OTX1 exerts an oncogenic role and is negatively regulated by miR129-5p in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Orthodenticle homeobox 1 (OTX1) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in various human cancers. However, the function of OTX1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is largely unknown. We aimed to explore the roles of OTX1 in LSCC and its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS: The expression levels of OTX1 were assessed in LSCC cell lines and tissue samples. We further examined the effect of OTX1 on LSCC progression. The upstream regulator of OTX1 was identified using a computer algorithm and confirmed experimentally. RESULTS: OTX1 was highly expressed in 70.7% (70/99) of LSCC tissue samples. The OTX1 expression in LSCC was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis. High OTX1 expression in patients with LSCC was correlated with poor prognosis. Knockdown of OTX1 inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion in LSCC cells. Knockdown of OTX1 inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Mechanistically, OTX1 might act as a direct target of miR-129-5p. OTX1 enhanced tumorigenicity and tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support that OTX1 is an oncogene in LSCC tumorigenesis and progression. Furthermore, OTX1 is a direct target of miR-129-5p in LSCC cells. Taken together, OTX1 is a promising diagnostic and therapeutic marker for LSCC.

New Insights into the Impact of Ecological Factor on Bioactivities and Phytochemical Composition of Paeonia veitchii.

Paeonia veitchii has been widely distributed in China under different ecological types. Its roots contain diverse phytochemical constituents, which possess very high bioactivities. However, the influence of ecological factors on activities and ingredients of P. veitchii roots still remains unknown. The purpose of this research was to analyze the variation in bioactivities and phytochemical composition of P. veitchii roots upon exposure to various ecological factors. Seven P. veitchii populations collected from different regions in China were evaluated. The results of correlation analysis suggested that four major ecological factors, including average annual temperature, elevation, total potassium, and organic matter, had a strong correlation with the bioactivities of P. veitchii roots. Further, the major ecological factors were also highly correlated with the contents of naringin, gallic acid, benzoylpaeoniflorin, and paeoniflorin. The principal component analysis results supported four major metabolites as the main contributing ingredients. All populations were classified into three groups, G1, G2, and G3, through hierarchical cluster analysis. G1 showed more significant advantages in the above-mentioned four ecological factors, four active ingredients, and bioactivities compared to the other two groups. P. veitchii roots growing at lower average annual temperature, high elevation, rich total potassium and organic matter in the soils were presumed to have relatively higher bioactivities. These data expand the study on the bioactivities and phytochemical composition of P. veitchii roots and have a guiding significance for the ecological factor selection during the cultivation process of this herbaceous peony species.

Neuro-Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Finding in 412 Patients and Prognostic Features.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to describe the neuroimaging findings in hand, foot, and mouth disease and determine those who may provide prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging scans in 412 severe hand, foot, and mouth disease between 2009 and 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients who had the neurological signs were followed for 6 months to 1 year. According to the good or poor prognosis, 2 groups were categorized. The incidence of lesions in different sites between the 2 groups was compared, and multivariate analysis was used to look for risk factors. RESULTS: The major sites of involvement for all patients with percentages were the medulla oblongata (16.1%), spinal anterior nerve roots (12.4%), thoracic segments (11.1%), brain or spinal meninges (8.3%), and so on. There were 347 patients (84.2%) with good prognosis and 65 (15.8%) with poor prognosis in the follow-up. There was a significantly higher rate of lesions involving the cerebral white substance, thalamus, medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and spinal cord in the group with poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis showed 2 independent risk factors associated with poor prognosis: lesions located in the medulla oblongata (P < 0.015) and spinal cord (P < 0.001) on magnetic resonance imaging; the latter was the most significant prognostic factor (odds ratio, 29.11; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found that the distribution patterns for all patients mainly involved the medulla oblongata, spinal anterior nerve roots, thoracic segments, and brain or spinal meninges. Our findings suggested that patients with lesions located in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord may be closely monitored for early intervention and meticulous management. For children with the symptom of nervous system, they are strongly recommended for magnetic resonance examination.

Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an independent prognostic marker in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been shown to be associated with prognosis in various solid tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic role of NLR in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). METHODS: A total of 141 LSCC patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patients' demographics were analyzed along with clinical and pathologic data. The optimal cutoff value of NLR was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The impact of the NLR and other potential prognostic factors on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: The optimal cutoff value of the NLR was 2.17. In the NLR ≤ 2.17 group, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year DFS rates were 88.2, 73.9 and 69.1 %, respectively, while in the NLR > 2.17 group, the DFS rates were 83.0, 54.6 and 49.2 %, respectively. Correspondingly, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 98.9, 85.1 and 77.4 % in the NLR ≤ 2.17 group and 97.9, 63.8 and 53.3 % in the NLR > 2.17 group, respectively. The multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis showed that NLR > 2.17 was a prognostic factor for both DFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.869; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.078-3.243; P = 0.026] and OS (HR =2.177; 95 % CI 1.208-3.924; P = 0.010). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that elevated preoperative NLR was an independent predictor of poor prognosis for patients with LSCC after surgical resection.

Effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for laryngeal preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

PURPOSE: This meta-analysis compared the efficacy of laryngectomy and three larynx-preservation treatments in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases were searched (until May 5, 2014) for studies that evaluated total laryngectomy followed by radiation and three larynx-preserving strategies in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. The outcomes assessed were the 2- to 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and laryngectomy-free survival (LFS) RESULTS: The search identified ten studies which were used for the meta-analysis (N = 2013 patients). The meta-analysis found that among different treatments, RT alone was associated with the highest rate of OS (71.6 %), DFS (57.8 %), and LFS (79.0 %). OS was similar among the following treatments: laryngectomy→RT vs. CT→RT [P = 0.402]; RT+CT vs. RT alone [P = 0.440]; and RT+CT vs CT→RT [P = 0.588]. DFS rate was higher in patients receiving laryngectomy→RT than CT→RT (P = 0.001) and was similar for RT+CT compared with CT→RT (P = 0.590). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that of the larynx-preserving treatments, RT alone was associated with highest rates of OS, DFS, and LFS in patients with locally advanced cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. Laryngectomy provided a better rate of DFS than CT and RT, but OS were similar across the different larynx-preserving treatments and laryngectomy.

Supracricoid partial laryngectomy cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (SCPL-CHEP) versus vertical partial laryngectomy for the treatment of glottic carcinoma.

The study aimed to compare the survival rate and functional outcome of supracricoid partial laryngectomy cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (SCPL-CHEP) and vertical partial laryngectomy (VPL) in the treatment of glottic carcinoma. Thirty-nine patients underwent SCPL-CHEP and 45 patients underwent VPL between 2002 and 2007. Post-operative clinical staging were performed according to the UICC staging criteria (2002). The primary endpoints were survival time and recurrence rate. The secondary endpoints were the laryngeal functions including pronunciation, swallowing, and respiration. Overall, the estimated mean survival time was 75.6 months. There was no significant difference in survival times between the two groups (P = 0.496). The SCPL-CHEP group had a significantly lower post-operative local recurrence rate than VPL group (2.6 vs. 17.8 %, P = 0.033). Significantly longer nasogastric tube removal (22 vs. 14 days, P < 0.001) and tracheostomy decannulation (38.5 vs. 15 days, P < 0.001) times in SCPL-CHEP group was observed with the VPL group, respectively. Significantly higher aspiration rates were observed at 3, 6, and 12 months in the SCPL-CHEP group compared with the VPL group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, respectively). Although the survival rate was not significantly different between the two groups, the local regional control rate and organ preservation in the supracricoid partial laryngectomy cricohyoidoepiglottopexy group was better than those observed in the vertical partial laryngectomy group.

Endoscope-assisted versus conventional second branchial cleft cyst resection.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the feasibility of endoscope-assisted second branchial cleft cyst resection via retroauricular approach by comparing it with conventional cervical incision for removal of second branchial cleft cyst. METHODS: From January 2009 to December 2010, 25 patients were randomly assigned to the endoscope-assisted surgery group (13 patients) or the conventional surgery group (12 patients). The clinical characteristics of patients, operation time, operative bleeding volume, postoperative complications, and subjective satisfaction with incision scar checked by visual analog scale were compared between the groups, retrospectively. RESULTS: All 13 second branchial cleft cyst resections were successfully performed endoscopically, and the wounds healed uneventfully. Endoscope-assisted surgery lasted 54.6 ± 6.3 min, and conventional surgery lasted 49.6 ± 6.9 min (P = 0.069). Degree of bleeding volume did not differ between the groups (P = 0.624). Mean patient satisfaction score was 9.2 ± 0.6 in the endoscope-assisted surgery group and 6.2 ± 0.8 in the controls (P < 0.001). All 13 patients in the endoscope-assisted surgery group were satisfied with their cosmetic results. One case showed temporary numbness around the earlobe that recovered within 1 month after surgery. No marginal nerve palsy occurred. No complications such as bleeding, salivary fistula, or paresis of the marginal mandibular branch occurred. All 25 patients were disease free with follow-up of 6-24 months (median 16 months). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscope-assisted second branchial cleft cyst resection via retroauricular approach is a feasible technique. This procedure may serve as an alternative approach that allows an invisible incision and better cosmetic results.

