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1.
Curr HIV/AIDS Rep ; 21(3): 87-115, 2024 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38602558

RESUMO

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cannabis may have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in people with HIV (PWH); however, given this population's high burden of persisting neurocognitive impairment (NCI), clinicians are concerned they may be particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of cannabis on cognition. Here, we present a systematic scoping review of clinical and preclinical studies evaluating the effects of cannabinoid exposure on cognition in HIV. RECENT FINDINGS: Results revealed little evidence to support a harmful impact of cannabis use on cognition in HIV, with few eligible preclinical data existing. Furthermore, the beneficial/harmful effects of cannabis use observed on cognition were function-dependent and confounded by several factors (e.g., age, frequency of use). Results are discussed alongside potential mechanisms of cannabis effects on cognition in HIV (e.g., anti-inflammatory), and considerations are outlined for screening PWH that may benefit from cannabis interventions. We further highlight the value of accelerating research discoveries in this area by utilizing translatable cross-species tasks to facilitate comparisons across human and animal work.


Assuntos
Cognição , Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Cannabis/efeitos adversos , Canabinoides/uso terapêutico , Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Canabinoides/farmacologia , Animais , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Uso da Maconha/efeitos adversos
2.
Behav Sleep Med ; 22(2): 217-233, 2024 Mar 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37401160

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Both sleep and cognition are partially modulated by the endocannabinoid (ECB) system. Cannabis has been reported to have effects on sleep and cognition. This review aims to summarize the recent literature on the ECB system, the role of cannabis and the ECB system on sleep regulation and cognition. Further, this review will identify existing gaps in knowledge and suggest potential targets for future research. METHODS: We performed this review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Reports were identified by searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO for articles published through September 2021 for studies with data available on aspects of cognition, cannabis, or the ECB system, and sleep or circadian rhythms (CRs). RESULTS: We identified 6 human and 6 animal studies to be eligible for inclusion in this review. Several human studies found that cannabis use is not associated with changes in sleep quality or cognitive function. However, individual cannabinoids appeared to have independent effects on cognition and sleep; THC alone decreased cognitive performance and increased daytime sleepiness, whereas CBD alone had no effect on sleep or cognition. Animal studies demonstrated that manipulation of the ECB system altered activity and cognitive function, some of which appeared to be dependent on the light/dark cycle. CONCLUSION: The sleep-wake cycle and CRs are both likely modulated by the ECB system, potentially resulting in effects on cognition, however this area is critically understudied.


Assuntos
Canabinoides , Cannabis , Animais , Humanos , Endocanabinoides , Sono , Cognição
3.
AIDS Behav ; 27(8): 2617-2628, 2023 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36738342

RESUMO

Deficits in social cognition are seen in both people living with HIV (PWH) and people with a history of methamphetamine (METH) dependence. Dually affected individuals may experience additive negative effects on social cognition due to these conditions. We evaluated social cognition in 4 diagnostic groups (HIV-/METH-, HIV-/METH+, HIV+/METH-, HIV+/METH+). First, we used traditional social-emotional functioning assessments, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and the Faux Pas Task, to determine any significant effects of METH dependence and HIV on social cognition. Next, we quantified social cognition using the Human Behavioral Pattern Monitor by evaluating social behavior represented by interaction with novel objects. METH dependence significantly affected social-emotional functions and HIV significantly affected on object interactions, however no significant additive effects were observed using these methods. The nuanced relationship between HIV and METH dependence suggests that other factors (i.e., adaptive life skills) likely mediate social cognition-related behaviors.


RESUMEN: Los déficits en la cognición social se observan tanto en las personas que viven con el VIH (PWH) como en las personas con antecedentes de dependencia de la metanfetamina (METH). Las personas con ambas condiciones pueden experimentar efectos negativos aditivos en la cognición social. Evaluamos la cognición social en 4 grupos de diagnóstico (VIH−/METH−, VIH−/METH+, VIH+/METH−, VIH+/METH+). En primer lugar, utilizamos evaluaciones tradicionales del funcionamiento socioemocional, la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional y la Prueba de Faux Pas, para determinar efecto significativo debido a la dependencia de METH y el VIH en la cognición social. Entonces, cuantificamos la cognición social utilizando el Monitor de Patrones de comportamiento humano mediante la evaluación del comportamiento social representado por la interacción con objetos novedosos. La dependencia de METH afectó significativamente las funciones socioemocionales y el VIH afectó significativamente las interacciones con los objetos, sin embargo, no se observaron efectos aditivos significativos al usar estos métodos. La relación compleja entre el VIH y la dependencia de METH sugiere que otros factores (i.e., habilidades adaptativas) probablemente regulan los comportamientos relacionados con la cognición social.


Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central , Transtornos Cognitivos , Infecções por HIV , Metanfetamina , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/complicações , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/psicologia , Metanfetamina/efeitos adversos , Cognição , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia
4.
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci ; 21(6): 1207-1221, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34312815

RESUMO

The HIV transgenic (HIVtg) rat is a commonly used animal model of chronic HIV infection that exhibits a wide range of cognitive deficits. To date, relatively little work has been conducted on these rats' capacity for reversal learning, an assay of executive function and cognitive flexibility used in humans. The present study sought to determine the impact of HIV genotype on probabilistic reversal learning, effortful motivation, and spontaneous locomotion/exploration in rats. Male (n = 8) and female (n = 8) HIVtg rats and wildtype (WT) controls were utilized. Cognitive flexibility was assessed via the Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task (PRLT), which reinforced responses to two stimuli on differential probabilistic schedules that periodically reversed. Effortful motivation and locomotor/exploratory behavior were assessed via the Progressive Ratio Breakpoint Task (PRBT) and the Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM), respectively. Regardless of sex, HIVtg rats required fewer trials to ascertain initial PRLT reward schedules than WT rats, and completed the same number of reversals. Secondary behaviors suggested that HIVtg PRLT performance was facilitated by a speed-accuracy tradeoff strategy. No main or interactive effects of genotype were observed in the PRBT or BPM. Relative to WT controls, HIVtg rats exhibited superior probabilistic reinforcement learning. Reversal learning was unaffected by HIV genotype, as was effortful motivation and exploratory behavior. These findings contrast with previous characterizations of the HIVtg rat, thus indicating a nuanced cognitive profile that is dependent upon such task specifications as within- versus between-session assessment and probabilistic versus deterministic reward schedules.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Reversão de Aprendizagem , Animais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/genética , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Transgênicos , Reforço Psicológico , Recompensa
5.
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol ; 24(11): 894-906, 2021 11 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34338765

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is commonly observed in persons living with HIV (PWH) and is characterized by cognitive deficits implicating disruptions of fronto-striatal neurocircuitry. Such circuitry is also susceptible to alteration by cannabis and other drugs of abuse. PWH use cannabis at much higher rates than the general population, thus prioritizing the characterization of any interactions between HIV and cannabinoids on cognitively relevant systems. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response, the process by which the motor response to a startling stimulus is attenuated by perception of a preceding non-startling stimulus, is an operational assay of fronto-striatal circuit integrity that is translatable across species. PPI is reduced in PWH. The HIV transgenic (HIVtg) rat model of HIV infection mimics numerous aspects of HAND, although to date the PPI deficit observed in PWH has yet to be fully recreated in animals. METHODS: PPI was measured in male and female HIVtg rats and wild-type controls following acute, nonconcurrent treatment with the primary constituents of cannabis: Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 1 and 3 mg/kg, s.c.) and cannabidiol (1, 10, and 30 mg/kg, i.p.). RESULTS: HIVtg rats exhibited a significant PPI deficit relative to wild-type controls. THC reduced PPI in controls but not HIVtg rats. Cannabidiol exerted only minor, genotype-independent effects on PPI. CONCLUSIONS: HIVtg rats exhibit a relative insensitivity to the deleterious effects of THC on the fronto-striatal function reflected by PPI, which may partially explain the higher rates of cannabis use among PWH.


