Effects of urbanization on the population structure of freshwater turtles across the United States.

Landscape-scale alterations that accompany urbanization may negatively affect the population structure of wildlife species such as freshwater turtles. Changes to nesting sites and higher mortality rates due to vehicular collisions and increased predator populations may particularly affect immature turtles and mature female turtles. We hypothesized that the proportions of adult female and immature turtles in a population will negatively correlate with landscape urbanization. As a collaborative effort of the Ecological Research as Education Network (EREN), we sampled freshwater turtle populations in 11 states across the central and eastern United States. Contrary to expectations, we found a significant positive relationship between proportions of mature female painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) and urbanization. We did not detect a relationship between urbanization and proportions of immature turtles. Urbanization may alter the thermal environment of nesting sites such that more females are produced as urbanization increases. Our approach of creating a collaborative network of scientists and students at undergraduate institutions proved valuable in terms of testing our hypothesis over a large spatial scale while also allowing students to gain hands-on experience in conservation science.

Testing isosource: stable isotope analysis of a tropical fishery with diverse organic matter sources.

We sampled consumers and organic matter sources (mangrove litter, freshwater swamp-forest litter, seagrasses, seagrass epiphytes, and marine particulate organic matter [MPOM]) from four estuaries on Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia for stable isotope (sigma13C and sigma34S) analysis. Unique mixing solutions cannot be calculated in a dual-isotope, five-endmember scenario, so we tested IsoSource, a recently developed statistical procedure that calculates ranges in source contributions (i.e., minimum and maximum possible). Relatively high minimum contributions indicate significant sources, while low maxima indicate otherwise. Litter from the two forest types was isotopically distinguishable but had low average minimum contributions (0-8% for mangrove litter and 0% for swamp-forest litter among estuaries). Minimum contribution of MPOM was also low, averaging 0-13% among estuaries. Instead, local marine sources dominated contributions to consumers. Minimum contributions of seagrasses averaged 8-47% among estuaries (range 0-88% among species). Minimum contributions of seagrass epiphytes averaged 5-27% among estuaries (range 0-69% among species). IsoSource enabled inclusion of five organic matter sources in our dual-isotope analysis, ranking trophic importance as follows: seagrasses > seagrass epiphytes > MPOM > mangrove forest > freshwater swamp-forest. IsoSource is thus a useful step toward understanding which of multiple organic matter sources support food webs; more detailed work is necessary to identify unique solutions.

Ideas as art. Interview by Dane Cutu.

Three years ago, consultants Laurence Prusak and Thomas H. Davenport asked prominent management thinkers to name their gurus and reported the results in HBR. James G. March appeared on more lists than any other person except Peter Drucker. A professor emeritus in management, sociology, political science, and education at Stanford University, March has taught courses in subjects as diverse as organizational psychology, behavioral economics, leadership, rules for killing people, friendship, computer simulation, and statistics. He is perhaps best known for his pioneering contributions to organization and management theory. March's accomplishments in that field, and in many others, have conferred on him an almost unprecedented reputation as a rigorous scholar and a deep source of wisdom. As University of Chicago professor John Padgett wrote in the journal Contemporary Sociology, "March's influence, unlike that of any of his peers, is not limited to any possible subset of the social science disciplines; it is pervasive." March approaches thought aesthetically; he cares that ideas have "some form of elegance or grace or surprise." His poetic sensibility can be felt in the metaphors he has created over the years--the "garbage can theory" of organizational choice, for instance, and the "hot-stove effect" in learning. In this edited interview with HBR senior editor Diane Coutu, March shares his thinking on aesthetics, leadership, the role of folly, and the irrelevance of relevance when it comes to the pursuit of ideas. He also comments on the fundamental differences between academic and experiential knowledge, underscoring the need for both.

Neo-institucionalismo: fatores organizacionais na vida política / The new institutionalism: organizational factors in political life

As teorias políticas contemporâneas tendem a retratar a política como um reflexo da sociedade; os fenômenos políticos como as conseqüências agregadas do comportamento individual; a ação como o resultado de escolhas baseadas no interesse pessoal calculado; a história como sendo eficiente no alcance de desfechos singulares e adequados e a tomada de decisões e a alocação de recursos como os focos centrais da vida política. Entretanto, um pensamento teórico recente na Ciência Política combina elementos desses estilos teóricos com uma preocupação mais antiga a respeito das instituições. Esse neo-institucionalismo enfatiza a autonomia relativa das instituições políticas, as possibilidades de ineficiência na história e a importância da ação simbólica para um entendimento da política. Tais idéias possuem uma razoável base empírica, mas não se caracterizam por formas teóricas poderosas. Entretanto, pode-se identificar algumas direções para a pesquisa teórica nas concepções institucionalistas da ordem política: esse é o nosso objetivo neste artigo.(AU)

Contemporary theories of politics tend to portray politics as a reflection of society, political phenomena as the aggregate consequences of individual behavior, action as the result of choices based on calculated self-interest, history as efficient in reaching unique and appropriate outcomes, and decision making and the allocation of resources as the central foci of political life. Some recent theoretical thought in political science, however, blends elements of these theoretical styles into an older concern with institutions. This new institutionalism emphasizes the relative autonomy of political institutions, possibilities for inefficiency in history, and the importance of symbolic action to an understanding of politics. Such ideas have a reasonable empirical basis, but they are not characterized by powerful theoretical forms. Some directions for theoretical research may, however, be identified in institutionalist conceptions of political order. This is precisely the objective of the present article.(AU)

Les théories politiques contemporaines ont tendance à présenter la politique comme un reflet de la société ; les phénomènes politiques comme les conséquences agrégées du comportement individuel ; l'action comme résultat de choix basés sur l'intérêt personnel réfléchi ; l'histoire comme étant efficace à portée de dénouement particuliers et adéquats et la prise de décisions et la distribution de ressources comme des centres essentiels de la vie politique. Néanmoins, une réflexion théorique récente en Science Politique associe des éléments de ces styles théoriques à un souci plus ancien concernant les institutions. Ce néo-nationalisme met en relief l'autonomie relative des institutions politiques, les possibilités d'incapacité dans l'histoire et l'importance de l'action symbolique en vue de comprendre la politique. Telles idées ont une assez bonne base empirique, mais ne se caractérisent pas par des formes théoriques puissantes. Pourtant, il est possible d'identifier quelques directions pour la recherche théorique dans les conceptions institutionalistes de l'ordre politique : voici notre objectif dans cet article.(AU)