[Long-term outcome of CO2 laser microlaryngoscopic treatment for laryngeal cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term outcome of CO2 laser microsurgery for laryngeal cancer. METHODS: Seventy patients with laryngeal cancer were treated with CO2 laser microsurgery. All patients were followed up for at least 36 months (36 - 108 months). RESULTS: During the 36-108 months follow-up, 64 patients were alive, and 6 patients died of recurrence. The total 5-year survival rate was 91.4%, 5-year local control rate was 81.4%, 5-year local recurrence rate was 18.6%, and the neck metastasis rate was 4.3%. All survivals had normal breathing and good phonation. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term outcomes of CO2 laser microsurgery for laryngeal cancer are good, with rapid recovery and few complications, well protected laryngeal function and quite good quality of life. Laser surgery should be the priority of treatment for early stage laryngeal cancer. However, laser surgery for advanced laryngeal cancers and supraglottic laryngeal cancers should be carefully chosen.

[Relationship between sorafenib-associated hand-food skin reaction and efficacy in treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the link between the antitumor efficacy of sorafenib and its cutaneous side effects in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the incidence of hand-foot skin reactions (HFRS) of 51 patients with advanced HCC who treated by sorafenib combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), comparing tumor disease control rate (DCR), median progression free survival (mPFS) and median overall survival (mOS) in the different severity HFRS groups. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to the multivariate survival analysis for the PFS. RESULTS: Fifty-one HCC patients treated with sorafenib combined with TACE were included in this study. 13/51 without HFRS (grade 0), 38/51 developed at all grade 1-3, 27 developed at grade 1-2, 11 developed at grade 3. The DCR were 38.5%, 70.4% and 90.9% in the three groups (P < 0.05). Group grade 0 vs grade 1-3, P = 0.031, the difference had statistical significance. Group grade 1-2 vs grade 3, P = 0.352, the difference had no statistical significance. The mPFS were 2.8 months (95%CI 1.6 - 4.0), 4.5 (95%CI 1.3 - 7.7) months and 12.8 (95%CI 3.7 - 21.9) months (P < 0.05), group grade 0 vs grade 1-2, P = 0.019, HR (hazard ratio): 2.8 (95%CI 1.3 - 6.3), P = 0.010, group grade 0 vs grade 3, P < 0.01, HR 6.6 (95%CI 2.3 - 19.0), P < 0.01, group grade 1-2 vs grade 3, P = 0.054; the three groups' mOS were 8.5 months (95%CI 5.9 - 11.1), 13.0 (95%CI 10.1 - 15.9) months and 25.4 months, P < 0.05, there were statistically significant differences between the any two groups. CONCLUSIONS: HFRS should be closely monitored in HCC patients treated with sorafenib in relation to its potential role as a surrogate marker of efficacy, but it has yet to be demonstrated whether the efficacy increasing with the severity of HFRS or not.

