Optimization of parameters for a fringe projection measurement system by use of an improved differential evolution method.

Fringe projection 3D measurement is widely used for object surface reconstruction. While improving measurement accuracy is a crucial task. Measurement accuracy is profoundly affected by various optical structural parameters. However, the current practice of system construction lacks theoretical guidelines and often relies on the experience of the operator, inevitably leading to unpredictable error. This paper investigates a theoretical optimization model and proposes an automatic optimization method for qualitatively determining the multiple optimal optical structural parameters in fringe projection measurement system. The aim is to enhance measurement accuracy conducting a rational comprehensive optimal structural parameters design prior to the system construction. Firstly, the mathematical model of the measurement system is established based on the principle of optical triangulation, and the phase sensitivity criterion is defined as the optimization norm. Within the full measurement range, the optimization merit function is formulated by combing three positions: the center position, the left and right boundary of the CCD. The imaging effectiveness criteria and sensor geometric dimensions are taken into account as the constraint boundaries. Subsequently, a combined improved differential evolution and Levy flight optimization algorithm is applied to search for the optimal parameters. The optimal structural parameters of the system were designed based on the optimization process. Experimental results validated the improvement in measurement accuracy achieved by the optimized structural parameters.

Phytoremediation of isoproturon-contaminated sites by transgenic soybean.

The widespread application of isoproturon (IPU) can cause serious pollution to the environment and threaten ecological functions. In this study, the IPU bacterial N-demethylase gene pdmAB was transferred and expressed in the chloroplast of soybean (Glycine max L. 'Zhonghuang13'). The transgenic soybeans exhibited significant tolerance to IPU and demethylated IPU to a less phytotoxic metabolite 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1-methylurea (MDIPU) in vivo. The transgenic soybeans removed 98% and 84% IPU from water and soil within 5 and 14 days, respectively, while accumulating less IPU in plant tissues compared with the wild-type (WT). Under IPU stress, transgenic soybeans showed a higher symbiotic nitrogen fixation performance (with higher total nodule biomass and nitrogenase activity) and a more stable rhizosphere bacterial community than the WT. This study developed a transgenic (TS) soybean capable of efficiently removing IPU from its growing environment and recovering a high-symbiotic nitrogen fixation capacity under IPU stress, and provides new insights into the interactions between rhizosphere microorganisms and TS legumes under herbicide stress.

Association of IL-8 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with sputum emboli in children with lobar pneumonia.

To provide a clinical reference for the management of lobar pneumonia (LP) by analyzing the association of interleukin-8 (IL-8) with the disease. A retrospective analysis was performed on 69 LP children (observation group, OG) and 60 healthy control children (control group, CG) who visited our hospital from January 2022 to November 2022. Fasting venous blood was drawn from the controls at admission to determine IL-8 levels. In addition, IL-8 concentrations in fasting venous blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined in LP patients in the observation group (OG) at admission and after treatment for comparative analysis with the control group (CG). The association of serum and BALF IL-8 levels in LP children, as well as the diagnostic value of IL-8 in LP, sputum emboli, and poor prognosis, were discussed.OG showed higher serum IL-8 levels than CG. Serum IL-8 had a diagnostic sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 70% in diagnosing LP (P<0.05). Pearson correlation coefficients showed a positive correlation between IL-8 in serum and IL-8 in BALF in OG (P<0.05). In OG, IL-8 levels increased with LP progression and decreased after treatment (P<0.05). Similarly, IL-8 was increased in children with sputum emboli, and IL-8 in BALF was more effective in diagnosing sputum emboli formation (P<0.05). Finally, IL-8 also exhibited an excellent evaluation of poor prognosis in LP children after treatment (P<0.05).IL-8 is highly expressed in serum and BALF of LP children, which has excellent diagnostic effects on the occurrence of LP and the formation of sputum emboli.