Assuntos
Canabinoides/farmacologia , Infecções por HIV/fisiopatologia , Filtro Sensorial/efeitos dos fármacos , Estimulação Acústica , Animais , Canabidiol/farmacologia , Agonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides/farmacologia , Dronabinol/farmacologia , Feminino , Alucinógenos/farmacologia , Masculino , Inibição Pré-Pulso/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Transgênicos , Reflexo de Sobressalto/efeitos dos fármacos
6.
Bipolar Disord ; 22(1): 46-58, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31025493

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating psychiatric illness affecting 2%-5% of the population. Although mania is the cardinal feature of BD, inattention and related cognitive dysfunction are observed across all stages. Since cognitive dysfunction confers poor functional outcome in patients, understanding the relevant neural mechanisms remains key to developing novel-targeted therapeutics. METHODS: The 5-choice continuous performance test (5C-CPT) is a mouse and fMRI-compatible human attentional task, requiring responding to target stimuli while inhibiting responding to nontarget stimuli, as in clinical CPTs. This task was used to delineate systems-level neural deficits in BD contributing to inattentive performance in human subjects with BD as well as mouse models with either parietal cortex (PC) lesions or reduced dopamine transporter (DAT) expression. RESULTS: Mania BD participants exhibited severe 5C-CPT impairment. Euthymic BD patients exhibited modestly impaired 5C-CPT. High impulsivity BD subjects exhibited reduced PC activation during target and nontarget responding compared with healthy participants. In mice, bilateral PC lesions impaired both target and nontarget responding. In the DAT knockdown mouse model of BD mania, knockdown mice exhibited severely impaired 5C-CPT performance versus wildtype littermates. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the role of the PC in inattention in BD-specifically regarding identifying the appropriate response to target vs nontarget stimuli. Moreover, the findings indicate that severely reduced DAT function/hyperdopaminergia recreates the attentional deficits observed in BD mania patients. Determining the contribution of DAT in the PC to attention may provide a future target for treatment development.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Transtorno Bipolar , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologia , Adulto , Animais , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Transtorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas
7.
J Neurovirol ; 24(2): 156-167, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29075998

RESUMO

HIV-1 infection causes injury to the central nervous system (CNS) and is often associated with neurocognitive disorders. One model for brain damage seen in AIDS patients is the transgenic (tg) mouse expressing a soluble envelope protein gp120 of HIV-1 LAV in the brain in astrocytes under the control of the promoter of glial fibrillary acidic protein. These GFAP-gp120tg mice manifest several key neuropathological features observed in AIDS brains, such as decreased synaptic and dendritic density, increased numbers of activated microglia, and pronounced astrocytosis. Several recent studies show that brains of GFAP-gp120tg mice and neurocognitively impaired HIV patients share also a significant number of differentially regulated genes, activation of innate immunity and other cellular signaling pathways, disturbed neurogenesis, and learning deficits. These findings support the continued relevance of the GFAP-gp120tg mouse as a useful model to investigate neurodegenerative mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies to mitigate the consequences associated with HIV infection of the CNS, neuroAIDS, and HAND.


Assuntos
Complexo AIDS Demência/genética , Disfunção Cognitiva/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/genética , HIV-1/genética , Complexo AIDS Demência/imunologia , Complexo AIDS Demência/fisiopatologia , Animais , Astrócitos/imunologia , Astrócitos/patologia , Encéfalo/imunologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/imunologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/fisiopatologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteína Glial Fibrilar Ácida/genética , Proteína Glial Fibrilar Ácida/imunologia , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/química , Imunidade Inata , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais , Sinapses/imunologia , Sinapses/patologia
8.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc ; 24(3): 283-293, 2018 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29032769

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Amphetamine improves vigilance as assessed by continuous performance tests (CPT) in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Less is known, however, regarding amphetamine effects on vigilance in healthy adults. Thus, it remains unclear whether amphetamine produces general enhancement of vigilance or if these effects are constrained to the remediation of deficits in patients with ADHD. METHODS: We tested 69 healthy adults (35 female) on a standardized CPT (Conner's CPT-2) after receiving 10- or 20-mg d-amphetamine or placebo. To evaluate potential effects on learning, impulsivity, and perseveration, participants were additionally tested on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). RESULTS: Participants receiving placebo exhibited the classic vigilance decrement, demonstrated by a significant reduction in attention (D') across the task. This vigilance decrement was not observed, however, after either dose of amphetamine. Consistent with enhanced vigilance, the 20-mg dose also reduced reaction time variability across the task and the ADHD confidence index. The effects of amphetamine appeared to be selective to vigilance since no effects were observed on the IGT, WCST, or response inhibition/perseveration measures from the CPT. CONCLUSIONS: The present data support the premise that amphetamine improves vigilance irrespective of disease state. Given that amphetamine is a norepinephrine/dopamine transporter inhibitor and releaser, these effects are informative regarding the neurobiological substrates of attentional control. (JINS, 2018, 24, 283-293).