Association of Chemoradiotherapy Regimens and Survival Among Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: The role of induction chemotherapy (IC) or adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in the treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains controversial. Objectives: To update meta-analyses on the association of survival outcomes with IC and AC regimens in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC and assess whether the current evidence is conclusive by a trial sequential analysis (TSA) approach. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for articles published from inception until June 1, 2019. Study Selection: Randomized clinical trials that assessed the efficacy of radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy among previously untreated patients and patients with nondistant metastatic NPC. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Data were extracted by 2 investigators from each trial independently and synthesized by the 2 investigators. All trial results were combined and analyzed by a fixed- or random-effects model. Main Outcomes and Measures: Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS). Results: A total of 8036 patients (median age, 46.5 years; 5872 [73.1%] male) from 28 randomized clinical trials were included in the analysis. Pooled analyses revealed that concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) was significantly associated with improved OS, PFS, DMFS, and LRFS compared with radiotherapy across all subgroups. The TSA confirmed the treatment outcomes of CCRT compared with radiotherapy. The additional IC regimen was associated with an improvement in OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74-0.95), PFS (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.64-0.84), DMFS (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.59-0.78), and LRFS (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.64-0.85). These findings were consistent in subgroup analyses of multicenter trials with sample sizes greater than 250, years of survival rate of 5 or greater, median follow-up longer than 5 years, or low risk of bias. However, the additional AC regimen was not associated with a survival benefit in OS (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.78-1.23), PFS (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.70-1.07), DMFS (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.64-1.10), or LRFS (HR, 0.80, 95% CI, 0.59-1.09). The TSA provided sound evidence on the additional benefit of IC but not AC. Conclusions and Relevance: These data suggest a significant association of survival outcomes with CCRT in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC. The addition of IC instead of AC could achieve survival benefits. The potential therapeutic gain of AC should be explored in the future.

CT and MRI findings in focal eosinophilic infiltration of the liver.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the findings of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of focal eosinophilic infiltration (FEI) of the liver. METHODS: A retrospective study including 29 patients with confirmed FEI of the liver was performed. We evaluated the lesions' number, distribution, size, shape, margin, attenuation or signal intensity characteristics, the enhancement pattern, and some special features. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the number of lesions and the eosinophil counts in peripheral blood. RESULTS: In all, 108 lesions were detected in 29 cases, including two cases with single lesion and the remaining 27 cases with multiple lesions. The mean size of all lesions was 34 mm (range, from 3 to 61 mm). 95 (88%) lesions were located in subcapsular parenchyma or surrounding the portal vein. Most (66%) subcapsular lesions were wedge shaped and all lesions surrounding portal vein were round shaped. However, the hepatic parenchymal lesions were irregular or round shaped. All lesions showed ill-defined margins. On pre-contrast CT images, the lesions showed slightly low attenuation or iso-attenuating. On T1-weighted and T2-weighted images, the lesions were slightly iso-/hypointense and hyperintense, respectively. A total of 23 (79.3%) cases were gradually enhanced. Branches of portal vein went through the lesions in all cases; 12 had 'stripe sign' and 16 had 'halo ring sign.' Spearman analysis indicated a significant correlation between the number of lesions and the increased eosinophils in peripheral blood (r = 0.627, p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Special CT and MRI features and increased eosinophils may strongly suggest the diagnosis of FEI of the liver.

Machine Learning Algorithms for Risk Prediction of Severe Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease in Children.

The identification of indicators for severe HFMD is critical for early prevention and control of the disease. With this goal in mind, 185 severe and 345 mild HFMD cases were assessed. Patient demographics, clinical features, MRI findings, and laboratory test results were collected. Gradient boosting tree (GBT) was then used to determine the relative importance (RI) and interaction effects of the variables. Results indicated that elevated white blood cell (WBC) count > 15 × 109/L (RI: 49.47, p < 0.001) was the top predictor of severe HFMD, followed by spinal cord involvement (RI: 26.62, p < 0.001), spinal nerve roots involvement (RI: 10.34, p < 0.001), hyperglycemia (RI: 3.40, p < 0.001), and brain or spinal meninges involvement (RI: 2.45, p = 0.003). Interactions between elevated WBC count and hyperglycemia (H statistic: 0.231, 95% CI: 0-0.262, p = 0.031), between spinal cord involvement and duration of fever ≥3 days (H statistic: 0.291, 95% CI: 0.035-0.326, p = 0.035), and between brainstem involvement and body temperature (H statistic: 0.313, 95% CI: 0-0.273, p = 0.017) were observed. Therefore, GBT is capable to identify the predictors for severe HFMD and their interaction effects, outperforming conventional regression methods.