PCGEM1 promotes cell proliferation and migration in endometriosis by targeting miR-124-3p-mediated ANTXR2 expression.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis, a common gynaecological disease in women, affects 10% of women of childbearing age. Among infertile women, this proportion is as high as 30-50%. Despite the high prevalence of endometriosis, the pathogenesis of endometriosis is still unclear. METHODS: In the present study, bioinformatics analysis and molecular and animal experiments were employed to explore the functions of PCGEM1 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. We established an endometriosis rat model and isolated endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and primary normal ESCs (NESCs). Bioinformatics analysis was adopted to study the roles of PCGEM1 in promoting the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Luciferase reporter assays and RNA pull-down assays were carried out to study the mechanism by which PCGEM1 regulates ANTXR2. RESULTS: Our results indicated that PCGEM1 promoted the motility and proliferation of ectopic endometrial cells, and the underlying mechanism was due to the direct binding of PCGEM1 to miR-124-3p to modulate ANTXR2 expression. CONCLUSION: PCGEM1 can influence endometrial stromal cell proliferation and motility and may be a novel therapeutic target for endometriosis.

Upregulated RPA2 in endometrial tissues of repeated implantation failure patients impairs the endometrial decidualization.

PURPOSE: To investigate the expression and underlying mechanism of RPA2 in endometrium of patients with repeated implantation failure (RIF). METHODS: In this study, we retrieved the expression profiles from GEO databases and filtered the differentially expressed genes between RIF and the fertile control group. Ultimately, RPA2 was confirmed as a target gene. RPA2 expression in endometrial tissues of RIF patients, the control group, and different phases was detected by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. The role of RPA2 in endometrial decidualization was performed by in vitro decidualization inducing by 8-Br-cAMP and MPA. Furthermore, RT-qPCR was used to detect changes in the decidual biomarkers after transfection of RPA2 overexpression vector in human endometrium stromal cell (HESC). RESULTS: RPA2 was significantly upregulated in the mid-secretory endometrium of patients with RIF. As a proliferation-related gene, RPA2 was obviously higher expressed at proliferative phase during the normal menstrual cycles. Moreover, the downregulation of RPA2 was discovered during decidualization of HESC. Furthermore, RPA2 overexpression impaired decidualization by inhibiting the expression of prolactin (PRL) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1). CONCLUSIONS: Our finding indicated that aberrant upregulation of RPA2 attenuated decidualization of HESC in RIF women and provided new potential therapeutic targets.

Phosphorus removal from wastewater using Ca-modified attapulgite: Fixed-bed column performance and breakthrough curves analysis.

The adsorbent calcium-modified attapulgite (Ca-GAT) prepared by calcium chloride modification and high temperature treatment (700 °C) has proved to remove phosphorus in low-concentration phosphorus wastewater in batch adsorption experiments. Dynamic adsorption performance and industrial application potential still need further determination. This study explored the effects of various parameters on the dynamic phosphorus adsorption, including initial phosphate concentration (2-10 mg/L), flow rate (1-3 mL/min) and adsorption bed height (2-6 cm). Phosphorus adsorption ability improved and the breakthrough time increased with the increase of bed height, flow rate, and a decrease in initial phosphorus concentration. Breakthrough curves fitted four models, the Adams-Bohart, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson and Bed depth service time (BDST). The maximum adsorption amount determined by the Thomas model obtained 13.477 mg/g. The saturated fixed-bed column were regenerated with NaOH, NaOH + NaCl and HCl, among which 0.5 mol/L NaOH had the best regeneration effect. During the utilization of a large fixed-bed to treat the actual membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent, the breakthrough point (0.5 mg/L) was obtained after 177 h. These results implied that Ca-GAT had an application potential for the treatment of low-concentration phosphorus wastewater (2 mg/L).

1-Methylcyclopropene Alleviates Postharvest Chilling Injury of Snap Beans by Enhancing Antioxidant Defense System.

Research background: Chilling injury is a major disorder affecting the quality of tropical and subtropical vegetables during low temperature storage. Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is sensitive to chilling injury. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the alleviating effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on chilling injury of snap bean. In addition, the related mechanisms were also detected from the perspective of the changes of antioxidant defense system. Experimental approach: Snap beans were exposed to different volume fractions of 1-MCP. After 24 h of treatment, snap beans were stored at 4 °C for up to 14 days. Chilling injury index, electrolyte leakage, titratable acidity and total soluble solids were determined. Contents of chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde were assessed. The total antioxidant capacity, Fe(II) ion chelating capacity, scavenging capacities on free radicals and activities of antioxidant enzymes were detected. Total phenol content and activities of related metabolic enzymes were also determined. Results and conclusions: 1-MCP treatment reduced chilling injury index, electrolyte leakage rate and malondialdehyde content of snap beans. The amounts of total soluble solids, titratable acid, ascorbic acid and total chlorophyll in 1-MCP-treated snap beans were significantly higher than those of control. The snap beans treated with 1-MCP showed stronger total antioxidant capacity and metal chelating activity. The 1-MCP treatment enhanced scavenging effects of snap beans on superoxide, hydroxyl and 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine radicals. The activities of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in 1-MCP-treated group were higher than of control. The treatment also enhanced the accumulation of phenolic compounds in snap beans by regulating the activities of phenol-metabolizing enzymes such as shikimate dehydrogenase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase and polyphenol oxidase. In conclusion, with the mechanism that involves the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, 1-MCP has the ability to avoid chilling injury of snap bean. Novelty and scientific contribution: This study gives insights into whether 1-MCP can regulate postharvest cold resistance in vegetables by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant system and inducing the accumulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants. Considering the results, 1-MCP treatment could be an effective method to alleviate postharvest chilling injury of snap beans during low temperature storage.