Assuntos
Anfetamina/farmacologia , Nível de Alerta/efeitos dos fármacos , Atenção/efeitos dos fármacos , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Teste de Classificação de Cartas de Wisconsin , Adulto Jovem
9.
Psychosom Med ; 76(4): 292-301, 2014 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24804881

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Heart rate variability (HRV), thought to reflect autonomic nervous system function, is lowered under conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The potential confounding effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and depression in the relationship between HRV and PTSD have not been elucidated in a large cohort of military service members. Here we describe HRV associations with stress disorder symptoms in a large study of Marines while accounting for well-known covariates of HRV and PTSD including TBI and depression. METHODS: Four battalions of male active-duty Marines (n = 2430) were assessed 1 to 2 months before a combat deployment. HRV was measured during a 5-minute rest. Depression and PTSD were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, respectively. RESULTS: When adjusting for covariates, including TBI, regression analyses showed that lower levels of high-frequency HRV were associated with a diagnosis of PTSD (ß = -0.20, p = .035). Depression and PTSD severity were correlated (r = 0.49, p < .001); however, participants with PTSD but relatively low depression scores exhibited reduced high frequency compared with controls (p = .012). Marines with deployment experience (n = 1254) had lower HRV than did those with no experience (p = .033). CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional analysis of a large cohort supports associations between PTSD and reduced HRV when accounting for TBI and depression symptoms. Future postdeployment assessments will be used to determine whether predeployment HRV can predict vulnerability and resilience to the serious psychological and physiological consequences of combat exposure.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/epidemiologia , Transtorno Depressivo/epidemiologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Militares/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Análise de Variância , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Lesões Encefálicas/fisiopatologia , Cafeína/administração & dosagem , Fatores de Confusão Epidemiológicos , Estudos Transversais , Transtorno Depressivo/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Militares/psicologia , Nicotina/administração & dosagem , Fotopletismografia/métodos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Análise de Regressão , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/fisiopatologia , Adulto Jovem
10.
Behav Pharmacol ; 25(1): 12-22, 2014 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24281153

RESUMO

HIV infection is frequently comorbid with methamphetamine (METH) dependence. Both factors are associated with impairment in inhibitory function that continues even after abstinence from the drug. Deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating, are induced by acute stimulant administration, but the combined effect of HIV and chronic METH exposure on PPI is not well characterized. We quantified baseline acoustic startle and PPI in mice expressing the HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein (gp120tg) and in wild-type (WT) littermates; thereafter, we administered a chronic regimen of METH or vehicle and tested startle and PPI after 7 days of drug withdrawal. We hypothesized that METH-treated gp120tg mice would exhibit PPI deficits compared with vehicle-treated WT or gp120tg animals. Before METH administration, drug-naive female gp120tg mice exhibited decreased PPI compared with female WT mice, whereas male gp120tg mice exhibited increased startle compared with other groups. After drug withdrawal, no consistent genotype effect was observed, but METH-treated mice exhibited increased PPI compared with vehicle, in contrast to previous reports of acute METH-induced PPI deficits. In summary, PPI impairment in HIV could depend on factors such as sex, whereas changes in PPI following METH withdrawal may depend on the quantity and duration of drug exposure.


Assuntos
Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos adversos , Coxeadura Animal/etiologia , Metanfetamina/efeitos adversos , Inibição Neural/fisiologia , Reflexo de Sobressalto/fisiologia , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/complicações , Estimulação Acústica , Análise de Variância , Animais , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/genética , Humanos , Coxeadura Animal/virologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Inibição Neural/efeitos dos fármacos , Reflexo de Sobressalto/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo
11.
J Emerg Med ; 46(6): 808-13, 2014 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24656982

