A dual mechanism with H2S inhibition and membrane damage of morusin from Morus alba Linn. against MDR-MRSA.

It's urgent to discover new antibiotics along with the increasing emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens. In the present investigation, morusin exhibited rapid bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) by targeting the phospholipid of bacterial inner membrane, increasing membrane rigidity and disrupting bacterial homeostasis together with the membrane permeability, which caused fundamental metabolic disorders. Furthermore, morusin can also accumulate ROS, suppress H2S production, and aggravate oxidative damage in bacteria. Importantly, morusin also inhibited the spread of wounds and reduced the bacterial burden in the mouse model of skin infection caused by MRSA. It's a chance to meet the challenge of existing antibiotic resistance and avoid the development of bacterial resistance, given the multiple targets of morusin.

Mitochondrial subtype MB-G3 contains potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets associated with prognosis of medulloblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. There are four groups, each with different causal mutations, affected pathways and prognosis. Here, we investigated the role of mitochondria in medulloblastoma and whether there are differences between the different groups. METHODS: We compared the gene expression levels in the four different medulloblastoma groups (MB-WNT, MB-SHH, MB-G3 and MB-G4), with the focus on genes associated with mitochondria. We used several tools including Salmon, Tximeta, DESeq2, BiomaRt, STRING, Ggplot2, EnhancedVolcano, Venny 2.1 and Metscape. RESULTS: A total of 668 genes were differentially expressed and the most abundant genes were associated with cell division pathway followed by modulation of chemical synaptic transmission. We also identified several genes (ABAT, SOX9, ALDH5A, FOXM1, ABL1, NHLH1, NEUROD1 and NEUROD2) known to play vital role in medulloblastoma. Comparative expression analysis revealed OXPHOS complex-associated proteins of mitochondria. The most significantly expressed genes in the MB-SHH and MB-G4 groups were AHCYL1 and SFXN5 while PAICS was significantly upregulated in MB-WNT group. Notably, MB-G3 contained the most downregulated genes from the OXPHOS complexes, except COX6B2 which was strongly upregulated. CONCLUSIONS: We show the importance of mitochondria and compare their role in the four different medulloblastoma groups.

An innovative phase 2 proof-of-concept trial design to evaluate SAR445088, a monoclonal antibody targeting complement C1s in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nerves, with significant unmet treatment needs. Clinical trials in CIDP are challenging; thus, new trial designs are needed. We present design of an open-label phase 2 study (NCT04658472) evaluating efficacy and safety of SAR445088, a monoclonal antibody targeting complement C1s, in CIDP. METHODS: This phase 2, proof-of-concept, multicenter, open-label trial will evaluate the efficacy, and safety of SAR445088 in 90 patients with CIDP across three groups: (1) currently treated with standard-of-care (SOC) therapies, including immunoglobulin or corticosteroids (SOC-Treated); (2) refractory to SOC (SOC-Refractory); and (3) naïve to SOC (SOC-Naïve). Enrolled participants undergo a 24-week treatment period (part A), followed by an optional treatment extension for up to an additional 52 weeks (part B). In part A, the primary endpoint for the SOC-Treated group is the percentage of participants with a relapse after switching from SOC to SAR445088. The primary endpoint for the SOC-Refractory and SOC-Naïve groups is the percentage of participants with a response, compared to baseline. Secondary endpoints include safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and efficacy of SAR445088 during 12-week overlapping period (SOC-Treated). Part B evaluates long-term safety and durability of efficacy. Data analysis will be performed using Bayesian statistics (predefined efficacy thresholds) and historical data-based placebo assumptions to support program decision-making. INTERPRETATION: This innovative trial design based on patient groups and Bayesian statistics provides an efficient paradigm to evaluate new treatment candidates across the CIDP spectrum and can help accelerate development of new therapies.

Ormosianines A-P, Structurally Diverse Quinolizidine Alkaloids with AChE Inhibitory Effects from Ormosia yunnanensis.

