Integrating real-world data from Brazil and Pakistan into the OMOP common data model and standardized health analytics framework to characterize COVID-19 in the Global South.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work is to demonstrate the use of a standardized health informatics framework to generate reliable and reproducible real-world evidence from Latin America and South Asia towards characterizing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Global South. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient-level COVID-19 records collected in a patient self-reported notification system, hospital in-patient and out-patient records, and community diagnostic labs were harmonized to the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership common data model and analyzed using a federated network analytics framework. Clinical characteristics of individuals tested for, diagnosed with or tested positive for, hospitalized with, admitted to intensive care unit with, or dying with COVID-19 were estimated. RESULTS: Two COVID-19 databases covering 8.3 million people from Pakistan and 2.6 million people from Bahia, Brazil were analyzed. 109 504 (Pakistan) and 921 (Brazil) medical concepts were harmonized to Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership common data model. In total, 341 505 (4.1%) people in the Pakistan dataset and 1 312 832 (49.2%) people in the Brazilian dataset were tested for COVID-19 between January 1, 2020 and April 20, 2022, with a median [IQR] age of 36 [25, 76] and 38 (27, 50); 40.3% and 56.5% were female in Pakistan and Brazil, respectively. 1.2% percent individuals in the Pakistan dataset had Afghan ethnicity. In Brazil, 52.3% had mixed ethnicity. In agreement with international findings, COVID-19 outcomes were more severe in men, elderly, and those with underlying health conditions. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 data from 2 large countries in the Global South were harmonized and analyzed using a standardized health informatics framework developed by an international community of health informaticians. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates a potential open science framework for global knowledge mobilization and clinical translation for timely response to healthcare needs in pandemics and beyond.

Putting Institutions at the Center of Primary Health Care Reforms: Experience from Implementation in Three States in Nigeria.

Abstract-Within the last two decades, the Nigerian government has committed to strengthening its primary health care system, through reforms addressing institutional restructuring, deepening decentralized governance, and the incorporation of an alternative health care financing strategy. One of these reforms prescribed the establishment of state primary health care agencies/boards (SPHCDBs) as an integral part of the national health system, with the principal responsibility "for the coordination of planning, budgeting, provision and monitoring of all primary health care services that affect residents of the state." Central to this reform is the integration of primary health care (PHC) governance and management, popularly called primary health care under one roof. Another reform, piloting results-based financing, has been implemented since 2011 in three states under the Nigeria State Health Investment Project. This study assesses the implementation of the Primary Health Care Under One Roof (PHCUOR) policy as part of the broader PHC reforms, with a specific focus on how this policy has been strengthened through the Nigeria State Health Investment Project (NSHIP) in Adamawa, Nasarawa, and Ondo states, documenting the evolution of SPHCDB and PHC service delivery, with a focus on management, accountability, and incentives. The study shows that, in the above-mentioned states, significant milestones were achieved in the establishment of the SPHCDB, the strengthening of PHC systems, the improvement of accountability linkages, and an increase in service utilization. The authors therefore argue that integrated PHC systems through SPHCDBs, as enshrined in the PHCUOR guidelines, are a panacea for effective provision of primary health care and a potential game changer for health outcomes, especially when reinforced with a results-based financing approach.

A contribuição da Atenção Primária à Saúde na rede SUS de enfrentamento à Covid-19 / The contribution of Primary Health Care in the SUS network to face Covid-19

RESUMO A centralidade no cuidado individual a casos graves descurou a abordagem populacional comunitária necessária ao enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19 no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Neste ensaio, argumenta-se que a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), com suas equipes multiprofissionais e enfoque comunitário e territorial, tem potencial para atuar na abordagem comunitária necessária ao enfrentamento da epidemia. A partir de experiências locais e internacionais, analisa quatro campos de atuação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no SUS no enfrentamento da Covid-19: vigilância nos territórios; cuidado individual dos casos confirmados e suspeitos de Covid-19; ação comunitária de apoio aos grupos vulneráveis; e continuidade dos cuidados rotineiros da APS. Reconhecem-se limites dessa atuação decorrentes de mudanças recentes na Política Nacional de Atenção Básica que afetam o modelo assistencial da vigilância em saúde. Conclui-se ser necessário ativar os atributos comunitários das equipes multiprofissionais da ESF e do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família; associar-se às iniciativas solidárias das organizações comunitárias e articular-se intersetorialmente; e garantir a continuidade das ações de promoção, prevenção e cuidado, criando novos processos de trabalho na vigilância em saúde, no apoio social e sanitário aos grupos vulneráveis e na continuidade da atenção rotineira para quem dela precisa.

