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To determine the characteristics of pediatric patients 0-19 years of age who died after onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Japan during January 1-September 30, 2022, we reviewed multiple sources. We identified 62 cases, collected detailed information from medical records and death certificates, and conducted interviews, resulting in 53 patients with detailed information for our study. Among 46 patients with internal causes of death (i.e., not external causes such as trauma), 15% were <1 year of age, 59% had no underlying disease, and 88% eligible for vaccination were unvaccinated. Nonrespiratory symptoms were more common than respiratory symptoms. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest affected 46% of patients, and time from symptom onset to death was <7 days for 77%. Main suspected causes of death were central nervous system abnormalities (35%) and cardiac abnormalities (20%). We recommend careful follow-up of pediatric patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first week after symptom onset, regardless of underlying diseases.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/mortalidade , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Criança , Japão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adolescente , Recém-Nascido , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In Japan, large-scale mumps epidemics recur every 4-6 years because of low vaccination coverage. This study aimed to describe the seroprevalence of mumps in the Japanese population and identify the age groups most affected. The prevalence of anti-mumps antibodies was evaluated based on 1000 serum samples obtained from the Japanese National Serum Reference Bank. These samples consisted of 50 sera for each of 10 different age groups, collected during 2007-2008 (pre-epidemic period) and 2012-2013 (post-epidemic period). Seropositivity was lowest in the 6-11 months subgroup (3% and 0% in pre- and post-epidemic periods, respectively) and highest in the 10-14 years group (66% and 72% in pre- and post-epidemic periods, respectively). A comparison of anti-mumps antibody prevalence throughout the two periods considered revealed a large rise in seropositivity among the 2004-2008 birth cohort, using that of the 1-4 years group as representative in the pre-epidemic period (from 22% in pre- to 58% in post-epidemic periods; p = 0.0002). These results indicate that most people likely gain antibodies to the mumps virus during their childhood, especially during the first epidemic that they experience after their second year of life. Therefore, children should be vaccinated against mumps soon after their first birthday for effective prevention.
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Sarampo , Caxumba , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão) , Anticorpos Antivirais , Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Caxumba/epidemiologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , VacinaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Japan, the voluntary vaccination rate is not known accurately. Although two doses of the measles and rubella vaccines have been part of the universal vaccine program since 2006, the varicella vaccine was added in October 2014 while the mumps vaccine still remains voluntary. The aim of this study was to evaluate trends in the live measles, rubella, varicella and mumps vaccination rates in Japan. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center between October 2012 and December 2016. Patients aged 1-2 years who were admitted to the Department of General Pediatrics were enrolled. The trend in the vaccination rate against measles, rubella, varicella, and mumps was examined. RESULTS: The measles and rubella vaccination rate was 80-90%. The varicella vaccination rate in the second quarter of 2012, the third quarter of 2014, and the fourth quarter of 2016 was 34.6%, 67.1%, and 80.7%, respectively. The mumps vaccination rate in the second quarter of 2012, the third quarter of 2014, and the fourth quarter of 2016 was 27.6%, 59.5%, and 61.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The varicella and mumps vaccination rate improved until 2014 despite the fact that they were voluntary vaccinations. After varicella vaccination was added to the universal vaccination program, the varicella vaccination rate continued to improve. The mumps vaccination, which was not included, failed to improve, suggesting that the universal vaccination program contributed to increasing the uptake of the vaccines it includes.
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Vacina contra Varicela , Vacina contra Caxumba , Vacinação/tendências , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Hospitais Pediátricos , Humanos , Programas de Imunização , Lactente , Japão , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Vacina contra Sarampo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Vacina contra Rubéola , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) respiratory infections in children were reported globally in 2014. In Japan, there was an EV-D68 outbreak in the autumn of 2015 (September-October). The aim of this study was to compare EV-D68-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive and EV-D68-specific PCR-negative patients. METHODS: Pediatric patients admitted for any respiratory symptoms between September and October 2015 were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for multiplex respiratory virus PCR and EV-D68-specific reverse transcription-PCR. EV-D68-specific PCR-positive and -negative patients were compared regarding demographic data and clinical information. RESULTS: A nasopharyngeal swab was obtained from 76 of 165 patients admitted with respiratory symptoms during the study period. EV-D68 was detected in 40 samples (52.6%). Median age in the EV-D68-specific PCR-positive and -negative groups was 3.0 years (IQR, 5.5 years) and 3.0 years (IQR, 4.0 years), respectively. The rates of coinfection in the two groups were 32.5% and 47.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the history of asthma or recurrent wheezing, length of hospitalization, or pediatric intensive care unit admission rate between the groups. The median days between symptom onset and admission was significantly lower for the EV-D68-positive group (3.0 days vs 5.0 days, P = 0.001). EV-D68 was identified as clade B on phylogenetic analysis. No cases of acute flaccid myelitis were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the samples from the children admitted with respiratory symptoms were positive for EV-D68-specific PCR during the outbreak. Asthma history was not associated with the risk of developing severe respiratory infection.