Sixteen new quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs), named ormosianines A-P (1-16), and 18 known congeners (17-34) were isolated from the stems and leaves of Ormosia yunnanensis. The structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses and electron circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Structurally, ormosianines A (1) and B (2) are the first examples of cytisine and Ormosia-type alkaloids with the cleavage of the piperidine ring. Results of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory assay revealed that the pentacycline Ormosia-type QAs, including 1, 16, 24, and 27-29, are good AChE inhibitors. Ormosianine A (1) exhibited more potent AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 1.55 µM. Molecular docking revealed that 1 might bind to the protein 1DX4, forming two hydrogen bonds with residues SER-238 and HIS-480.

Targeted quantitative analysis of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids in Alstonia scholaris by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.

Monoterpene indole alkaloids exhibit structural diversity in herbal resources and have been developed as promising drugs owing to their significant biological activities. Confidential identification and quantification of monoterpene indole alkaloids is the key to quality control of target plants in industrial production but has rarely been reported. In this study, quantitative performance of three data acquisition modes of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry including full scan, auto-MS2 and target-MS2 , was evaluated and compared for specificity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and matrix effect using five monoterpene indole alkaloids (scholaricine, 19-epi-scholaricine, vallesamine, picrinine, and picralinal). Method validations indicated that target-MS2 mode showed predominant performance for simultaneous annotation and quantification of analytes, and was then applied to determine monoterpene indole alkaloids in Alstonia scholaris (leaves, barks) after extraction procedures optimization using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. The variations of A. scholaris monoterpene indole alkaloids in different plant parts, harvest periods, and post-handling processes, were subsequently investigated. The results indicated that target-MS2 mode could improve the quantitative capability of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for structure-complex monoterpene indole alkaloids in herbal matrices. Alstonia scholaris, monoterpene indole alkaloids, quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry, qualitative and quantitative analysis, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography.

New Lupanes from Alstonia scholaris Reducing Uric Acid Level.

Twelve lupanes including three new compounds named alstoscholarilups A-C (1: -3: ) were isolated from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and ECD calculation. Structurally, compound 1: with a rare A ring-seco skeleton formed lactone and degraded C-3, while 2: with a 28-nor and 3: with a 29-nor-lupane skeleton supported the phytochemical diversity and novelty of the plant. Pharmacologically, compounds 4, 7: , and 10: reduced the serum uric acid (UA) levels of mice significantly.

Structural Characterization and Anticoagulant Activities of a Keratan Sulfate-like Polysaccharide from the Sea Cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata.

A sulfated polysaccharide (AG) was extracted and isolated from the sea cucumber H. fuscopunctata, consisting of GlcNAc, GalNAc, Gal, Fuc and lacking any uronic acid residues. Importantly, several chemical depolymerization methods were used to elucidate the structure of the AG through a bottom-up strategy. A highly sulfated galactose (oAG-1) and two disaccharides labeled with 2,5-anhydro-D-mannose (oAG-2, oAG-3) were obtained from the deaminative depolymerized product along with the structures of the disaccharide derivatives (oAG-4~oAG-6) identified from the free radical depolymerized product, suggesting that the repeating building blocks in a natural AG should comprise the disaccharide ß-D-GalS-1,4-D-GlcNAc6S. The possible disaccharide side chains (bAG-1) were obtained with mild acid hydrolysis. Thus, a natural AG may consist of a keratan sulfate-like (KS-like) glycosaminoglycan with diverse modifications, including the sulfation types of the Gal residue and the possible disaccharide branches α-D-GalNAc4S6S-1,2-α/ß-L-Fuc3S linked to the KS-like chain. Additionally, the anticoagulant activities of the AG and its depolymerized products (dAG1-9) were evaluated in vitro using normal human plasma. The AG could prolong activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in a dose-dependent manner, and the activity potency was positively related to the chain length. The AG and dAG1-dAG3 could prolong thrombin time (TT), while they had little effect on prothrombin time (PT). The results indicate that the AG could inhibit the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways.

Depressive Disorder Recognition Based on Frontal EEG Signals and Deep Learning.

