A critical and descriptive approach to interictal behavior with the Neurobehavior Inventory (NBI).

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Neurobehavior Inventory (NBI) in a group of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients from a tertiary care center, correlating its scores with the presence of psychiatric symptoms. METHODS: Clinical and sociodemographic data from ninety-six TLE outpatients were collected, and a neuropsychiatric evaluation was performed with the following instruments: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), structured psychiatric interview (MINI-PLUS), Neurobehavior Inventory (NBI), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). RESULTS: Some traits evaluated by the NBI showed adequate internal consistency (mean inter-item correlation between 0.2 and 0.4) and were frequent, such as religiosity (74%) and repetitiveness (60.4%). Principal component analysis showed three factors, named here as emotions (Factor 1), hyposexuality (Factor 2), and unusual ideas (Factor 3). Depressive symptoms on HAM-D showed a strong association with emotions and hyposexuality factors. When patients with left TLE and right TLE were compared, the former exhibited more sadness (p=0.017), and the latter, a greater tendency toward sense of personal destiny (p=0.028). CONCLUSION: Depression influences NBI scoring, mainly emotionality and hyposexuality traits. Neurobehavior Inventory subscales can be better interpreted with an appropriate evaluation of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders. Compromise in left temporal mesial structures is associated with increased tendency toward sad affect, whereas right temporal pathology is associated with increased beliefs in personal destiny.

Emotional trauma and abuse in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.

A history of childhood trauma and the presence of dissociative phenomena are considered to be the most important risk factors for psychogenic nonepileptic seizure disorder (PNESD). This case-control study investigated 20 patients with PNESD and 20 with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) diagnosed by video/EEG monitoring who were matched for gender and age. Patients with both conditions were not included in the study. Groups were evaluated for age at onset and at diagnosis, worst lifetime weekly seizure frequency, trauma history, and presence of dissociative phenomena. Age at onset (P=0.007) and age at diagnosis (P<0.001) were significantly higher in the PNESD group than the control group, as were the scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (P<0.001) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (P=0.014). Only the differences in scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire subscales Emotional Neglect (P=0.013) and Emotional Abuse (P=0.014) reached statistical significance. Dissociative phenomena and a reported history of childhood trauma are more common in patients with PNESD than in those with TLE. However, only emotional neglect and abuse were associated with PNESD in this study.

Ictal SPECT in Psychogenic Nonepileptic and Epileptic Seizures.

BACKGROUND: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are a common and debilitating problem in patients with epilepsy. They can be virtually indistinguishable from epileptic seizures, demanding video-electroencaphalogram monitoring, which is costly and not widely available, for differential diagnosis. Specific functional brain correlates of PNES have not been demonstrated so far. We hypothesized that PNES and epileptic seizures have distinct brain activation patterns, assessed by functional neuroimaging during ictal events of both conditions. OBJECTIVE: Compare ictal brain activation patterns of PNES and epileptic seizures using single-photon emission computerized tomography. METHODS: We prospectively assessed brain functional activation using single-photon emission computerized tomography 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer in 26 patients with PNES, confirmed by trained psychiatrists in epileptology, who had their seizures induced by provocative tests compared with 22 age- and sex-matched subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent prolonged intensive video-electroencaphalogram monitoring. RESULTS: In PNES patients compared with temporal lobe epilepsy group, we found a consistent increase in regional cerebral blood flow in the right precuneus (Brodmann area 7; P = 0.003) and right posterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 31; P = 0.001), as well as a decrease in regional cerebral blood flow in the right amygdala (P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Activation of default mode network brain areas and temporoparietal junction may be a distinct feature of ictal PNES and could be explained by a disruption between movement prediction input and sensory outcome. Such information mismatch might be the neurobiological underpinning of dissociative episodes.

Immunization stress-related responses presenting as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures following HPV vaccination in Rio Branco, Brazil.

IMPORTANCE: The absence of a positive diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) in immunization stress-related response (ISRR) clusters may have not only a direct impact on affected patients' health but may also reduce compliance to national vaccination programs. It is therefore crucial to develop efficient diagnostic tools and a feasible proposal for proper communication and treatment of ISRR. PURPOSE: To explore the psychogenic nature of patients' convulsive seizures in a suspected outbreak of an ISRR cluster following human papillomavirus vaccination in Rio Branco, Brazil. METHODS: Twelve patients with convulsive seizures were submitted to prolonged intensive video-electroencephalography monitoring, brain magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic testing, laboratory subsidiary examinations, and complete neurological and psychiatric evaluations. RESULTS: Ten patients received the positive diagnosis of PNES, and two patients received the diagnosis of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. No biological association was found between the HPV vaccine and the clinical problems presented by the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged VEEG monitoring can contribute significantly to the positive diagnosis of PNES in ISRR clusters and to avoid hesitancy to vaccinate.

