Optimizing conservation in species-specific agricultural landscapes.

Recovery of grassland birds in agricultural landscapes is a global imperative. Agricultural landscapes are complex, and the value of resource patches may vary substantially among species. The spatial extent at which landscape features affect populations (i.e., scale of effect) may also differ among species. There is a need for regional-scale conservation planning that considers landscape-scale and species-specific responses of grassland birds to environmental change. We developed a spatially explicit approach to optimizing grassland conservation in the context of species-specific landscapes and prioritization of species recovery and applied it to a conservation program in Kentucky (USA). We used a hierarchical distance-sampling model with an embedded scale of effect predictor to estimate the relationship between landscape structure and abundance of eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), field sparrows (Spizella pusilla), and northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). We used a novel spatially explicit optimization procedure rooted in multi-attribute utility theory to design alternative conservation strategies (e.g., prioritize only northern bobwhite recovery or assign equal weight to each species' recovery). Eastern meadowlarks and field sparrows were more likely to respond to landscape-scale resource patch adjacencies than landscape-scale patch densities. Northern bobwhite responded to both landscape-scale resource patch adjacencies and densities and responded strongly to increased grassland density. Effects of landscape features on local abundance decreased as distance increased and had negligible influence at 0.8 km for eastern meadowlarks (0.7-1.2 km 95% Bayesian credibility intervals [BCI]), 2.5 km for field sparrows (1.5-5.8 km 95% BCI), and 8.4 km for bobwhite (6.4-26 km 95% BCI). Northern bobwhites were predicted to benefit greatly from future grassland conservation regardless of conservation priorities, but eastern meadowlark and field sparrow were not. Our results suggest similar species can respond differently to broad-scale conservation practices because of species-specific, distance-dependent relationships with landscape structure. Our framework is quantitative, conceptually simple, customizable, and predictive and can be used to optimize conservation in heterogeneous ecosystems while considering landscape-scale processes and explicit prioritization of species recovery.

La recuperación de las aves de pastizal en los paisajes agrícolas es una obligación mundial. Los paisajes agrícolas son complejos y el valor de los fragmentos con recursos puede variar sustancialmente entre especies. La magnitud espacial a la que las características del paisaje afectan a las poblaciones (es decir, la escala del efecto) también puede diferir entre especies. Existe la necesidad de una planeación de la conservación a escala regional que considere la escala de paisaje y las respuestas específicas de especie de aves de pastizal al cambio ambiental. Desarrollamos una estrategia espacialmente explícita para optimizar la conservación de pastizales en el contexto de los paisajes de especies específicas y la priorización de la recuperación de especies y la aplicamos a un programa de conservación en Kentucky (E.U.A.). Usamos un modelo jerárquico de muestreo a distancia con una escala integrada del efecto pronosticador para estimar la relación entre la estructura del paisaje y la abundancia de la alondra oriental de pradera (Sturnella magna), el gorrión de campo (Spizella pusilla) y la codorniz norteña (Colinus virginianus). Usamos un novedoso procedimiento de optimización espacialmente explícito basado en la teoría de utilidad multicaracterística para diseñar estrategias de conservación alternativas (p. ej.: priorizar solamente la recuperación de la codorniz norteña o asignar una importancia idéntica a la recuperación de cada especie). La alondra y el gorrión tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de responder a la proximidad de fragmentos con recursos a escala de paisaje que a la densidad de fragmentos a escala de paisaje. La codorniz respondió tanto a la proximidad de fragmentos con recursos a escala de paisaje como a la densidad y también respondió fuertemente al incremento en la densidad del pastizal. Los efectos de las características del paisaje sobre la abundancia local disminuyeron conforme incrementó la distancia, representando una influencia insignificante a los 0.8 km para la alondra (0.7-1.2 km 95% de intervalos de credibilidad bayesiana [ICB]), a los 2.5 km para el gorrión (1.5-5.8 km 95% ICB) y a los 8.4 km para la codorniz (6.4-26 km 95% ICB). Se pronosticó que la codorniz se beneficiaría enormemente con la conservación futura de los pastizales sin importar las prioridades de conservación, pero no fue el caso para la alondra y el gorrión. Nuestros resultados sugieren que especies similares pueden responder de manera diferente a las prácticas de conservación a escalas generalizadas debido a las relaciones específicas de especie y dependientes de la distancia con la estructura del paisaje. Nuestro marco de trabajo es cuantitativo, conceptualmente simple, adaptable y predictivo y puede usarse para optimizar la conservación en los ecosistemas heterogéneos a la vez que considera los procesos a escala de paisaje y la priorización explícita de la recuperación de las especies.

Effects of grazing strategy on facultative grassland bird nesting on native grassland pastures of the Mid-South USA.

Understanding how livestock grazing strategies of native warm season grasses (NWSG) can impact facultative grassland bird nesting can provide insight for conservation efforts. We compared pre and post treatment effects of rotational grazing (ROT) and patch-burn grazing (PBG) for facultative grassland bird species nest success and nest-site selection on NWSG pastures at three Mid-South research sites. We established 14, 9.7 ha NWSG pastures and randomly assigned each to either ROT or PBG and monitored avian nest-site selection and nest success, 2014-2016. We collected nesting and vegetation data in 2014, before treatment implementation, as an experimental pre-treatment. We implemented treatments across all research sites in spring 2015. We used a step-wise model selection framework to estimate treatment effect for ROT or PBG on avian nest daily survival rate (DSR) and resource selection function (RSF) at the temporal scale and within-field variables. Daily survival rates were 0.93% (SE = 0.006) for field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), 0.96% (SE = 0.008) for red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), and 0.92% (SE = 0.01) for indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea). Model support for PBG treatment and vegetation height were indicated as negative and positive influences for field sparrow DSR, respectively. Red-winged blackbirds' DSR were negatively influenced by ROT while vegetation height positively affected DSR, and DSR for indigo bunting did not differ among treatments. Combined RSF models indicated nest-site selection for all species was positively related to vegetation height and only weakly associated with other within-field variables. We provide evidence that ROT and/or PBG effects vary by species for DSR for these three facultative grassland birds, and vegetation characteristics affected their nest-site selection in the Mid-South USA. A lack of disturbance in Mid-South grasslands can lead to higher successional stages (i.e., mix shrub-grassland), but some combination of ROT, PBG, and unburned/ungrazed areas can provide adequate nesting habitat on small pasture lands (∼1.8 -7.8 ha) for various facultative grassland birds and potentially offer the opportunity to simultaneously maintain livestock production and grassland bird nesting habitat.