miR-144-3p, a tumor suppressive microRNA targeting ETS-1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Regional lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis are critical in the prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). This study investigated the roles of miR-144-3p and E26 transformation specific-1 (ETS-1) in the invasion and migration of LSCC cells. The effects of miR-144-3p and ETS-1 on FaDu and Hep2 cell growth, migration and invasion were determined. Suppression of ETS-1 by miR-144-3p was confirmed using luciferase assays; the effects of ETS-1 silencing were determined using a xenograft tumor model. The expression of ETS-1 was analyzed in 71 paraffin-embedded tissue biopsies and eight fresh frozen biopsies obtained from LSCC patients. miR-144-3p inhibited the growth, invasion and migration of FaDu and Hep2 cells in part through suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition as determined by increased E-cadherin and α-catenin and reduced fibronectin and vimentin expression. Additionally, ETS-1 is a molecular target of miR-144-3p, and silencing ETS-1 expression inhibited FaDu and Hep2 cell invasion and migration as well as reduced Hep2 xenograft tumor volume. In LSCC, the expression of ETS-1 is upregulated with disease progression, and higher ETS-1 expression, which was negatively associated with miR-144-3p levels, adversely corresponded with prognoses. Thus, upregulated ETS-1 levels may promote LSCC metastasis, resulting in poor patient prognosis.

Micro-ribonucleic acid expression profiling and bioinformatic target gene analyses in laryngeal carcinoma.

Abnormal expression of micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) might be clinically valuable as a biomarker or treatment target in the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of tumors. However, little is known concerning abnormal miRNA expression of laryngeal carcinoma, one of the most commonly encountered head and neck tumors. Microarray analysis was used to obtain miRNA-expression profiles of ten pairs of freshly frozen laryngeal carcinoma tissue and surrounding normal tissue specimens. Characteristic miRNAs that were significantly related to laryngeal carcinoma were identified. Verification was performed using an additional 32 pairs of samples. The expression of two miRNAs (miR-21-3p and miR-106b-3p) was upregulated in both microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain-reaction analyses, whereas the expression of six miRNAs (let-7f-5p, miR-10a-5p, miR-125a-5p, miR-144-3p, miR-195-5p, and miR-203) was downregulated. The decreased expression of let-7f-5p and miR-195-5p is a novel finding in head and neck cancer. The target genes of these miRNAs were also predicted through multiple software programs. The differential expression of miRNAs might be related to the early onset and development of laryngeal carcinoma, and may be exploited as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma.

Retrospective analysis of prognostic factors in 205 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent surgical treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the most important factors affecting the prognosis of the patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx. METHODS: Based on the clinical and follow-up data, 205 patients with SCC of the larynx receiving total laryngectomy, partial laryngectomy, or CO2 laser surgery in GuangDong General Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. A survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and a multivariable analysis of prognostic factors was carried out using the Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Subtypes of carcinoma included 69.8% glottic and 30.2% supraglottic. Most patients were in N0 stage (77.6%), and 22.4% patients were in N1∼N3 stage. Over half of the patients were in T1∼T2 stage (55.1%), 20.0% in T3, and 24.9% in T4. Mean follow-up duration was 49.2 months. The survival rates 1, 2, and 3 years after the surgery were 99.0%, 91.7%, and 81.5%, respectively. The survival rate for those patients with clinical stage IV was significantly lower than for those with clinical stage I and II (p<0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). The disease-free progression rates 1, 2, and 3 years after the surgery were 83.9%, 74.6%, and 71.2%, respectively. Futhermore, those patients with a Charlson score of 1 to 2 and ≥3 had higher risk of mortality than those with a Charlson score of 0 (hazard ratios of 1.8 and 2.41 p = 0.042 and p = 0.008). Multivariable analysis revealed that clinical stage, surgical margin, and comorbidity were significantly associated with both mortality and disease-free progression. CONCLUSION: The surgical resection margin, clinical stage, and comorbidity were independent factors affecting the laryngeal cancer prognosis. The survival rates were lower for patients with advanced laryngeal cancer, positive surgical margins, or severe comorbidity, suggesting the importance of early diagnosis, early treatment, negative surgical margins, and conditions of comorbidity.