Evaluating patients with suspected nonepileptic psychogenic seizures.

The authors evaluate 26 patients with suspected psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) who were referred to prolonged intensive video EEG (VEEG) in an epilepsy diagnostic center at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. Following the investigative protocol, 50% of the patients received a diagnosis of PNES, 15.4% of epilepsy, and 34.6% of associated PNES and epilepsy. In all patients in our series, PNES were the pseudoneurological presentations of dissociative or conversion symptoms in patients presenting the following mental disorders: conversion disorder, somatization or undifferentiated somatoform disorder, dissociative disorder not otherwise specified, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric comorbidities, mostly depressive disorders, were frequent.

Psychiatric diagnoses of patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to present and discuss the psychiatric diagnoses of patients who presented psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) during video-electroencephalographic monitoring (VEEG). METHODS: Out of 98 patients, a total of 28 patients presented PNES during the diagnostic procedure. In those cases in which the PNES that occurred during VEEG were validated by clinical history (clinical validation), and by showing the recorded event on video to an observer close to the patient (observer validation), was defined psychogenic non-epileptic seizure disorder (PNESD). Psychiatric diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV. RESULTS: In 27, psychogenic non-epileptic seizures disorder was diagnosed. Fourteen patients presented only with psychogenic non-epileptic seizure disorder, 13 with both psychogenic non-epileptic seizures disorder and epilepsy, and one patient with epilepsy only. Psychiatric diagnoses were: 17 (63%) patients with conversion disorder, five (19%) with somatization disorder, two (7%) with dissociative disorder NOS, two (7%) with post-traumatic stress disorder and one (4%) with undifferentiated somatoform disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Dissociative-conversion non-epileptic seizures are the most frequent finding, representing the pseudoneurological manifestation of mental disorders that have these symptoms as a common feature. Provisionally, they may be defined as dissociative-conversion non-epileptic seizure disorders.

[Epidemiologic aspects and relevance of mental disorders associated with epilepsy]. / Aspectos epidemiológicos e relevância dos transtornos mentais associados à epilepsia.

Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological disorder. Worldwide, around 50 million people have epilepsy, 40 million of which in developing countries. Though epilepsy is predominantly treatable, most patients in these countries remain without treatment. It is likely that one of the main reasons is the stigma associated with epilepsy. This problem increases when mental disorders are associated with epilepsy, a fairly frequent occurrence. Patients with epilepsy and mental disorders are exposed to a "double stigma", which frequently leads to complete absence of treatment. It is probable that, particularly in developing countries, psychiatrists will be involved with the treatment of people with epilepsy. Our purpose was to review the epidemiology of mental disorders associated with epilepsy, its treatment gap and impact upon quality of life of the patients.

Epilepsy in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of epilepsy in patients who presented psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). The evaluation was carried out during intensive VEEG monitoring in a diagnostic center for epilepsy in a university hospital. The difficulties involved in reaching this diagnosis are discussed. Ninety-eight patients underwent intensive and prolonged video-electroencephalographic (VEEG) monitoring; out of these, a total of 28 patients presented PNES during monitoring. Epilepsy was defined as present when the patient presented epileptic seizures during VEEG monitoring or when, although not presenting epileptic seizures during monitoring, the patient presented unequivocal interictal epileptiform discharges. The frequency of epilepsy in patients with PNES was 50% (14 patients). Our findings suggest that the frequency of epilepsy in patients with PNES is much higher than that of previous studies, and point out the need, at least in some cases, for prolonging the evaluation of patients with PNES who have clinical histories indicating epilepsy.