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Recent expert guidelines recommend oral second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) as first-line therapy for acute agitation in the emergency department (ED), with intramuscular (IM) SGAs as an alternative. However, little is known about how these meds are used in the ED or how often SGAs are prescribed. OBJECTIVES: 1) The measurement of patient characteristics, concomitant benzodiazepine use, and use of SGAs compared to haloperidol or droperidol; 2) the prescribing rates of SGAs over time in ED patients. METHODS: This is a structured analysis of a historical patient cohort from 2004-2011 in two university EDs. The cohort consisted of all patients receiving aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone. Descriptive analysis compared age, gender, use of first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) such as haloperidol/droperidol, and rates of concomitant benzodiazepine use. Linear regression was used to test whether SGA prescribing increased over time. RESULTS: There were 1680 unique patients accounting for 1779 ED visits who received SGAs over the study period, which is a minority of patients receiving any antipsychotic. Of patients receiving any SGA in the ED, most were given orally (93%). Adjunctive benzodiazepines were administered on 21% of visits, and were also administered on 21% of the visits involving alcohol + patients. The rate of SGA use in the ED is not increasing over time. CONCLUSION: Despite expert recommendations, SGAs are administered a minority of the time to ED patients. The rate is not increasing over time. When used, SGAs are most commonly given orally, are often administered with benzodiazepines, and are frequently administered to alcohol-intoxicated patients.


Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/administração & dosagem , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Administração Oral , Adulto , Intoxicação Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Aripiprazol , Benzodiazepinas/administração & dosagem , Benzodiazepinas/uso terapêutico , Dibenzotiazepinas/administração & dosagem , Droperidol/administração & dosagem , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Haloperidol/administração & dosagem , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Olanzapina , Piperazinas/administração & dosagem , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Fumarato de Quetiapina , Quinolonas/administração & dosagem , Risperidona/administração & dosagem , Tiazóis/administração & dosagem
12.
bioRxiv ; 2024 Jun 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38948796

RESUMO

Rationale: Despite improved life expectancy of people with HIV (PWH), HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (NCI) persists, alongside deficits in sensorimotor gating and neuroinflammation. PWH exhibit high smoking rates, possibly due to neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and cognitive-enhancing effects of nicotine, suggesting potential self-medication. Objectives: Here, we tested the effects of acute nicotine vapor exposure on translatable measures of sensorimotor gating and exploratory behavior in the HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat model of HIV. Methods: Male and female HIV-1Tg and F344 control rats (n=57) were exposed to acute nicotine or vehicle vapor. Sensorimotor gating was assessed using prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, and exploratory behavior was evaluated using the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM). Results: Vehicle-treated HIV-1Tg rats exhibited PPI deficits at low prepulse intensities compared to F344 controls, as seen previously. No PPI deficits were observed in nicotine-treated HIV1-Tg rats, however. HIV-1Tg rats were hypoactive in the BPM relative to controls, whilst nicotine vapor increased activity and exploratory behavior across genotypes. Cotinine analyses confirmed comparable levels of the primary metabolite of nicotine across genotypes. Conclusions: Previous findings of PPI deficits in HIV-1Tg rats were replicated and, importantly, attenuated by acute nicotine vapor. Evidence for similar cotinine levels suggest a nicotine-specific effect in HIV-1Tg rats. HIV-1Tg rats had reduced exploratory behavior compared to controls, attenuated by acute nicotine vapor. Therefore, acute nicotine may be beneficial for remediating sensorimotor and locomotor activity deficits in PWH. Future studies should determine the long-term effects of nicotine vapor on similar HIV/NCI-relevant behaviors.

13.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc ; 19(6): 709-17, 2013 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23552464

RESUMO

Sensorimotor inhibition, or the ability to filter out excessive or irrelevant information, theoretically supports a variety of higher-level cognitive functions. Impaired inhibition may be associated with increased impulsive and risky behavior in everyday life. Individuals infected with HIV frequently show impairment on tests of neurocognitive function, but sensorimotor inhibition in this population has not been studied and may be a contributor to the profile of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Thirty-seven HIV-infected individuals (15 with HAND) and 48 non-infected comparison subjects were assessed for prepulse inhibition (PPI), an eyeblink startle paradigm measuring sensorimotor gating. Although HIV status alone was not associated with PPI deficits, HIV-positive participants meeting criteria for HAND showed impaired PPI compared to cognitively intact HIV-positive subjects. In HIV-positive subjects, PPI was correlated with working memory but was not associated with antiretroviral therapy or illness factors. In conclusion, sensorimotor disinhibition in HIV accompanies deficits in higher-order cognitive functions, although the causal direction of this relationship requires investigation. Subsequent research on the role of sensorimotor gating on decision-making and risk behaviors in HIV may be indicated.


Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Inibição Psicológica , Reflexo de Sobressalto/fisiologia , Estimulação Acústica , Adulto , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/virologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Adulto Jovem
14.
J Emerg Med ; 45(4): 520-5, 2013 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23845528

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Repeat users of Emergency Departments (ED), so-called "frequent visitors," place a substantial burden on limited ED resources. The illness features of frequent visitors have not been well defined, though chronic medical and psychiatric illness and substance abuse are implicated. STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study assessed whether chronic conditions such as hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more prevalent in frequent ED users compared to a viral condition with relatively less disability, hepatitis B (HBV). As a comparison, psychiatric complaints and alcohol abuse were also compared in frequent and non-frequent visitors. METHODS: All visits to a university ED in a particular calendar year were retrospectively reviewed. Frequent visitors were defined as those who made four or more visits. Presenting complaints and past medical history were examined for HCV, HIV, HBV, psychiatric complaints, and alcohol abuse. RESULTS: Frequent visitors accounted for 28% of all ED visits. HCV, HIV, and alcohol abuse were more prevalent in frequent visitors than non-frequent visitors. People with HBV comprised a small proportion of both groups. Frequent visitors with psychiatric complaints were more prevalent than those with HBV or alcohol abuse. Psychiatric history comorbid with alcohol abuse and HCV with alcohol abuse were more prevalent in frequent vs. non-frequent visitors. CONCLUSION: Although chronic hepatitis and psychiatric complaints are both implicated in frequent ED visits, patients with psychiatric complaints present to the ED more often. Patients with a "dual diagnosis" of psychiatric condition and alcohol abuse are likely to be frequent visitors. This population should be targeted for creative intervention strategies, both within and outside of the emergency system, that comprehensively screen for symptomatology and integrate mental health treatment with substance abuse interventions.


Assuntos
Alcoolismo/terapia , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/terapia , Hepatite B Crônica/terapia , Hepatite C Crônica/terapia , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria) , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto Jovem
15.
Behav Brain Res ; 437: 114109, 2023 02 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36108778

RESUMO

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to infect millions worldwide, negatively impacting neurobehavioral function. Further understanding of the combined effects of HIV and methamphetamine use is crucial, as methamphetamine use is prevalent in people with HIV. The HIV-associated protein Tat may contribute to cognitive dysfunction, modeled preclinically in mice using doxycycline (DOX)-inducible Tat expression (iTat). Tat may exert its effects on cognitive function via disruption of the dopamine transporter, similar to the action of methamphetamine. Additionally, Tat and methamphetamine both decrease interneuron populations, including those expressing calbindin. It is important to understand the combined effects of Tat and methamphetamine in preclinical models of HIV infection. Here, we used iTat transgenic mice and a chronic binge regimen of methamphetamine exposure to determine their combined impact on reward learning and motivation. We also measured calbindin expression in behavior-relevant brain regions. Before induction with DOX, iTat mice exhibited no differences in behavior. Chronic methamphetamine exposure before Tat induction impaired initial reward learning but did not affect motivation. Furthermore, DOX-induced Tat expression did not alter behavior, but slowed latencies to retrieve rewards. This effect of Tat, however, was not observed in methamphetamine-treated mice, indicative of a potential protective effect. Finally, Tat expression was associated with an increase in calbindin-expressing cells in the VTA, while methamphetamine exposure did not alter calbindin numbers. These findings may indicate a protective role of methamphetamine in HIV neuropathology, which in turn may help in our understanding of why people with HIV use methamphetamine at disproportionately higher rates.


Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas , Infecções por HIV , Metanfetamina , Produtos do Gene tat do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Calbindinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Metanfetamina/efeitos adversos , Metanfetamina/farmacologia , Camundongos Transgênicos , Recompensa , Produtos do Gene tat do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/metabolismo , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/complicações , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/metabolismo
16.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav ; 222: 173499, 2023 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36462584

