystal structures of MCC derived carbon materials are strongly impacted by the crystal structures of MCC, and the carbonization reaction of MCC follows "in situ carbonization" and "nearby recombination" mechanism. In general, the results from this study may open a new way for value-added applications of microcrystal cellulose.

Diversity, morphology, and molecular phylogeny of Diatrypaceae from southern China.

During an investigation of Diatrypaceae from southern China, 10 xylariales-like taxa have been collected. Morphological and multi-gene analyses confirmed that these taxa reside in Diatrypaceae and represent eight novel taxa and two new records belonging to six genera (viz., Allocryptovalsa, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Paraeutypella, Peroneutypa, and Vasilyeva gen. nov.). Vasilyeva gen. nov. was proposed to accommodate Vasilyeva cinnamomi sp. nov. Among the other collections, seven new species were introduced (viz., Diatrype camelliae-japonicae sp. nov., Diatrype rubi sp. nov., Diatrypella guiyangensis sp. nov., Diatrypella fatsiae-japonicae sp. nov., Paraeutypella subguizhouensis sp. nov., Peroneutypa hainanensis sp. nov., and Peroneutypa qianensis sp. nov.), while two were reported as new records from China (Allocryptovalsa rabenhorstii and Diatrype enteroxantha). For Diatrypaceae, the traditional taxonomic approach based on morphology may not be applicable.

Genomic characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates of cutaneous tuberculosis.

Objectives: Cutaneous tuberculosis with various manifestations can be divided into several clinical types according to the host's immune status and infective route. However, the etiological factors of this disease remain unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate the pathogens associated with the occurrence and different types of cutaneous tuberculosis. Methods: 58 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from cutaneous tuberculosis over the last 20 years were sequenced and analyzed for genomic characteristics including lineage distribution, drug-resistance mutations, and mutations potentially associated with different sites of infection. Results: The M. tuberculosis strains from four major types of cutaneous tuberculosis and pulmonary tuberculosis shared similar genotypes and genomic composition. The strains isolated from cutaneous tuberculosis had a lower rate of drug resistance. Phylogenic analysis showed cutaneous tuberculosis and pulmonary tuberculosis isolates scattered on the three. Several SNPs in metabolism related genes exhibited a strong correlation with different infection sites. Conclusions: The different infection sites of TB may barely be affected by large genomic changes in M. tuberculosis isolates, but the significant difference in SNPs of drug resistance gene and metabolism-related genes still deserves more attention.