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Surtos de Doenças , Enterovirus Humano D/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , DNA Viral/análise , Enterovirus Humano D/genética , Infecções por Enterovirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Enterovirus/virologia , Feminino , Hospitais Pediátricos , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Filogenia , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Background: Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) can result in severe neurologic disease with high mortality. Most IAE cases are reported among children worldwide. Understanding of IAE among adults is limited. Methods: Data were collected on IAE cases reported through the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases database in Japan from 2010 through 2015. IAE cases were stratified by age category and analyzed using descriptive statistics to assess differences in characteristics and outcomes. Results: Among 385 IAE cases, median age at diagnosis was 7 years (range, 0-90), and 283 (74%) were aged <18 years. Mean seasonal incidence of IAE cases among children and adults (aged ≥18 years) was 2.83 and 0.19 cases per 1000000 population, respectively. IAE incidence did not vary by predominant influenza A virus subtype. IAE frequency was highest in school-aged (5-12 years) children (38%), followed by children aged 2-4 years (21%) and adults aged 18-49 years (11%). The proportion of cases with seizures was more common in children. There were more cases with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis among adults than in children (P < .01), especially among those aged 18-49 (17%) and 50-64 (19%) years. Case fatality proportion was highest in those aged 40-64 (17%) and ≥65 (20%) years. Conclusions: We found differences in the clinical features of IAE between adults and children in Japan. Although IAE incidence was higher in children, mortality was higher in adults. Efforts are needed to prevent and improve survival of patients with IAE, especially in adults.
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Encefalopatias/mortalidade , Encefalopatias/virologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Influenza Humana/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Resultados da Assistência ao Paciente , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Heterozygous dominant-negative mutations of STAT1 are responsible for autosomal-dominant Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (AD-MSMD). So far, only 7 mutations have been previously described and are localized to 3 domains: the DNA-binding domain, the SH2 domain, and the tail segment. In this study, we demonstrated the first coiled-coil domain (CCD) mutation of c.749G>C, p.G250A (G250A) in STAT1 as a genetic cause of AD-MSMD in a patient with mycobacterial multiple osteomyelitis. This de novo heterozygous mutation was shown to have a dominant-negative effect on the gamma-activated sequence (GAS) transcriptional activity following IFN-γ stimulation, which could be attributable to the abolished phosphorylation of STAT1 from the wild-type (WT) allele. The three-dimensional structure of STAT1 revealed the G250 residue was located distant from a cluster of residues affected by gain-of-function mutations responsible for chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.
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Predisposição Genética para Doença , Infecções por Mycobacterium/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT1/genética , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Mutação , Domínios ProteicosRESUMO
Cases of infection with hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae are gradually increasing in number, and cause life-threatening community-acquired infection even in immunocompetent patients. A 14-year-old boy developed septic hip arthritis due to hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (sequence type 23, serotype K1, magA positive). The patient initially seemed to have been successfully treated with antibiotics and surgical intervention, but septic arthritis developed into osteomyelitis of the femoral head and myositis, which required long-term antibiotic therapy and additional surgical intervention. This is the first pediatric case of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae septic hip arthritis. Treatment plans should mainly consist of antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention. Clinicians, even pediatricians, in developed countries should be aware of the increasing incidence of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.