Depressive disorder (DD) has become one of the most common mental diseases, seriously endangering both the affected person's psychological and physical health. Nowadays, a DD diagnosis mainly relies on the experience of clinical psychiatrists and subjective scales, lacking objective, accurate, practical, and automatic diagnosis technologies. Recently, electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have been widely applied for DD diagnosis, but mainly with high-density EEG, which can severely limit the efficiency of the EEG data acquisition and reduce the practicability of diagnostic techniques. The current study attempts to achieve accurate and practical DD diagnoses based on combining frontal six-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and deep learning models. To this end, 10 min clinical resting-state EEG signals were collected from 41 DD patients and 34 healthy controls (HCs). Two deep learning models, multi-resolution convolutional neural network (MRCNN) combined with long short-term memory (LSTM) (named MRCNN-LSTM) and MRCNN combined with residual squeeze and excitation (RSE) (named MRCNN-RSE), were proposed for DD recognition. The results of this study showed that the higher EEG frequency band obtained the better classification performance for DD diagnosis. The MRCNN-RSE model achieved the highest classification accuracy of 98.48 ± 0.22% with 8-30 Hz EEG signals. These findings indicated that the proposed analytical framework can provide an accurate and practical strategy for DD diagnosis, as well as essential theoretical and technical support for the treatment and efficacy evaluation of DD.

Adsorption and mechanism study for phenol removal by 10% CO2 activated bio-char after acid or alkali pretreatment.

The development of an efficient bio-char used to remove phenol from wastewater holds great importance for environmental protection. In this work, wheat straw bio-char (BC) was acid-washed by HF and activated at 900 °C with 10% CO2 to obtain bio-char (B-Ⅲ-0.1D900). Adsorption experiments revealed that B-Ⅲ-0.1D900 achieved a remarkable phenol removal efficiency of 90% within 40 min. Despite its relatively low specific surface area of 492.60 m2/g, it exhibited a high maximum adsorption capacity of 471.16 mg/g. Furthermore, B-Ⅲ-0.1D900 demonstrated a good regeneration capacity for at least three cycles (90.71%, 87.54%, 84.36%). It has been discovered that HF washing, which removes AAEM and exposes unsaturated functional groups, constitutes one of the essential prerequisites for enhancing CO2 activation efficiency at high temperatures. After 10% CO2 activation, the mesoporous structure exhibited substantial development, facilitating enhanced phenol infiltration into the pores when compared to untreated BC. The increased branching of the bio-char culminated in a more complete aromatic system, which enhances the π-π forces between the bio-char and the phenol. The presence of tertiary alcohol structure enhances the hydrogen bonding forces, thereby promoting intermolecular multilayer adsorption of phenol. With the combination of various forces, B-Ⅲ-0.1D900 has a good removal capacity for phenol. This work provides valuable insights into the adsorption of organic pollutants using activated bio-char.

Phytochemical and Antibacterial Constituents of Edible Globe Amaranth Flower against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Globe amaranth flower, the edible inflorescence of Gomphrena globose L., was used to treat dysentery and ulcer as well as other infectious diseases caused by microbes in Southwest China, but its function and bioactive components need experimental support. In this study, phytochemical constituents and antibacterial bioactivity of globe amaranth flower against P. aeruginosa were carried out. As a result, two new (1 and 2) and eleven known (3-11) compounds were isolated, in which compounds 4-7 displayed anti P. aeruginosa bioactivity with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) from 0.008 to 0.256 mg/mL. Furthermore, with aid of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a superficial skin infection model in mice, the most potent compound 4 can significantly destroy the structure of bacteria in vitro and restore bacterial infection damage in vivo.

Baoshanmycin and a New Furanone Derivative from a Soil-Derived Actinomycete, Amycolatopsis sp. YNNP 00208.

Actinomycetes have being regarded as a treasure reservoir of various bioactive secondary metabolites and devoted many antibiotics in clinicals. Amycolatopsis sp. YNNP 00208 was isolated from a soil sample collected in Gaoligong Mountain area, Yunnan Province, China. Chemical investigation of its fermentation broth led to a new amide, baoshanmycin (1), and a new furanone derivative, 3-(1,3-dihydroxybutyl)-4-methylfuran-2(H)-one (2), together with eight known compounds, including two amides (3-4), four cyclic dipeptides (5-8), and two deoxyribonucleosides (9-10). Their structures were established on basis of the 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data, along with the HR-ESI-MS experiments. Baoshanmycin (1) showed moderate antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans, and weak activities against Staphylococcus aureus, multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Baoshanmycin (1) presented strong antioxidant activity and moderate anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. The other compound 3-(1,3-dihydroxybutyl)-4-methylfuran-2(H)-one (2) and the known compounds (3-10) showed moderate antioxidant activity.

