Lesion-Specific Congenital Heart Disease Mortality Trends in Children: 1999 to 2017.

OBJECTIVE: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of premature death in infants and children. Currently limited data are available regarding lesion specific mortality over time. Our study aimed to describe pediatric mortality trends by CHD lesion in the United States. METHODS: We conducted a 19 year analysis (1999 to 2017) of publicly available, deidentified multiple cause of death data compiled and produced by the National Center for Health Statistics. Analysis was stratified by CHD diagnosis and age using 3 age categories (infants, 1 to 4 years, and 5 to 17 years). Temporal trends of CHD mortality and the effect of contributing risk factors were analyzed by using joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Mortality was highest for in infants for all CHD lesions, in particular for total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Significant declines in infant CHD mortality occurred for most other lesions. Contributing risk factors, including prematurity, extracardiac birth defects, and genetic conditions, occurred in 19% of infant CHD deaths and demonstrated worse mortality trends in the majority of lesions. Mortality rates remained highest for single ventricle lesions in all ages, with an infant mortality rate plateau in the later half of the study and progressive increasing mortality rates for children 5 to 17 years. CONCLUSIONS: CHD mortality is decreasing for most lesions. Because of the heterogenicity of CHD lesions, there is expected variability in mortality trends by lesion and age group. Single ventricle lesions continue to contribute most heavily to premature death because of CHD demonstrated by significant increases in mortality rate for children aged 5 to 17 years.

Lesion-specific mortality due to congenital heart disease in U.S. adults from 1999 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) comprise an increasing proportion of individuals living with CHD in the United States (US) although little is known regarding lesion or age-specific mortality in the modern era. Our study aimed to describe current era ACHD mortality rates by age and CHD lesion and provide temporal mortality rate trends for the last two decades. METHODS: We conducted a 19-year analysis (1999-2017) of publicly available, de-identified Multiple Cause of Death data compiled and produced by the National Center for Health Statistics. Age and lesion-specific mortality rates were calculated using joinpoint regression. RESULTS: ACHD mortality rates decreased by an average of 2%-4% per year for all adults. CHD lesions resulting in the highest ACHD-related mortality varied by age. Unlike the other lesions, mortality attributed to single ventricle physiology failed to improve in early adulthood (average of 1.6% increase per year). In decedents age 65 years or older, simpler forms of CHD like shunt lesions became more prominent contributors, accounting for 46% of deaths. CONCLUSION: Rates of mortality due to ACHD have declined significantly for adults with CHD, however, continued mortality due to single ventricle physiology remains an area requiring improved strategies to increase survival.

Hypoxaemia and interstitial lung disease in an infant with hypothyroidism and hypotonia.

A 7-month-old-term male infant presented with cough, tachypnoea, hypoxaemia and post-tussive emesis. Clinical history was significant for respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension in the neonatal period requiring assisted ventilation, congenital hypothyroidism, mild hypotonia, recurrent respiratory infections, hypoxaemia requiring supplemental oxygen and nasogastric tube feeds. Physical examination showed tachypnoea, coarse bilateral breath sounds and mild hypotonia. Chest radiograph revealed multifocal pulmonary opacities with coarse interstitial markings and right upper lobe atelectasis. Following antibiotic therapy for suspected aspiration pneumonia, chest CT scan was performed and showed multiple areas of pulmonary consolidation and scattered areas of bilateral ground-glass opacities. Genetic studies showed a large deletion of chromosome 14q13.1-14q21.1, encompassing the NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1) gene consistent with a diagnosis of brain-thyroid-lung (BTL) syndrome. Our case highlights the importance of genetic studies to diagnose BTL syndrome in infants with hypothyroidism, hypotonia and lung disease.