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OBJECTIVE: An open-label study was conducted to compare the safety and immunogenicity of a sequential administration of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) between an interval of 0.5 (0.5-y) and 1 year (1.0-y) in adults aged ≥ 65 years. METHODS: Pneumococcal vaccine-naïve adults aged ≥ 65 years (n = 129) received a sequential administration with an interval of 0.5-y or 1.0-y or received a single administration of PPSV23 (single PPSV23). We evaluated the immunogenicity before and 1 month after each vaccination and at 0.5-y intervals for 2 years. The primary endpoint was the increase in geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) of immunoglobulin G (IgG) or opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) for eight common serotypes one month after one dose of PPSV23. The secondary endpoint was the safety profile for one dose of PPSV23. RESULTS: One month after administration of PPSV23, the GMFRs of IgG considerably increased for five of eight serotypes in the 1.0-y interval group, whereas the GMFRs of IgG considerably increased for two serotypes in the 0.5-y interval group. Furthermore, GMFRs of OPA markedly increased for all eight serotypes in the 1.0-y interval group, while GMFRs of OPA markedly increased for four serotypes in the 0.5-y interval group. At 2 years after initial vaccination, GMFRs of IgG or OPA were higher for all serotypes, except for serotype 3, than those in the single PPSV23 group irrespective of intervals. No significant difference was found in the frequencies of local reactions of all grades between the two intervals. CONCLUSIONS: The 1.0-y interval provided better booster effects induced by PPSV23 than those of the 0.5-y interval in a sequential administration in pneumococcal vaccine-naïve adults aged ≥ 65 years. No difference was found in the safety profile between both intervals.
Assuntos
Infecções Pneumocócicas , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Humanos , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Método Duplo-Cego , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Imunoglobulina G , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , Vacinas ConjugadasRESUMO
Background: Based on routine surveillance data, Japan has been affected much less by COVID-19 compared with other countries. To validate this, we aimed to estimate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and examine sociodemographic factors associated with cumulative infection in Japan. Methods: A population-based serial cross-sectional seroepidemiological investigation was conducted in five prefectures in December 2021 (pre-Omicron) and February-March 2022 (Omicron [BA.1/BA.2]-peak). Anti-nucleocapsid and anti-spike antibodies were measured to detect infection-induced and vaccine/infection-induced antibodies, respectively. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between various factors and past infection. Results: Among 16 296 participants (median age: 53 [43-64] years), overall prevalence of infection-induced antibodies was 2.2% (95% CI: 1.9-2.5%) in December 2021 and 3.5% (95% CI: 3.1-3.9%) in February-March 2022. Factors associated with past infection included those residing in urban prefectures (Tokyo: aOR 3.37 [95% CI: 2.31-4.91], Osaka: aOR 3.23 [95% CI: 2.17-4.80]), older age groups (60s: aOR 0.47 [95% CI 0.29-0.74], 70s: aOR 0.41 [95% CI 0.24-0.70]), being vaccinated (twice: aOR 0.41 [95% CI: 0.28-0.61], three times: aOR 0.21 [95% CI: 0.12-0.36]), individuals engaged in occupations such as long-term care workers (aOR: 3.13 [95% CI: 1.47-6.66]), childcare workers (aOR: 3.63 [95% CI: 1.60-8.24]), food service workers (aOR: 3.09 [95% CI: 1.50-6.35]), and history of household contact (aOR: 26.4 [95% CI: 20.0-34.8]) or non-household contact (aOR: 5.21 [95% CI:3.80-7.14]) in February-March 2022. Almost all vaccinated individuals (15 670/15 681) acquired binding antibodies with higher titers among booster dose recipients. Conclusions: Before Omicron, the cumulative burden was >10 times lower in Japan (2.2%) compared with the US (33%), the UK (25%), or global estimates (45%), but most developed antibodies owing to vaccination.