Quem tem medo de Virginia Woolf?: psicopatologia, tempo e criatividade em Mrs. Dalloway: [Carta al Editor] / Who's afraid Virginia Woolf?: psychopathology, time and creativity in Mrs. Dalloway: [Carta al Editor]

CONTEXTO: Há um crescente interesse na relação entre transtornos psiquiátricos, particularmente transtorno bipolar do humor e criatividade. OBJETIVOS: Explorar a presença de aspectos ligados à vida pessoal e à história médica da autora inglesa Virginia Woolf, portadora de um transtorno do humor bipolar grave, em sua obra literária. MÉTODOS: Foi utilizado como objeto de pesquisa um de seus livros mais importantes, Miss Dalloway, frequentemente citado como paradigmático do romance moderno. RESULTADOS: A exploração de conceitos como a vivência do tempo e aspectos de suas experiências delirantes durante as fases da doença são descritos e analisados dentro de contexto psicopatológico. CONCLUSÃO: O brilhantismo artístico do uso de experiências pessoais vividas durante períodos de sua doença em Miss Dalloway não apenas enaltece a obra de Virginia Woolf, como abre interessante exemplo para o estudo da relação arte-doença mental, ainda pouco explorado na obra da autora.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing interest in the relationship between mental illness, mainly bipolar disorder and creativity. OBJECTIVES: To explore the presence of aspects linked to the personal life and medical history in the literary works written by English writer Virginia Woolf, who suffered from bipolar disorder. METHODS: One of her most important books, Miss Dalloway, was used as a means of research. This book is often cited as paradigmatic of the modern novel. RESULTS: The exploration of concepts such as inner time and aspects of delusion periods of the illness are described and analyzed in the context of psychopathology. DISCUSSION: The artistic brilliance of using personal experiences during periods of her illness in Miss Dalloway not only praises the work of Virginia Woolf, as it opens an interesting example to study the relationship between art, mental illness, yet little explored in the work of the author.

Epilepsy in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures / Epilepsia em pacientes com crises não epilépticas psicogênicas

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of epilepsy in patients who presented psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). The evaluation was carried out during intensive VEEG monitoring in a diagnostic center for epilepsy in a university hospital. The difficulties involved in reaching this diagnosis are discussed. Ninety-eight patients underwent intensive and prolonged video-electroencephalographic (VEEG) monitoring; out of these, a total of 28 patients presented PNES during monitoring. Epilepsy was defined as present when the patient presented epileptic seizures during VEEG monitoring or when, although not presenting epileptic seizures during monitoring, the patient presented unequivocal interictal epileptiform discharges. The frequency of epilepsy in patients with PNES was 50 percent (14 patients). Our findings suggest that the frequency of epilepsy in patients with PNES is much higher than that of previous studies, and point out the need, at least in some cases, for prolonging the evaluation of patients with PNES who have clinical histories indicating epilepsy.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência de epilepsia em pacientes que apresentaram crises não epilépticas psicogênicas (CNEP). Isto foi realizado durante monitoração intensiva por video-EEG num centro diagnóstico de epilepsia em um hospital universitário. As dificuldades envolvidas para se chegar a este diagnóstico são discutidas. Noventa e oito pacientes foram submetidos a monitoração intensiva por video-EEG; 28 destes pacientes apresentaram CNEP durante a monitoração. Epilepsia foi considerada presente quando o paciente apresentou crises epilépticas durante a avaliação pelo video-EEG ou quando, apesar da não ocorrência de crises epilépticas durante a avaliação, descargas epilépticas interictais inequívocas estavam presentes. A frequência de epilepsia em pacientes com CNEP foi 50 por cento (14 pacientes). Nossos achados sugerem que a frequência de epilepsia em pacientes com CNEP é maior do que a apresentada em estudos anteriores e apontam para a necessidade de, ao menos em alguns casos, prolongar a avaliação de pacientes com CNEP, mas com história clínica sugestiva de epilepsia.

Safety and efficacy of ECT in mental disorders associated with epilepsy: report of three cases.

SUMMARY: The authors report on the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the treatment of three patients with mental disorders associated with epilepsy. They discuss several aspects related to safety, efficacy, and indications of ECT in these patients. The observed results, as well as published data, provide evidence that ECT is a safe and effective therapeutic option for some patients with mental disorders associated with epilepsy. The indications are the same as in patients without epilepsy. There might be another possible indication for patients with alternative mental disorders (forced normalization), although improvement after spontaneous seizures may not always predict response to ECT.