A MCP-Mod approach to designing and analyzing survival trials with potential non-proportional hazards.

Non-proportional hazards have been observed in many studies especially in immuno-oncology clinical trials. Traditional analysis using the combined approach with log-rank test as the significance test and Cox model for treatment effect estimation becomes questionable as this approach relies heavily on the proportional hazards assumption. Inspired by the MCP-Mod (multiple comparisons and modeling approach) that has been widely used in dose-finding studies, we propose a similar approach to handle non-proportional hazards. Using this approach, efficacy signal is first established by a max-combo test, after which hazard ratios across time will be estimated using a logically nested splines model. Simulations studies and real-data examples are used to illustrate the use of this approach.

Yi Shen An, a Chinese traditional prescription, ameliorates membranous glomerulonephritis induced by cationic bovine serum albumin in rats.

CONTEXT: Yi Shen An (YSA) is an investigational composite of traditional Chinese medicine (Reference: 2010L000974) for the treatment of renal disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of YSA against membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with cationic bovine serum albumin (C-BSA) to create a model of MGN. Then, rats were orally treated with YSA at doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg for 35 successive days; prednisone (5 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. At the end of the experimental period, we performed a series of tests, including 24 h urinary protein, and biochemical, immunological, antioxidative, coagulation indices, and histopathological examination. RESULTS: YSA-1 g/kg significantly lowered urinary protein from 68.37 to 30.74 mg (p < 0.01). Meantime, total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) recovered from 66.26 and 20.51 g/L to 76.08 and 35.64 g/L (p < 0.01), respectively. YSA removed the deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and complement 3c (C3c), prevented inter-capillary cell hyperplasia on the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and reduced electron-dense deposits and fusion of podocytes. In addition, serum IgG and superoxide dismutase were significantly elevated. In contrast, malondialdehyde, total cholesterol, triglyceride, circulating immune complex (CIC), and immunoglobulin M decreased in the YSA-treated group. Moreover, the blood coagulation dysfunction was adjusted. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate YSA may exert a therapeutic effect against MGN through the inhibition of CIC formation, and the removal of IgG and C3c deposition from the GBM, thus supporting the development of further clinical trials.

C19 Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid with Unprecedented Architecture from Hypecoum erectum.

Hyperectumine (1), the first C19 benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with a complicated ring system, was isolated from Hypecoum erectum and structurally characterized. Its biosynthetic origin should involve a hybrid pattern of C8 + C8 + C1 + C2, from which a C17 benzylisoquinoline alkaloid might be further attacked by a malonamic acid and undergo decarboxylation and cyclization to produce 1. Compound (-)-1 exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity via suppression of LPS-activated inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

Neothalfine, a potent natural anti-tumor agent against metastatic colorectal cancer and its primary mechanism.

Neothalfine is a natural bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid with the abundant resource in medicinal plants and has not been reported its anti-tumor efficacy. In the present study, the anti-tumor efficacy was investigated and it showed broad-spectrum activity against several cancer cell lines, especially metastatic colorectal cancer (HCT116, SW620, T84) with the IC50 values of 7.2, 5.9, 8.2 nM, respectively, roughly equal to well-known anti-tumor agent docetaxel (4.0, 4.7, 2.7 nM) and nearly 1000 folds than CPT-11 (4.4, 5.1, 6.9 µM). Furthermore, neothalfine inhibited colorectal cell proliferation by resulting in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis through the dysfunction of mitochondria to trigger intrinsic apoptotic pathway by untargeted metabolomic method, mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase-3/7 activity assay. Moreover, neothalfine damaged colorectal cancer clonal spheres expansion significantly at the concentration of 3.5 nM with nearly 1000 folds efficacy than CPT-11 (3.0 µM). The results supported that neothalfine might be an anti-tumor lead for further investigation.

Phytochemicals and Allelopathy of Induced Water Hyacinth against Microcystis aeruginosa.