ABSTRACT The focus on individual care for severe cases neglected the community-centered approach required to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic in the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil. This essay argues that the Family Health Strategy (ESF), by means of its multi-professional teams and community and territorial orientation, is able to successfully develop the community approach required to deal with the pandemic. Inspired by local and international experiences, this essay analyzes four dimensions regarding SUS' Primary Health Care (PHC) work in the fighting against Covid-19: community-based health surveillance, individual care for confirmed and suspected cases of Covid-19, community mobilization to support vulnerable local groups, and continuity of APS care routine. Limitations are acknowledged due to recent changes in the National Policy of Primary Health Care impacting health surveillance care model. The conclusion if for the need to: strengthen the community attributes of APS and Family Health Support multi-professional teams; collaborate with community organizations in initiatives of solidarity and articulate in an intersectoral way; guarantee the ongoing promotion, prevention and care actions by creating new working processes for health surveillance, social and health support for vulnerable groups, and for the continuity of the routine care for those in need.

A contribuição da Atenção Primária à Saúde na rede SUS de enfrentamento à Covid-19 / The contribution of Primary Health Care in the SUS network to face Covid-19

RESUMO A centralidade no cuidado individual a casos graves descurou a abordagem populacional comunitária necessária ao enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19 no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Neste ensaio, argumenta-se que a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), com suas equipes multiprofissionais e enfoque comunitário e territorial, tem potencial para atuar na abordagem comunitária necessária ao enfrentamento da epidemia. A partir de experiências locais e internacionais, analisa quatro campos de atuação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no SUS no enfrentamento da Covid-19: vigilância em saúde nos territórios; cuidado individual dos casos confirmados e suspeitos de Covid-19; ação comunitária de apoio aos grupos vulneráveis no território por sua situação de saúde ou social; e continuidade dos cuidados rotineiros da APS. Reconhecem-se limites dessa atuação decorrentes de mudanças recentes na Política Nacional de Atenção Básica que afetam o modelo assistencial da vigilância em saúde. Conclui-se ser necessário ativar os atributos comunitários das equipes multiprofissionais da ESF e do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (Nasf); associar-se às iniciativas solidárias das organizações comunitárias e articular-se intersetorialmente para apoiar a população em suas diversas vulnerabilidades; e garantir a continuidade das ações de promoção, prevenção e cuidado, criando novos processos de trabalho na vigilância em saúde, no apoio social e sanitário aos grupos vulneráveis e na continuidade da atenção rotineira para quem dela precisa.

ABSTRAC The focus on individual care for severe cases neglected the community-centered approach required to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic in the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil. This essay argues that the Family Health Strategy (ESF), by means of its multi-professional teams and community and territorial orientation, is able to successfully develop the community approach required to deal with the pandemic. Inspired by local and international experiences, this essay analyzes four dimensions regarding SUS' Primary Health Care (APS) work in the fighting against Covid-19: community-based health surveillance, individual care for confirmed and suspected cases of Covid-19, community mobilization to support vulnerable local groups due to their health or social condition, and continuity of APS care routine. Limitations are acknowledged due to recent changes in the National Policy of Primary Health Care impacting health surveillance care model. The conclusion if for the need to: strengthen the community attributes of APS and Family Health Support Center (Nasf) multi-professional teams; collaborate with community organizations in initiatives of solidarity and articulate in an intersectoral way to back the population in its various weaknesses; guarantee the ongoing promotion, prevention and care actions by creating new working processes for health surveillance, social and health support for vulnerable groups, and for the continuity of the routine care for those in need.