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COVID-19 , Vacinas , Humanos , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Japão/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , SARS-CoV-2 , Anticorpos AntiviraisRESUMO
As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks in healthcare facilities are a serious public health concern, we performed a case-control study to investigate the risk of COVID-19 infection in healthcare workers. We collected data on participants' sociodemographic characteristics, contact behaviors, installation status of personal protective equipment, and polymerase chain reaction testing results. We also collected whole blood and assessed seropositivity using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and microneutralization assay. In total, 161 (8.5%) of 1,899 participants were seropositive between August 3 and November 13, 2020. Physical contact (adjusted odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1-5.6) and aerosol-generating procedures (1.9, 1.1-3.2) were associated with seropositivity. Using goggles (0.2, 0.1-0.5) and N95 masks (0.3, 0.1-0.8) had a preventive effect. Seroprevalence was higher in the outbreak ward (18.6%) than in the COVID-19 dedicated ward (1.4%). Results showed certain specific risk behaviors of COVID-19; proper infection prevention practices reduced these risks.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine administration started in February 2021 in Japan. As of December 2021, approximately 75% of the population aged ≥12 years had received two doses of vaccine. We conducted a study to investigate vasovagal reactions (VVR) after COVID-19 vaccination using data on adverse events following immunization. The crude reporting rate of VVR (cases/1,000,000 doses) after vaccination was 9.6 in all age groups combined, and was more frequent in the younger age groups: 28.6 and 37.2 in individuals aged 10-19 years and 20-29 years, respectively. In individuals aged 10-29 years, the rate was similar in males and females (33.0 and 34.2, respectively, p = 0.53); but was higher after dose 1 than after dose 2 (57.4 and 8.8, respectively, p < 0.001). Based on these results, caution needs to be exercised when vaccinating adolescents and young adults, especially with dose 1 of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Síncope Vasovagal , Adolescente , Adulto , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Síncope Vasovagal/induzido quimicamente , Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Japan amended the recommended age for the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination to less than 6 months after 2005, but subsequently amended the recommended age to 5-8 months (latest amendment, <1 year) in April 2013 due to the increasing incidence of BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis since 2005. METHODS: We collected data on BCG-associated vaccine adverse events (VAEs) in the population aged <1 year between April 2013 and March 2017. The incidence of BCG-associated VAE was analyzed using census and vaccine coverage data from the government website. We compared the incidence of VAEs in patients vaccinated at less than 6 months with those vaccinated at 6 months or older. RESULTS: Among the 581 BCG-associated VAEs recorded during the study period, 354 (61%) were male, and the average age at vaccination was 5.7 months. The incidence of VAEs per million population aged <1 year at vaccination was highest for suppurative lymphadenitis (63.7), followed by skin lesions (38.4), and BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis (3.1). Disseminated BCG and anaphylaxis were rare (1.1 and 1.6%, respectively). The incidence of VAEs in the population vaccinated at <6 months of age was higher for BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis (3.8) and disseminated BCG (1.3) than in the population vaccinated at ≥6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The population vaccinated at <6 months of age was more likely to develop BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis than the population vaccinated at ≥6 months of age, indicating that the change in the recommended vaccination age in 2013 might have contributed to the subsequent decrease in the incidence of BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis.
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Vacina BCG , Osteíte , Osteomielite , Vacina BCG/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Osteíte/etiologia , Osteomielite/induzido quimicamente , Osteomielite/complicações , Vacinação/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is a recently described clinicoradiologic syndrome. Clinically, a prolonged febrile seizure is followed by subsequent seizures which occur several days after the initial seizure. On MRI, reduced diffusion appears predominantly in the frontoparietal subcortical white matter at the time of the subsequent seizures. The main symptom between the initial and subsequent seizures is disturbance of consciousness. We report a case with AESD who presented 1) reduced diffusion on MRI which was dominant in the occipital lobe, and 2) reversible visual disturbance followed by higher brain dysfunction such as a cognitive deficit and disturbed speech. A 2-year-old Japanese girl was admitted because of visual disturbance which appeared 4 days after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure associated with fever. Two days later, she had another seizure when MRI revealed reduced diffusion in the subcortical white matter. The MRI finding was not typical of AESD in that reduced diffusion appeared dominantly in the occipital lobe. Normal ophthalmologic findings and abnormal visual evoked potential results suggested that her visual disturbance was due to an impaired visual pathway in the subcortical white matter in the occipital lobe. The present case indicates that there is a subgroup of AESD in which the subcortical lesion seen on MRI is dominant in the occipital lobe.