Induced water hyacinth with purple roots (PRWH) exerts a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of blue-green algae. Interestingly, its chemical constituents differ from those of wild-type water hyacinth and have not yet been reported. This study aimed to explore the chemical constituents of PRWH and its bioactive components serving as allelopathic agents against blue-green algae. Phytochemical investigation of the bioactive ethyl acetate fraction of a crude methanol extract from PRWH led to the isolation of 56 compounds, including 11 new phenylphenalene derivatives. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by comprehensive analyses through NMR, HRMS, and X-ray techniques. Bioactivity evaluation against Microcystis aeruginosa indicated that compounds 7, 12, 15, 37, 39, 45, and 47 potently inhibited blue-green algae growth.

Analysis of Response Data for Assessing Treatment Effects in Comparative Clinical Studies.

In comparative studies, treatment effect is often assessed using a binary outcome that indicates response to the therapy. Commonly used summary measures for response include the cumulative and current response rates at a specific time point. The current response rate is sometimes called the probability of being in response (PBIR), which regards a patient as a responder only if they have achieved and remain in response at present. The methods used in practice for estimating these rates, however, may not be appropriate. Moreover, whereas an effective treatment is expected to achieve a rapid and sustained response, the response at a fixed time point does not provide information about the duration of response (DOR). As an alternative, a curve constructed from the current response rates over the entire study period may be considered, which can be used for visualizing how rapidly patients responded to therapy and how long responses were sustained. The area under the PBIR curve is the mean DOR. This connection between response and DOR makes this curve attractive for assessing the treatment effect. In contrast to the conventional method for analyzing the DOR data, which uses responders only, the above procedure includes all patients in the study. Although discussed extensively in the statistical literature, estimation of the current response rate curve has garnered little attention in the medical literature. This article illustrates how to construct and analyze such a curve using data from a recent study for treating renal cell carcinoma. Clinical trialists are encouraged to consider this robust and clinically interpretable procedure as an additional tool for evaluating treatment effects in clinical studies.

Myrothins A-F from Endophytic Fungus Myrothecium sp. BS-31 Harbored in Panax notoginseng.

Endophytic fungi play important roles for host's stress tolerance including invasion by pathogenic microbes. Small molecules are common weapons in the microbe-microbe interactions. Panax notoginseng is a widely used traditional Chinese medicinal plant and harbors many endophytes, some exert functions against pathogens. Here, we report six new compounds named myrothins A-F (1-6) produced by Myrothecium sp. BS-31, an endophyte isolated from P. notoginseng, and their antifungal activities against pathogenic fungi causing host root-rot disease. Their structures were elucidated with analysis of spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS. Myrothins B (2) and E (5) showed the weak activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Phoma herbarum, and myrothins F (6) showed weak activity against F. oxysporum.

Koninginin W, a New Polyketide from the Endophytic Fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis YIM PH30002.

A new compound named koninginin W (1) and four known polyketides (2-5) were isolated from endophytic fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis YIM PH30002 of Panax notoginseng. The structures of 1 - 5, including absolute configuration of 1, were elucidated on the detailed analysis of the HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and X-ray crystallographic data. Koninginin W (1) presented weak antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhimurium.

Development of a LC-HRMS based approach to boost structural annotation of isomeric citrus flavanones.

INTRODUCTION: The structural annotation of target relies on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) information resulting in dubious identities in most cases. The accurate annotation of isomeric structures is still challenging to be confirmed with significant bottleneck. OBJECTIVE: This study focused on the improvement of structural annotation of candidate structures via four pairs of isomeric flavanone-7-O-diglucosides and their basic flavanone aglycones commonly detected in citrus products. METHOD: An integrated liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) approach merging retention time, accurate mass, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) information (diagnostic ions), ion ratio at selected collision energy was established successfully. RESULTS: Feasibility of this approach was validated confidently in biological samples with relative standard deviation (RSD) of ion ratio range from 3.91 to 12.28%. Differences of fragmentation patterns of citrus flavanones were illustrated reasonably. MS/MS fragments of (S)-hesperetin and (S)-isosakuranetin were complicated and showed typical radical ion [1,2 A - H]•- (m/z 164) in negative ESI mode due to the methoxyl group on B-ring, which showed huge difference with (R)-hesperetin and (R)-isosakuranetin. CONCLUSION: This study integrated multiple levels to boost the confidence of structural annotation relied on LC-HRMS, and provided important values in practice for precise identification of citrus flavanones in biological matrices.