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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different acid etching time and bonding agent (silane and/or adhesive system) on biaxial flexural strength and physico-chemical properties of a lithium disilicate ceramic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred twenty ceramic discs were made and divided into 8 groups (n = 15) according to factors "etching time" (20 and 120 s) with hydrofluoric acid (HF) and "bonding agent" (C, no bonding agent; S, silane, A, adhesive; and SA, silane + adhesive). After surface treatment, a resin cement layer was applied to the surface and all specimens were subjected to biaxial flexural strength (BFS) test with treated surfaces loaded in tension (1 mm/min). The Weibull analyses and complementary analyses were also performed. Statistical analysis was done with 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: ANOVA revealed that the factors "etching time" (p = 0.0003) and "bonding agent" (p = 0.007) were statistically significant. In the overall analysis, the HF120S group (272.02 ± 35.30A MPa) presented significantly higher BFS than that of HF120C (218.45 ± 17.15CD MPa) and HF20S (228.40 ± 37.83BCDMPa). On the other hand, the HF20A group (208.92 ± 31.16D MPa) had significantly lower BFS than HF120S (272.02 ± 35.30A), HF120A (254.42 ± 26.87ABC) and HF120SA (259.30 ± 36.55AB) groups (Tukey). The Weibull modulus (m) of all groups was significantly different from each other (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of etching time, the application of silane alone is sufficient to increase the flexural strength of glass ceramic, eliminating the need for the application of adhesive systems. Moreover, if only silane or adhesive is applied, 120-s HF application should increase the flexural resistance of the lithium disilicate ceramic. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Applications of adhesive systems after silanization can be suppressed from the surface treatment protocol of glass ceramics, since it does not improve their mechanical strength.
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Colagem Dentária , Resistência à Flexão , Silanos/química , Condicionamento Ácido do Dente/métodos , Colagem Dentária/métodos , Cimentos Dentários , Propriedades de Superfície , Teste de Materiais , Porcelana Dentária/química , Cerâmica/química , Cimentos de Resina/química , Ácido Fluorídrico/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical periodontal parameters of teeth restored with a single ceramic crown, with and without crown lengthening procedure. METHODS: This prospective, longitudinal, controlled, and single-blinded clinical trial involved 22 patients with a total of forty-one teeth with ceramic crowns. The teeth were divided into two groups: test (n = 21), comprising teeth rehabilitated post crown-lengthening surgery, and control (n = 20), comprising teeth rehabilitated without crown-lengthening surgery. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were compared between groups (surgically treated and non-surgically treated) and within each group for each type of site (treated -tt; adjacent - ad; and nonadjacent - nad). Additionally, gingival phenotype (GP), gingival recession (GR), and keratinized tissue width (KTW) were also assessed post- restoration. Statistical analyses used a significance level set at 5 %. RESULTS: PI, GI, and BoP were reduced, but no statistically significant differences were observed within each group or between groups for most follow-up periods. CAL of the TT sites was consistently higher in the test group, and PD was also higher in the test group (p < 0.05), except at T3. adPD, nadPD, adCAL, and nadCAL demonstrated no significant differences between groups and periods. A significant association was identified between GP and the occurrence of GR, with the thick-flat phenotype demonstrating less association with GR, regardless of whether crown lengthening was performed or not. CONCLUSION: Crown-lengthening surgery in rehabilitated teeth does not significantly affect PI and GI after 12 months. Although crown-lengthening surgery affected PD and CAL in TT sites, it did not affect adjacent and non-adjacent sites. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings emphasize the importance of considering individual patient factors and the potential impact on periodontal tissues when planning crown-lengthening surgery. Clinicians must have a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the periodontal tissues involved in restorative treatments to optimize the procedure, increase success rates, and minimize potential complications.