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Encefalopatias/fisiopatologia , Convulsões/complicações , Doença Aguda , Encefalopatias/diagnóstico , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Lobo Occipital/patologia , Transtornos da Visão/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The antibody response after pneumococcal vaccines and their effectiveness against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients with interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) deficiency have not been fully evaluated. Here, we evaluated pneumococcal serotype-specific opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) in IRAK4-deficient patients along with their clinical course. METHODS: We investigated 6 IRAK4-deficient patients in Japan, whose attending physicians could be contacted. We performed OPA measurements using stored and more recent serum samples obtained from these patients. RESULTS: All patients had received pneumococcal vaccination. Among the 3 patients who had IPD, 2 had an episode of pneumococcal meningitis and the other developed pneumococcal bacteremia 3 years after the occurrence of pneumococcal meningitis. Only one episode of invasive bacterial infection was caused by a Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine-type strain. An increased opsonization index was found in the sera after vaccination for all IRAK-deficient patients, including when the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was used. CONCLUSIONS: A significant increase in levels of OPA against most of the pneumococcal vaccine antigens was observed for all IRAK4-deficient patients. However, IPD could not be prevented by pneumococcal vaccination alone. Therefore, adequate prophylaxis should be provided with antibiotics at least until 8 years of age, along with regular immunoglobulin therapy, particularly during the infantile period.
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Formação de Anticorpos , Opsonização , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Doenças da Imunodeficiência Primária/imunologia , Adolescente , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Quinases Associadas a Receptores de Interleucina-1/imunologia , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Sorogrupo , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologiaRESUMO
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes several invasive infections such as meningitis, septic arthritis, and pneumonia, especially in children below 5 years old. Despite the availability of Hib vaccines against Hib infection, seroepidemiological surveys of Hib infections have not yet been systematically conducted in Japan. We analyzed 1,338 serum samples, provided by the National Serum Reference Bank of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Tokyo, Japan), from 0- to 5-year-old children. Anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels against Hib were determined using an anti-H. influenzae IgG enzyme immunoassay kit. In a total of 1,168 (87.3%) serum samples from children, anti-PRP IgG antibody levels were ≥ 0.15 µg/mL, providing natural immunity. Titers expected to provide long-term protection (≥ 1 µg/mL) were increased from 2.7% to 51.6% in children < 1 year old after the introduction of Hib vaccine (1980, 5.3%; 1995, 2.7%; 2010, 22%; 2012, 51.6%). Our data confirmed that the introduction of Hib vaccination in children below 5 years old increased the proportion of children having high anti-PRP IgG antibody levels, ensuring long-term protection against Hib.
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Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Infecções por Haemophilus/epidemiologia , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/imunologia , Cápsulas Bacterianas , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Infecções por Haemophilus/imunologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Tóquio/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of the candidates of the novel pneumococcal protein vaccines. The seroepidemiology of naturally acquired anti-PspA immunoglobulin G (IgG) by clades, across a wide range of ages has not been investigated. METHODS: We examined the concentrations of anti-PspA IgG by clades (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) in 397 sera from persons aged 0-≥70 years by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and determined the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) by age group. The relationships between concentrations of anti-PspA IgG antibody for each clade for each person were also assessed. RESULTS: GMC of anti-PspA IgG was lowest, highest, and plateaued in those aged 6-11 months, 5-9-years, and 20-49 years, respectively. It gradually declined in those aged > 70 years. GMCs patterns in different age groups were similar for all clades. Correlations were found especially within the same PspA family (between clades 1 and 2 or clades 4 and 5). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggested that most people acquired anti-PspA IgG across clades 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 during childhood. These results would be a fundamental data of clade-specific anti-PspA IgG antibodies.
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Imunoglobulina G , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Idoso , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Criança , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Streptococcus pneumoniaeRESUMO
This case-control study investigated immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) risk following live, inactivated, and simultaneous vaccination, with a focus on infants aged < 2 years. We matched case patients with ITP to one or two control patients with other diseases by institution, hospital visit timing, sex, and age. We calculated McNemar's pairwise odds ratios (ORs [95% confidence interval]) with 114 case-control pairs. The case group had 27 (44%) males and 22 (35%) infants, and the control group included 49 (43%) males and 42 (37%) infants. For all age groups, the McNemar's OR for ITP occurrence was 1.80 (0.54-6.84, p = 0.64) for all vaccines. Among infants, these were 1.50 (0.17-18.0, p = 0.50) for all vaccines, 2.00 (0.29-22.1, p = 0.67) for live vaccines, and 1.00 (0.01-78.5, p = 0.50) for inactivated vaccines. Sex-adjusted common ORs for simultaneous vaccination were 1.52 (0.45-5.21, p = 0.71) for all vaccines, 1.83 (0.44-7.59, p = 0.40) for inactivated vaccines only, and 1.36 (0.29-6.30, p = 0.69) for mixed live and inactivated vaccines. In infants, these were 1.95 (0.44-8.72, p = 0.38), 1.41 (0.29-6.94, p = 0.67) and 2.85 (0.43-18.9, p = 0.28), respectively. These limited data suggest no significant ITP risk following vaccinations or simultaneous vaccination in any age group, including infants.