NSC1122002, a TRAF-binding domain inhibitor, inhibits collagen-induced arthritis in a mouse model.

OBJECTIVES: Dysregulation of IL-12 and IL-23 is related to many autoimmune diseases including arthritis. The production of IL-12 and IL-23 were reported to be under the control of JMJD2D, whose activity and stability were promoted by the TRAF-binding domain (TRABID), a deubiquitinating enzyme that epigenetically modulated inflammatory gene expression. NSC1122002 is a novel inhibitor of TRABID, and this study aimed to examine the effects of NSC1122002 on the expression of IL-12 and IL-23 both in vitro and in vivo in the context of collagen-induced arthritis, consequently to evaluate its potential as a drug candidate for treating inflammatory disease. METHODS: Bone marrow cells were isolated to detect the effect of NSC1122002 on the development of innate immune cells and other precursor cells. Primary macrophages and osteoclasts were used to examine the impact of NSC1122002 on cytokine expression. Collagen-induced arthritis was established to determine the function of NSC1122002 in vivo. RESULTS: NSC112200 did not affect the development of innate immune cells, primary osteoclast, and haematopoietic stem cells. NSC112200 specifically downregulated the expression of IL-12 and IL-23 through promoting degradation of JMJD2D by directly inhibited the deubiquitinating activity of TRABID. Besides, NSC112200 significantly suppressed the induction of CIA in mice. CONCLUSIOINS: Our findings provided new insight into the pathological mechanism and intervention method for arthritis therapy and identified that NSC112200 could be a potential drug for treating autoimmune diseases.

MicroRNA-148a targets ADAMTS5 to inhibit proliferation of endometriosis cells.

To examine miR-148a expression in the serum of patients with endometriosis (EMS), and to further explore the target of miR-148a in HS832.Tc cells and the effect of miR-148a on the proliferation of Hs832.Tc cells. The serum of non-EMS patients and EMS patients were collected and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect miR-148a in serum. The EMS cell line Hs832.Tc was cultured and transfected with miR-148aminic, miR-148a inhibitor to construct over expressing and interfering cell lines. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected. The dual luciferase assay identified a target relationship between miR-148a and ADAMTS5 and whether miR-148a regulates proliferation of endometriosis cells via ADAMTS5 was further validated. Compared with normal subjects, miR-148a was significantly reduced in serum of EMS patients (p<0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for miR-148a for diagnosis of EMS was 0.91, which was statistically significant (p<0.01). The proliferation of Hs832.Tc cells was significantly inhibited and the cell apoptosis was increased after miR-148a over expression. The proliferation of Hs832.Tc cells was promoted and apoptosis was reduced by miR-148a down regulation. The dual luciferase report demonstrates that ADAMTS5 is a target gene of miR-148a. The addition of ADAMTS5 can directly promote apoptosis of Hs832.Tc cells. The expression of miR-148a in serum of EMS patients was decreased, and miR-148a targets ADAMTS5 to promote apoptosis in EMS cells.

Discovery of novel Staphylococcus aureus penicillin binding protein 2a inhibitors by multistep virtual screening and biological evaluation.

Penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) is an essential protein involved in the resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics acquired by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and is a potential antibacterial target. In the current study, we employed a strategy that combined virtual screening with biological evaluation to discover novel inhibitors of PBP2a. In this investigation, a hybrid virtual screening method, consisting of drug-likeness evaluation (Lipinski's Rule of Five and ADMET) and rigid (LibDock) and semi-flexible (CDOCKER) docking-based virtual screenings, was used for retrieving novel PBP2a inhibitors from commercially available chemical databases. 11 compounds were selected from the final hits and subsequently shifted to experimental studies. Among them, Hit 2, Hit 3, and Hit 10 exhibited excellent anti-MRSA ATCC 33591 activity and weak toxicity in vitro. The affinity of the three compounds to bind to PBP2a was further confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. An inter-complex interaction study showed that all hit compounds adapted well to the allosteric site of the PBP2a protein. In addition, Hit 2 (with best binding affinity to PBP2a, KD = 1.29 × 10-7 M) significantly inhibits proliferation of MRSA clinical isolates. Together, the 3 hit compounds, especially Hit 2, may be potential non-ß-lactam antibiotics against MRSA and the work will provide clues for the future development of specific compounds that block the interaction of PBP2a with their targets.

Epigenetic modifier gene mutations-positive AML patients with intermediate-risk karyotypes benefit from decitabine with CAG regimen.

It remains unclear whether there is a relationship between therapeutic effects of hypomethylating agents (HMAs) and epigenetic modifier gene mutations (EMMs) in patients with cytogenetically intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia (IR-AML). Based on targeted-capture sequencing, we retrospectively analyzed the correlation between EMMs and prognosis in 83 IR-AML patients treated with decitabine in combination with cytarabine, aclarubicin hydrochloride and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (DCAG, n = 35) or "7 + 3" induction regimens (n = 48). In the multivariate analyses, EMM (+) patients did not show any statistically significant difference in remission rates from EMM (-) patients in the DCAG group (p > 0.05), but achieved inferior complete remission (CR; p = 0.03) and overall remission rates (ORR; p = 0.04) after the first course of standard induction regimens (p < 0.05). In the EMM (-) cohort, the DCAG group showed the tendency of adverse total CR (p = 0.06). Besides, DCAG group with EMMs achieved the best survival outcome independent of baseline characteristics, whereas it was opposite in EMM (+) patients receiving standard induction regimens (p < 0.05). Additionally, in the EMM (+) cohort, the survival rate of isolated DCAG group was statistically similar to that of the combination of standard chemotherapies and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) (p > 0.40), whereas patients who received only standard regimens had the worst survival rate (0.0%, p < 0.01). It can be concluded that the EMMs might be regarded as the potentially predictive biomarkers of better response to DCAG in IR-AML patients.

A novel TSC2 c.4511 T > C missense variant associated with tuberous sclerosis complex.

BACKGROUND: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal-dominant hereditary disease characterized by hamartomas of multiple organ systems, including the brain, skin, heart, kidney and lung. Genetically, TSC is caused by pathogenic variants in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. CASE PRESENTATION: We reported a sporadic case of a 32-year-old Han Chinese male diagnosed with TSC, whose spouse had a history of two spontaneous miscarriages and an induced abortion of a 30-week fetus identified with cardiac rhabdomyoma by ultrasound. A novel heterozygous missense variant in the TSC2 gene (Exon35:c.4511 T > C:p.L1504P) was identified in the male patient and the aborted fetus by next-generation sequencing, but not in his wife or both his parents. According to the ACMG/AMP criteria, this variant was classified as a "likely pathogenic" variant. CONCLUSION: The novel TSC2:c.4511 T > C variant identified was highly likely associated with TSC and could potentially lead to adverse reproductive outcomes. IVF-ET and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis for TSC are recommended for this patient in the future to prevent fetal TSC.

Acute myeloid leukemia immune escape by epigenetic CD48 silencing.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disorder of hemopoietic stem cells. AML can escape immunosurveillance of natural killer (NK) by gene mutation, fusions and epigenetic modification. The mechanism of AML immune evasion is not clearly understood. Here we show that CD48 high expression is a favorable prognosis factor that is down-regulated in AML patients, which can help AML evade from NK cell recognition and killing. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD48 expression is regulated by methylation and that a hypomethylating agent can increase the CD48 expression, which increases the NK cells killing in vitro. Finally, we show that CD48 high expression can reverse the AML immune evasion and activate NK cells function in vivo. The present study suggests that a combination the hypomethylating agent and NK cell infusion could be a new strategy to cure AML.

Effects of a formula with a probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis Supplement on the gut microbiota of low birth weight infants.