[Preliminary experience with endoscope-assisted transoral excision of the submandibular gland].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the indications, risks and benefits of endoscope-assisted transoral approach to excise the submandibular gland. METHODS: A retrospective review of a series of 12 patients treated by endoscope-assisted transoral submandibular gland excision was carried out. Of the 12 patients, 8 were chronic sialoadenitis (2 cases with sialolith), 3 were pleomorphic adenoma, and 1 was cyst of submandibular gland. Preoperatively, all patients were diagnosed as benign diseases by Ultrasonography, CT or MRI. Pathologic diagnosis of 8 cases were identified by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). RESULTS: Temporary lingual sensory paresis and temporary limitation of tongue movement were found in two patients. However, these signs soon resolved spontaneously within 1 - 3 months. There were no other complications. Postoperatively, mean satisfaction score with cosmetic results was 10. All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic results. No recurrences were found in patients with pleomorphic adenoma with a follow-up period ranged from 12 months to 48 months (median follow-up period: 36 months). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscope-assisted transoral excision of the submandibular gland is a feasible and safe approach for the benign diseases of the submandibular gland. The major advantages of this approach are no external scar and no injury to the marginal mandibular nerve.

[A comparison between endoscopic-assisted submandibular gland resection via retroauricular hairline incision and conventional submandibular gland resection].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, the risks and the advantages of endoscope-assisted submandibular gland resection using a retroauricular hairline incision (RAHI) by comparing it with the conventional submandibular gland resection. METHODS: Twenty eight patients with benign lesions of the submandibular gland were included in the prospective clinically controlled study. Thirteen patients had endoscope-assisted resection using the RAHI approach and 15 cases had conventional transcervical approach resection. The size, location and adjacency of all lesions were evaluated by CT or MRI before surgery. The pathologic diagnoses of all cases were identified as benign diseases using fine needle aspiration biopsy. The two groups were compared for incision length, operation time, bleeding, incision cosmetic result, and complications. RESULTS: All 28 operations were successfully performed. Incision length in the endoscopic group was significantly longer than that in the transcervical group (Z = -4.516, P < 0.01), and the surgical time was longer in the endoscopic group (Z = -3.263, P < 0.01). After three months the mean subjective satisfaction score for the incision scar in the endoscopic group was significantly higher than that in the transcervical group (Z = -4.472, P < 0.01). In the endoscopic group, 2 cases (15.4%) with temporary numbness of the earlobe and 1 case (7.7%) with a temporary marginal mandibular nerve paralysis were found postoperatively. However, they recovered within 1 month. All 28 patients were disease free with a follow-up of 10 to 24 months (median of 18 months). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscope-assisted submandibular gland resection via RAHI is feasible and safe for the treatment of benign submandibular gland lesions. In comparison with the transcervical approach, this method can provide better cosmetic results without significant complications.

[Diagnosis and treatment of congenital fourth branchial anomaly].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the anatomic features, clinical presentations, diagnosis, differentiations and treatments of congenital fourth branchial anomaly(CFBA). METHODS: The clinical data of 8 patients with CFBA were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 8 patients aging from 27 to 300 months (median age: 114 months), 4 male and 4 female; 3 untreated previously and 5 recurrent. All lesions, including 1 cyst, 3 sinus (with internal opening) and 4 fistula, located in the left necks. Three patients presented acute suppurative thyroiditis, 4 deep neck abscesses, and 1 neck lump. Preoperative examinations included barium esophagogram, direct laryngoscopy, ultrasonography, CT, MRI, and so on. The principles of managements were adequate drainage, infection control during acute period and radical surgery during quiescent period. Classic surgical approach consisted of complete excision of branchial lesions, dissection of recurrent laryngeal nerve and partial thyroidectomy. Selective neck dissection was applied in recurrent cases to extirpate branchial lesions, scarrings and inflammatory granuloma. Postoperatively, 1 case was with local incision infection which healed by wound care; 1 case was with temporary vocal cord paralysis which completely recovered 1 month after operation. No recurrence was found in all of 8 cases with follow-up of 13 to 42 months (median: 21 months). CONCLUSIONS: CFBA relates closely anatomically with recurrent laryngeal nerve and thyroid grand. The barium esophagogram and direct laryngoscopy are the most useful diagnostic tools. CT and MRI are all beneficial to the diagnosis of CFBA. The treatment key to CFBA is the complete excision of lesion during a quiescent period after inflammatory control, together with the dissection of recurrent laryngeal nerve, partial thyroidectomy and partial resection of lamina of thyroid cartilage (if necessary), which all can decrease the risk of complications and recurrence. For recurrent cases, selective neck dissection is a safe and effective surgical procedure.