RESUMO

Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased the quality of life and lifespan in people living with HIV (PWH), millions continue to suffer from the neurobehavioral effects of the virus. Additionally, the abuse of illicit drugs (methamphetamine in particular) is significantly higher in PWH compared to the general population, which may further impact their neurological functions. The HIV regulatory protein, Tat, has been implicated in the neurobehavioral impacts of HIV and is purported to inhibit dopamine transporter (DAT) function in a way similar to methamphetamine. Thus, we hypothesized that a combination of Tat expression and methamphetamine would exert synergistic deleterious effects on behavior and DAT expression. We examined the impact of chronic methamphetamine exposure on exploration in transgenic mice expressing human Tat (iTat) vs. their wildtype littermates using the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM). During baseline, mice exhibited sex-dependent differences in BPM behavior, which persisted through methamphetamine exposure, and Tat activation with doxycycline. We observed a main effect of methamphetamine, wherein exposure, irrespective of genotype, increased locomotor activity and decreased specific exploration. After doxycycline treatment, mice continued to exhibit drug-dependent alterations in locomotion, with no effect of Tat, or methamphetamine interactions. DAT levels were higher in wildtype, saline-exposed males compared to all other groups. These data support stimulant-induced changes of locomotor activity and exploration, and suggest that viral Tat and methamphetamine do not synergistically interact to alter these behaviors in mice. These findings are important for future studies attempting to disentangle the effect of substances that impact DAT on HAND-relevant behaviors using such transgenic animals.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Metanfetamina , Masculino , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos Transgênicos , Metanfetamina/farmacologia , Produtos do Gene tat do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/genética , Produtos do Gene tat do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/metabolismo , Produtos do Gene tat do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/farmacologia , Qualidade de Vida , Doxiciclina/farmacologia , Locomoção
17.
Contemp Clin Trials ; 127: 107118, 2023 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36796623

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Disparities in physical and mental health among Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) are well-documented and mirrored in the Veteran population. Chronic stress due to racism and discrimination is one possible mechanism driving these negative health outcomes. The Race-Based Stress and Trauma Empowerment (RBSTE) group is a novel, manualized, health promotion intervention designed to address the direct and indirect impacts of racism among Veterans of Color. This paper describes the protocol of the first pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) of RBSTE. This study will examine the feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness of RBSTE compared to an active control (an adaptation of Present-Centered Therapy; PCT) in a Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare setting. A secondary aim is to identify and optimize strategies for holistic evaluation. METHODS: Veterans of Color (N = 48) endorsing perceived discrimination and stress will be randomized to RBSTE or PCT; both groups will be delivered in 8 weekly, 90-min virtual group sessions. Outcomes will include measures of psychological distress, discrimination and ethnoracial identity, holistic wellness, and allostatic load. Measures will be administered at baseline and post-intervention. CONCLUSION: This study will inform future interventions targeting identity-based stressors and represents an important step in advancing equity for BIPOC in medicine and research. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05422638.


Assuntos
Racismo , Racismo Sistêmico , Humanos , Racismo/psicologia , Atenção à Saúde , Saúde Mental
18.
J Clin Psychopharmacol ; 32(3): 317-22, 2012 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22544013

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Published research on agitation is limited by the difficulty in generalizing findings from trials using moderately agitated, carefully selected patients treated with single agents. More specifically, there are few comparative studies examining common intramuscular (IM) regimens (ie, haloperidol with or without benzodiazepines) with IM atypical antipsychotics. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective chart review to compare IM olanzapine and haloperidol in a "real-world" population with agitation. METHOD: We performed a retrospective evaluation of charts from 146 consecutive emergency department patients who received either IM haloperidol or IM olanzapine for agitation. We used a clinically oriented proxy marker of efficacy--the necessity for additional medication intervention for agitation (AMI)--as our primary outcome measure. RESULTS: Additional medication intervention for agitation was required by 43% (13/30) patients when haloperidol was given alone and by 18% (13/72) when haloperidol was given with a benzodiazepine. In the case of olanzapine, AMI was required by 29% (6/21) of patients receiving olanzapine alone and by 18% (2/11) of patients given olanzapine plus a benzodiazepine. A significant percentage of patients had clinical characteristics (nonpsychiatric triage complaint, drug/alcohol use, severe agitation) that differ from more selective samples. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these finding suggest that in a naturalistic emergency department setting, haloperidol monotherapy is less effective--at least in requiring AMI--than olanzapine with or without a benzodiazepine or haloperidol plus a benzodiazepine. Moreover, these later 3 regimens seemed comparable. Prospective studies examining the treatment of real-world agitation, including head-to-head comparisons of the haloperidol-benzodiazepine combination with newer IM antipsychotics, are needed.


Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Benzodiazepinas/uso terapêutico , Haloperidol/uso terapêutico , Agitação Psicomotora/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Antipsicóticos/administração & dosagem , Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Benzodiazepinas/administração & dosagem , Benzodiazepinas/efeitos adversos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Quimioterapia Combinada/efeitos adversos , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Haloperidol/administração & dosagem , Haloperidol/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Injeções Intramusculares , Masculino , Prontuários Médicos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Olanzapina , Agitação Psicomotora/complicações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/complicações
19.
Addict Biol ; 17(3): 648-58, 2012 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21182570

RESUMO

Methamphetamine (METH) is an increasing popular and highly addictive stimulant associated with autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction, cardiovascular pathology and neurotoxicity. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been used to assess autonomic function and predict mortality in cardiac disorders and drug intoxication, but has not been characterized in METH use. We recorded HRV in a sample of currently abstinent individuals with a history of METH dependence compared to age- and gender-matched drug-free comparison subjects. HRV was assessed using time domain, frequency domain, and non-linear entropic analyses in 17 previously METH-dependent and 21 drug-free comparison individuals during a 5 minute rest period. The METH-dependent group demonstrated significant reduction in HRV, reduced parasympathetic activity, and diminished heartbeat complexity relative to comparison participants. More recent METH use was associated with increased sympathetic tone. Chronic METH exposure may be associated with decreased HRV, impaired vagal function, and reduction in heart rate complexity as assessed by multiple methods of analysis. We discuss and review evidence that impaired HRV may be related to the cardiotoxic or neurotoxic effects of prolonged METH use.


Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Anfetaminas/complicações , Arritmias Cardíacas/induzido quimicamente , Metanfetamina/efeitos adversos , Simpatomiméticos/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Arritmias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/induzido quimicamente , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Eletrocardiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
20.
Am J Emerg Med ; 30(7): 1196-201, 2012 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22633728

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Agitation has significant consequences for patients and staff. When verbal techniques fail, expert guidelines recommend the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Perhaps out of familiarity with haloperidol and benzodiazepines, emergency department (ED) clinicians often pair SGAs with benzodiazepines as well. Use of SGAs such as olanzapine in alcohol-intoxicated (ETOH+) patients or with benzodiazepines is not well studied and may be associated with vital sign abnormalities. METHODS: This is a structured chart review of all patient visits who received either oral or intramuscular (i.m.) olanzapine in an academic ED from 2004 to 2010 and who had systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation documented before medication administration and within 4 hours afterwards. RESULTS: Four hundred eighty-two patient visits received olanzapine; 275 patient visits (225 oral, 50 i.m.) had vital signs documented. Neither route of administration, concurrent benzodiazepines, nor ingestion of ETOH were associated with significant decreases in systolic BP or heart rate (P = ns for all comparisons). Decreases in oxygen saturations, however, were significantly larger in ETOH+ patients who received i.m. olanzapine or i.m. olanzapine + benzodiazepines. Route of administration, concurrent benzodiazepines, nor ingestion of ETOH was associated with significant decreases in systolic blood pressure or heart rate (p = ns for all comparisons). Decreases in oxygen saturations, however, were significantly larger in ETOH+ patients who received i.m. olanzapine or i.m. olanzapine + benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS: Oral olanzapine was not associated with significant vital sign changes in ED patients. Intramuscular olanzapine also was not associated with vital sign changes in ETOH- patients. In ETOH+ patients, i.m. olanzapine was associated with significant oxygen desaturations. In ETOH+ ED patients, oral olanzapine (with or without benzodiazepines) or haloperidol may be safer choices. ETOH+ patients may have differential effects with the use of i.m. SGAs such as olanzapine and should be studied separately in drug trials.


Assuntos
Intoxicação Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Benzodiazepinas/uso terapêutico , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Oxigênio/sangue , Administração Oral , Adulto , Antipsicóticos/administração & dosagem , Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Benzodiazepinas/administração & dosagem , Benzodiazepinas/efeitos adversos , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Medicamentosas , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Injeções Intramusculares , Masculino , Olanzapina , Agitação Psicomotora/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Retrospectivos
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