PURPOSE: Low birth weight (LBW) infants have a less diverse gut microbiota, enriched in potential pathogens, which places them at high risk of systemic inflammation diseases. This study aimed to identify the differences in gut bacterial community structure between LBW infants who received probiotics and LBW infants who did not receive probiotics. METHODS: Forty-one infants were allocated to the non-probiotic group (N group) and 56 infants to the probiotic group (P group), according to whether the formula they received contained a probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis. Gut bacterial composition was identified with sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in fecal samples collected at 14 days after birth. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the alpha diversity of the two groups, while the beta diversity was significantly different (p < 0.05). Our results showed that Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (both p < 0.05) were enriched in the P group, while Veillonella, Dolosigranulum and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (all p < 0.05) were enriched in the N group. Predicted metagenome function analysis revealed enhancement of fatty acids, peroxisome, starch, alanine, tyrosine and peroxisome pathways in the P group, and enhancement of plant pathogen, Salmonella and Helicobacter pylori infection pathways in the N group. CONCLUSIONS: Probiotic supplement in formula may affect the composition, stability and function of LBW infants' gut microbiota. LBW infants who receive probiotic intervention may benefit from gut microbiota that contains more beneficial bacteria.

Cross-point calibration method for the Scheimpflug measurement system.

The Scheimpflug measurement system has broad application prospects in the fields of tomographic particle image velocimetry (PIV), ophthalmology, and three-dimensional reconstruction. Additionally, its special imaging structure makes the theoretical model of other traditional calibration methods no longer applicable. A cross-point calibration method in which the real-world coordinate system is transferred from an in-kind calibrator to displacement, achieving great improvements in the quantity and accuracy of the feature points, is proposed. This method, which makes up for the defects introduced by the distorted imaging plane, also in turn simplifies the calibration process. Finally, the proposed method is tested via both simulation and calibration experiments. The high calibration accuracy verifies that the method is feasible.

Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced toxicities in chicken embryo primary cardiomyocytes: Roles of PPAR alpha and Wnt5a/Frizzled2.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a widespread persistent organic pollutant and may induce developmental toxicities, including developmental cardiotoxicity. To explore the potential mechanism of developmental cardiotoxicity induced by PFOA exposure, chicken embryo primary cardiomyocytes were extracted either from chicken embryos pretreated with PFOA (2 mg/kg), or from untreated embryos and then directly exposed cells to PFOA (1, 10, 30 or 100 µg/ml) in culture. Additionally, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) silencing lentivirus was applied to the embryos on embryonic day (ED2). Cell viability was measured with CCK-8 kit, morphology was assessed with hematoxylin and eosin staining, and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were determined with Fluo-4 AM probe. Western blotting was utilized to confirm PPAR alpha silencing efficiency and the protein abundance of Wnt5a and Frizzled2. The results indicated that both PFOA pretreatment and direct exposure decreased primary cardiomyocyte viability, altered cell morphology and increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. While l-carnitine co-treatment effectively abolished such changes, PPAR alpha silencing only abolished most of the changes in PFOA pretreatment group, but not in cells directly exposed to relatively high doses of PFOA. The protein abundance of Wnt5a and Frizzled2 was increased by PFOA pretreatment, while direct exposure to PFOA increased Frizzled2 abundance but decreased Wnt5a abundance. PPAR alpha silencing resulted in over 50% decrease of PPAR alpha expression level, which abolished the Wnt5a/Frizzled2 expression alterations following PFOA exposure. In conclusion, PFOA-induced primary cardiomyocyte toxicity is associated with PPAR alpha and Wnt5a/Frizzled2, in which PPAR alpha seems to play regulatory roles towards Wnt5a/Frizzled2.