Transtornos neuropsiquiátricos da epilepsia do lobo temporal / Neuropsychiatric disorders of temporal lobe epilepsy

A epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) é a síndrome epiléptica mais comum em adultos. As comorbidades psiquiátricas em epilepsia, principalmentena ELT, são muito freqüentes e sua complexa interface tem sido assunto recorrente na literatura. Transtornos de humor, ansiedade e psicose são os mais freqüentes, mas também são descritas peculiares alterações comportamentais, prejuízos cognitivos e elevado risco de suicídio. A cronicidade e o descontrole das crises parecem ser fatores importantes para a manifestação e a gravidade dos sintomas psiquiátricos. Esses sintomas resultam de diversos mecanismos fisiopatológicos. O estudo da neuropsiquiatria da ELT pode auxiliar na elaboração de programas que visem uma melhor qualidade de vida dos pacientes por meio do adequado diagnóstico e tratamento dos transtornos mentais associados a esta síndrome epiléptica.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common epileptic syndrome in adults. The psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy, especially in TLE,are very frequent and their complex relationship has been a recurrent issue in literature. Mood disorders, anxiety and psychosis are the most frequent disorders, but peculiar behavioral changes, cognitive impairment and increased suicide risk are also described. The chronicity and lack of crisis control seem to be important factors for the emergency and severity of psychiatric symptoms. These symptoms result from differentpathophysiological mechanisms. The knowledge of TLE neuropsychiatry might help the formulation of special programs aiming at theimprovement of the quality of life of the patients by the adequate diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in this epileptic syndrome.

Attitudes of Brazilian psychiatrists toward people with epilepsy.

The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the experience of Brazilian psychiatrists in treatment, formal training, attitudes, and knowledge with respect to epilepsy (and associated mental disorders). One hundred fifty-seven Brazilian psychiatrists completed a specially developed questionnaire. Most (95%) had previously treated patients with epilepsy and mental disorders. About one-third (35%) admitted a lack of any formal training in epilepsy, and only 46% confirmed having received some formal training in mental disorders related to epilepsy. Eighty percent were dissatisfied with their knowledge. Three knowledge-based questions were answered correctly by only 10%. Almost half (48%) admitted that among psychiatrists, prejudice exists toward patients with epilepsy. Difficulties with treatment (50%) and lack of knowledge of epilepsy (50%) were considered the main causes of such prejudice. These data indicate an urgent need for improvement in education on epilepsy and associated mental disorders, as well as inclusion of formal epilepsy training in psychiatry residency programs.

Volumetric evidence of a left laterality effect in epileptic psychosis.

We investigated anatomic alterations and lateralization effect in the mesial temporal lobe structures (amygdala and hippocampus) in epileptic psychosis MRI volumetric measurements. Patients with epileptic psychosis and normal controls were studied. Left hippocampus values were significantly smaller for patients (P<0.001). Hippocampal ratio was significantly greater for patients (P<0.01). Group (patients x normal) was the only factor explaining the statistically significant variation of left hippocampus and hippocampal ratio (P<0.001 and P<0.05). Twenty patients had hippocampal atrophy (4 on the right side, 15 on the left side, and 1 bilateral) associated with mesial temporal sclerosis. These results confirm the existence of anatomic alterations and a left laterality effect in the mesial temporal lobe structures of patients with epileptic psychosis.

Adaptação transcultural do inventário neurocomportamental (NBI) para o Brasil / Cross-cultural adaptation of the neurobehavior inventory (NBI) for Brazil

OBJETIVO: Realizar a adaptação transcultural de instrumento para avaliação das alterações comportamentais tipicamente descritas em portadores de epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT), o Inventário Neuro-Comportamental (NBI) para a população brasileira. MÉTODOS: Inicialmente, foi feita a tradução do instrumento original para o português. Esta versão foi revisada e retrotraduzida para o inglês. A seguir, a versão retrotraduzida foi comparada à versão original em inglês, sendo corrigidas as divergências no texto em português. Em um segundo momento, 15 pacientes do Ambulatório de Epilepsia do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG portadores de ELT responderam ao inventário. À aplicação do questionário, eventuais dificuldades e os itens mal compreendidos foram analisados pelos autores. RESULTADOS: Na versão final para o português, os itens 11, 14, 17, 61 e 75 foram modificados. Sete pacientes (46,7 por cento) eram do sexo feminino, com idade entre 26 e 65 anos. A maioria dos pacientes (93,3 por cento) apresentou uma pontuação total elevada. Os domínios mais comumente alterados foram hiperreligiosidade, detalhismo e crença na predestinação pessoal (73,3 por cento dos pacientes em cada um deles). CONCLUSÃO: A versão em português do NBI pode ser um instrumento útil para avaliar alterações comportamentais na ELT aplicada ao contexto clínico dos pacientes brasileiros.

