Chlovalicin B, a Chlorinated Sesquiterpene Isolated from the Marine Mushroom Digitatispora marina.

As part of our search for bioactive metabolites from understudied marine microorganisms, the new chlorinated metabolite chlovalicin B (1) was isolated from liquid cultures of the marine basidiomycete Digitatispora marina, which was collected and isolated from driftwood found at Vannøya, Norway. The structure of the novel compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR and analysis of HRMS data, revealing that 1 shares its molecular scaffold with a previously isolated compound, chlovalicin. This represents the first compound isolated from the Digitatispora genus, and the first reported fumagillin/ovalicin-like compound isolated from Basidiomycota. Compound 1 was evaluated for antibacterial activities against a panel of five bacteria, its ability to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation, for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and for cytotoxic activities against malignant and non-malignant human cell lines. Compound 1 displayed weak cytotoxic activity against the human melanoma cell line A2058 (~50% survival at 50 µM). No activity was detected against biofilm formation or C. albicans at 50 µM, or against bacterial growth at 100 µM nor against the production of cytokines by the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 at 50 µM.

LR-selHSQMBC: Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of Very Weak Long-Range Heteronuclear NMR Correlations.

The optimum detection and accurate measurement of longer-range (4 J and higher) heteronuclear NMR correlations is described. The magnitude and/or the sign of a wide range of large and small long-range couplings can be simultaneously determined for protonated and non-protonated 13 C and 15 N nuclei using the LR-selHSQMBC experiment.

LR-HSQMBC versus LR-selHSQMBC: Enhancing the Observation of Tiny Long-Range Heteronuclear NMR Correlations.

The detection of ultra-long-range (4JCH and higher) heteronuclear connectivities can complement the conventional use of HMBC/HSQMBC data in structure elucidation NMR studies of proton-deficient natural products, where two-bond and three-bond correlations are usually observed. The performance of the selHSQMBC experiment with respect to its broadband HSQMBC counterpart is evaluated. Despite its frequency-selectivity nature, selHSQMBC efficiently prevents any unwanted signal phase and intensity modulations due to passive proton-proton coupling constants typically involved in HSQMBC. As a result, selHSQMBC offers a significant sensitivity enhancement and provides pure in-phase multiplets, improving the detection levels for short- and long-range cross-peaks corresponding to small heteronuclear coupling values. This is particularly relevant for experiments optimized to small nJCH values (2-3 Hz), referred to as LR-selHSQMBC, where key cross-peaks that are not visible in the equivalent broadband LR-HSQMBC spectrum can become observable in optimum conditions.

Simultaneous Enantiospecific Detection of Multiple Compounds in Mixtures using NMR Spectroscopy.

Chirality plays a fundamental role in nature, but its detection and quantification still face many limitations. To date, the enantiospecific analysis of mixtures necessarily requires prior separation of the individual components. The simultaneous enantiospecific detection of multiple chiral molecules in a mixture represents a major challenge, which would lead to a significantly better understanding of the underlying biological processes; for example, via enantiospecifically analysing metabolites in their native environment. Here, we report on the first in situ enantiospecific detection of a thirty-nine-component mixture. As a proof of concept, eighteen essential amino acids at physiological concentrations were simultaneously enantiospecifically detected using NMR spectroscopy and a chiral solvating agent. This work represents a first step towards the simultaneous multicomponent enantiospecific analysis of complex mixtures, a capability that will have substantial impact on metabolism studies, metabolic phenotyping, chemical reaction monitoring, and many other fields where complex mixtures containing chiral molecules require efficient characterisation.

Interleaved Dual NMR Acquisition of Equivalent Transfer Pathways in TOCSY and HSQC Experiments.

A dual NMR data acquisition strategy to handle and detect two active equivalent transfer pathways is presented and discussed. We illustrate the power of this time-efficient approach by collecting two different 2D spectra simultaneously in a single experiment: i) TOCSY or HSQC-TOCSY spectra with different mixing times, ii) F2-13 C-coupled and decoupled HSQC spectra, iii) conventional and pure-shift HSQC spectra, or iv) complementary HSQC and HSQC-TOCSY spectra.

Simultaneous acquisition of two 2D HSQC spectra with different 13C spectral widths.

A time-efficient NMR strategy that involves the interleaved acquisition of two 2D HSQC spectra having different spectral widths in the indirect 13C dimension is presented. We show how the two equivalent coherence transfer pathways involved in sensitivity-enhanced HSQC experiments are managed selectively and detected separately in different FID periods within the same scan. The feasibility of this new SADA-HSQC (Spectral Aliasing in Dually Acquired HSQC) technique is demonstrated by recording simultaneously two complementary datasets, conventional and highly-resolved spectral-aliased 2D HSQC spectra, in a single NMR experiment. Combining the information from both datasets, accurate chemical shift determination and excellent signal dispersion is achieved in a unique measurement using only few t1 increments.

Broadband homodecoupled time-shared 1H-13C and 1H-15N HSQC experiments.

The concepts of pure-shift NMR and time-shared NMR are merged in a single experiment. A 13C/15N time-shared version of the real-time BIRD-based broadband homodecoupled HSQC experiment is described. This time-efficient approach affords simultaneously 1H-13C and 1H-15N pure-shift HSQC spectra in a single acquisition, while achieving substantial gains in both sensitivity and spectral resolution. We also present a related 13C/15N-F2-coupled homodecoupled version of the CLIP-HSQC experiment for the simultaneous measurement of 1JCH and 1JNH from the simplified doublets observed along the direct dimension. Finally, a novel J-resolved HSQC experiment has been designed for the simple and automated determination of both 1JCH/1JNH from a 2D J-resolved spectrum.

Implementing one-shot multiple-FID acquisition into homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR experiments.

Multiple-FID acquisition (MFA) within the same scan is applied to acquire simultaneously multiple 2D spectra from a single NMR experiment. A discussion on the incorporation of the MFA strategy in several homonuclear and heteronuclear 2D pulse sequences is presented. As a proof of concept, a set of novel COSY, TOCSY and HMBC experiments are reported as a time-efficient solution in small-molecule NMR spectroscopy.