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Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/etiologia , Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Atenuadas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Vivas não Atenuadas/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Risco , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Vivas não Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
On 12 February 2015, a local health department (LHD) in Shizuoka prefecture identified two reported rubella cases in its jurisdiction as employees of the same company. As other employees at the company resided both inside and outside of the health department's jurisdiction, it began collaborating with two additional LHDs and the National Institute of Infectious Diseases to investigate and respond to the outbreak, which subsequently identified cases in two additional companies. We obtained epidemiological, clinical, and outbreak response information from the national epidemiological surveillance of infectious disease system's database, the local health departments, and the associated companies. One specimen for genetic sequencing was collected from each of the three companies. The outbreak included a total of twenty-five cases, with seventeen confirmed and eight probable cases from three companies. Among them, 24 (96%) were male, 22 (88%) were employees of one company (Company X), and none had rubella vaccination history. The median age was 45 years (interquartile range: 40-51). Epidemiological information did not reveal the source of infection nor transmission route. All rubella viruses sequenced from the three specimens were classified into genotype 1E. The nucleotide sequences in the 739 bp-window region were completely identical in two specimens, with only one nucleotide difference in the third specimen. According to phylogenetic analysis, these strains were closely related to the Southeast and East Asian lineage. This rubella outbreak at three companies, ranging in size from small- to medium-size, in Japan occurred among unvaccinated employees aged at least 30 years, most of whom were male. Virologic analyses suggest all cases were infected with the same viral strain imported from Southeast Asia. Similar to these companies, most employees at small- and medium-size businesses in Japan are males with no vaccination history for rubella, which poses a serious risk for associated cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
Assuntos
Vírus da Rubéola , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão) , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Vírus da Rubéola/genéticaRESUMO
In Japan, the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) was changed to 2 types of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), the standalone conventional IPV (cIPV) and the Sabin-derived IPV combined with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP-sIPV), for routine immunization in 2012. We evaluated polio vaccination coverage and the seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies using data from the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (NESVPD) from 2011 to 2015. Several years before the introduction of IPV in 2012, OPV administration for children was refused by some parents because of concerns about the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Consequently, in children aged <1â¯years who were surveyed in 2011-2012, polio vaccination coverage (45.0-48.8%) and seropositivity rates for poliovirus (type 1: 51.7-65.9%, type 2: 48.3-53.7%, and type 3: 15.0-29.3%) were decreased compared to those surveyed in 2009. However, after IPV introduction, the vaccination coverage (95.5-100%) and seropositivity rates (type 1: 93.2-96.6%, type 2: 93.1-100%, and type 3: 88.6-93.9%) increased among children aged <1â¯years in 2013-2015. In particular, seropositivity rates and geometric mean titers (GMTs) for poliovirus type 3 in <5-year-old children who received 4 doses of IPV (98.5% and 247.4, respectively) were significantly higher than in those who received 2 doses of OPV (72.5% and 22.9, respectively). Furthermore, in <5-year-old children who received 4 doses of either DTaP-sIPV or cIPV, the seropositivity rates and the GMTs for all 3 types of poliovirus were similarly high (96.5-100% and 170.3-368.8, respectively). Our findings from the NESVPD demonstrate that both the vaccination coverage and seropositivity rates for polio remained high in children after IPV introduction.
Assuntos
Poliomielite/epidemiologia , Poliomielite/prevenção & controle , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado/imunologia , Poliovirus/imunologia , Vacinação , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Cobertura VacinalRESUMO
A 1-month-old girl developed respiratory failure due to bilateral interstitial pneumonia after bathing in reheated and reused water. A molecular test for sputum and an environmental culture detected Legionella pneumophila serotype 1. This is the first report of infantile legionellosis contracted from a bathtub at home.