PURPOSE: To perform the cross-cultural adaptation of an instrument designed to measure behavioral changes typically described in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the Neurobehavior Inventory (NBI), for Brazilian population. METHODS: At first the original instrument was translated to Portuguese-Brazilian language. This version was revised and translated back into English. Later, both English versions were compared and the divergences were corrected in the Portuguese text. The second step consisted of the application of the inventory to 15 TLE patients from the Epilepsy Program, Federal University of Minas Gerais. The authors analyzed eventual difficulties and misunderstandings in the application of the questionnaire. RESULTS: In the final Portuguese version, the questions 11, 14, 17, 61 and 75 were considered difficult to understand and were modified. Seven (46.7 percent) subjects were women, with 26 to 65 years. Most of the patients (93.3 percent) had a high total score level. Religious convictions, interest in details and sense of personal destiny were the most common altered domains (73.3 percent of the patients in each one of them). CONCLUSION: The Portuguese-Brazilian version of the NBI may be a useful instrument to evaluate TLE behavioral alterations in the Brazilian clinical context.

Resultados preliminares de um programa de tratamento de crises não-epilépticas psicogênicas / Preliminary results of the treatment program of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Apesar dos avanços no diagnóstico das crises não epilépticas psicogênicas (CNEP), até o presente momento não há tratamentos que sejam padronizados e eficientes. O presente estudo examinou a freqüência de crises e as condições de trabalho e acadêmicas em um grupo de pacientes portadores de CNEP antes e depois de completarem um programa de oito semanas específico, desenvolvido no PROJEPSI (Projeto de Epilepsia e Psiquiatria) do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, com os objetivos de redução da freqüência de crises e de danos associados ao diagnóstico de CNEP. Ao final do programa de tratamento, 15 pacientes (62,5 por cento) apresentavam-se em remissão e 19 (79,2 por cento) apresentaram melhora do desempenho profissional ou acadêmico. O presente estudo fornece evidências da eficácia do programa de atendimento dos pacientes portadores de CNEP proposto pelo PROJEPSI. O número significativo de pacientes que apresentam remissão e redução do número de crises após a comunicação terapêutica do diagnóstico, do tratamento das comorbidades psiquiátricas e da terapia para redução de danos e crises (TRDC) sugere que o conhecimento da doença por parte dos pacientes, familiares e amigos convidados é essencial ao tratamento.

In spite of the growing interest in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), this diagnosis clearly lacks both standard protocols and efficient treatment. We analyzed seizure frequency, as well as, academic and working performances in a group of PNES patients, both prior and following a specific eight-week program developed at PROJEPSI (Epilepsy and Psychiatry Project) - Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo. The program targeted seizure reduction and decrease in losses associated to PNES. Fifteen patients (62.5 percent) entered prolonged remission and 19 (79.2 percent) improved academic and professional performances. Our study shows evidence supporting the efficacy of the NES protocol proposed by PROJEPSI. The number of patients presenting with either remission or significant decrease on their seizures following the diagnosis presentation, psychiatric comorbidity treatment and specific therapy aiming to damage and crisis suggests that the knowledge of this condition by patients, family members and friends is key to successful treatment.

Aspectos epidemiológicos e relevância dos transtornos mentais associados à epilepsia / Epidemiologic aspects and relevance of mental disorders associated with epilepsy

Epilepsia é o mais freqüente transtorno neurológico sério, atingindo 50 milhões de pessoas no mundo, 40 milhões delas em países em desenvolvimento. Embora seja um problema predominantemente tratável, nestes países a maioria dos pacientes permanece sem tratamento. Provavelmente, uma das principais causas para isto seja o estigma que atinge as pessoas com epilepsia. Tal fato se agrava ainda mais quando à epilepsia se associam os transtornos mentais, que ocorrem com prevalência aumentada. Os pacientes com epilepsia e transtornos mentais sofrem o que chamamos de "duplo estigma", que freqüentemente os deixa sem tratamento. É provável, particularmente em países em desenvolvimento, que psiquiatras se defrontem com pacientes com epilepsia nos diferentes locais de atendimento. O presente estudo tem como objetivo revisar a epidemiologia dos transtornos mentais associados à epilepsia, determinando a lacuna de tratamento e o impacto destes transtornos na qualidade de vida dos pacientes.