miR-34b Alleviates High Glucose-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in Human HK-2 Cells via IL-6R/JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND It is well established that inflammation and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells caused by hyperglycemia contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to have roles in inflammation-related disorders, the exact role of miR-34b in DN has not been defined, and the regulatory mechanism has been unclear. This study aimed to clarify the role of miR-34b in DN pathogenesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression of miR-34b, IL-6R, and other key factors of inflammation, apoptosis (TNF-alpha, IL-1ß, IL-6, caspase-3) in high glucose (HG)-induced HK-2 cells were measured by real-time PCR, Western blot, and flow cytometric cell apoptosis assays. We used luciferase reporter assay to detect the target of miR-34b. Moreover, the targeting gene of miR-34b and its downstream JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway were explored. RESULTS It was demonstrated that miR-34b overexpression inhibited apoptosis and expression levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1ß, IL-6, and caspase-3 in HG-treated HK-2 cells. We also found that IL-6R is a direct target of miR-34b, which could rescue inflammation and apoptosis in HG-treated HK-2 cells transfected with miR-34b mimic. Furthermore, we showed that overexpression of miR-34b inhibited the IL-6R/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in HG-treated HK-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that overexpression of miR-34b improves inflammation and ameliorates apoptosis in HG-induced HK-2 cells via the IL-6R/JAK2/STAT3 pathway, indicating that miR-34b could be a promising therapeutic target in DN.

The roles of bone morphogenetic protein 2 in perfluorooctanoic acid induced developmental cardiotoxicity and l-carnitine mediated protection.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a wide spread environmental pollutant, was associated with developmental cardiotoxicity in chicken embryo, while the underlying molecular mechanism had not been fully elucidated. In the current study, 2 mg/kg (egg weight) PFOA and/or 100 mg/kg (egg weight) l-carnitine were exposed to embryonic day zero (ED0) chicken embryo via air cell injection, and then bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) silencing lentivirus or BMP2 recombinant protein were introduced into ED2 embryo. Electrocardiography and histological methods were utilized to assess the cardiac function and morphology in hatchling chickens, respectively. Consistent with previous results, 2 mg/kg PFOA exposure at ED0 significantly elevated heart rate and thinned right ventricular wall in hatchling chickens, while l-carnitine co-treatment reverted such changes. BMP2 silencing induced very similar changes in hatchling chicken hearts as PFOA exposure, while co-exposure of recombinant BMP2 protein alleviated PFOA-induced changes. l-carnitine exposure alleviated the BMP2-silencing induced changes as well. Western blotting revealed that PFOA exposure enhanced BMP2 expression and suppressed pSMAD1 expression in ED15 chicken embryo hearts, while both changes were reverted by l-carnitine co-exposure. Furthermore, silencing of BMP2 significantly increased the expression level of PPAR alpha in ED15 chicken embryo hearts, while silencing of PPAR alpha did not have significant impact on BMP2 expression. In conclusion, BMP2/pSMAD1 signaling participates in the PFOA-induced developmental cardiotoxicity in chicken embryo, which is likely located upstream of PPAR alpha for this particular endpoint. Protection of BMP2 signaling might contribute to l-carnitine mediated protection against PFOA-induced developmental cardiotoxicity.

Predictors of clinical responses to hypomethylating agents in acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes.

Azacitidine and decitabine, two hypomethylating agents, are known to be effective in the treatment of high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients who cannot endure intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy or are not eligible for transplantation. However, the treatment response rate is low. The molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance to demethylation therapy are unclear. Though a wide range of predictors of treatment response have been investigated, no consensus has been reached. It is imperative to identify certain parameters that can help distinguish between patients who will obtain a favorable outcome from demethylation therapy and those who will not. Here, we describe currently researched potential predictors based on clinical characteristics, DNA methylation, gene mutation, gene expression, microRNAs, and protein expression. Although these parameters are not currently used in clinical practice, this review provides new sights into available clinical and experimental research. Moreover, this paper provides useful information on AML/MDS management.

Design and synthesis of 2-phenylpyrimidine coumarin derivatives as anticancer agents.

A series of 2-phenylpyrimidine coumarin derivatives with potential telomerase-inhibiting activity was designed and synthesized. All of the compounds were screened for antiproliferative activity against CNE2, KB, and Cal27 cell lines in vitro. The results showed that most of the derivatives had a favorable effect on resisting tumor cell proliferation; compound 13, 3-(4-amino-5-oxo-5H-chromeno[4,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzenesulfonate, exhibited the best activity. Flow cytometry revealed that compound 13 can inhibit CNE2 proliferation. Telomerase inhibition and in vitro antitumor activity were consistent among the compounds, but compound 13 showed the best telomerase-inhibiting activity and could inhibit telomere extension. Molecular docking results indicated that compound 13 bonded with telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) through multiple interactions, including hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The results of the study provide further information on 2-phenylpyrimidine coumarins, expanding the types of telomerase inhibitors as the parent structures.