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Aumento da Coroa Clínica , Coroas , Índice de Placa Dentária , Índice Periodontal , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Aumento da Coroa Clínica/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Método Simples-Cego , Retração Gengival/cirurgia , Cerâmica/química , Estudos Longitudinais , Gengiva/cirurgia , Perda da Inserção Periodontal/cirurgia , Porcelana Dentária/química , Adulto Jovem , Bolsa Periodontal/cirurgiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of adhesive type and long-term aging on the shear bond strength (SBS) between silica-based ceramics and composite cement (CC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lithium-silicate (LS), feldspathic (FD) and polymer-infiltrated ceramic (PIC) blocks were sectioned (10 x 12 x 2 mm) and divided into 24 groups considering the factors: "ceramics" (LS, FD, and PIC), "adhesive" (Ctrl: without adhesive; 2SC: 2-step conventional; 3SC: 3-step conventional; 1SU: 1-step universal), and "aging" (non-aged or aged [A]). After the surface treatments, CC cylinders (n = 15, Ø = 2 mm; height = 2 mm) were made and half of the samples were subjected to thermocycling (10,000) and stored in water at 37°C for 18 months. The samples were submitted to SBS testing (100 kgf, 1 mm/min) and failure analysis. Extra samples were prepared for microscopic analysis of the adhesive interface. SBS (MPa) data was analyzed by 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). Weibull analysis was performed on the SBS data. RESULTS: All factors and interactions were significant for SBS (p<0.05). Before aging, there was no significant difference between the tested groups and the respective control groups. After aging, the LS_1SU (22.18 ± 7.74) and LS_2SC (17.32 ± 5.86) groups exhibited significantly lower SBS than did the LS_Ctrl (30.30 ± 6.11). Only the LS_1SU group showed a significant decrease in SBS after aging vs without aging. The LS_1SU (12.20) group showed the highest Weibull modulus, which was significantly higher than LS_2SC_A (2.82) and LS_1SU_A (3.15) groups. CONCLUSION: No type of adhesive applied after silane benefitted the long-term adhesion of silica-based ceramics to CC in comparison to the groups without adhesive.
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Cerâmica , Colagem Dentária , Teste de Materiais , Cimentos de Resina , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Dióxido de Silício , Dióxido de Silício/química , Cerâmica/química , Fatores de Tempo , Cimentos de Resina/química , Desenho Assistido por Computador , Propriedades de Superfície , Análise do Estresse Dentário , Cimentação/métodos , Porcelana Dentária/química , Humanos , Resinas Compostas/química , Cimentos Dentários/química , Compostos de Potássio/química , Silicatos de Alumínio/química , TemperaturaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of recycling of lithium disilicate (LD), surface treatment and thermocycling (TC) on the bond strength (SBS) to resin cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blocks of LD were made according to the recycling cycle, with 24 blocks for each strategy: Control-conventional sintering; 1R (1 recycling cycle) and 3R (3 recycling cycles). For the recycling groups, blocks were waxed (10x10x3mm), mounted in a silicone ring, poured with investment material, and then residues of sintered LD blocks were pressed by the lost wax technique. The residual LD was reused as described until reach 3R. Afterwards, the blocks were embedded in acrylic resin, sanded and divided (n=15) according to the factors "surface treatment" (HF20s+Silane and HF120s+Silane and Monobond Etch&Prime- MEP) and TC (with/10.000 cycles and without). After surface treatment, cylinders (Ø:2mm) of resin cement were made and submitted to SBS test (100KgF,1mm/min). Data (MPa) were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA, Tukey's test (5%) and Weibull analysis. Failure analysis was performed with stereomicroscope. RESULTS: ANOVA revealed that all factors were significant (P=.000*). The group 3RMEP(105.09±19.49) presented the highest SBS among the experimental groups. 1RHF20sTc(7.50±1.97) group had the lowest SBS, similar to the CHF20sTc(15.69±3.77), 1RHF20s(15.12±3.03), 1RHF120sTc(14.60±3.43) and 3RHF20sTc(15.65±0.97). The Weibull modulus and characteristic strength varied among the experimental groups (P=0.0). Failure analysis revealed adhesive and mixed types. CONCLUSION: The recycling of DL ceramics increases the SBS to resin cement when the ceramic is treated with HF120s+S or MEP.
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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the biaxial flexural strength (BFS), surface roughness (Ra) and micro tensile bond strength (µTBS) of two CAD/CAM materials after different surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For µTBS, 64 human molars were used and 32 blocks of resin composite (RC-Lava Ultimate) and polymer-infiltrated ceramic (PIC -Vita Enamic). The blocks and teeth were distributed into 16 groups according to the factors "surface treatment" (HF: 10% hydrofluoric acid; APA: Al2O3 sandblasting; SC: silicate-Al2O3 sandblasting; MEP: Monobond Etch and Prime) and "thermal cycling" (TC). After cementation, the blocks were sectioned into 1 mm2 bars. Half of the specimens were thermocycled and submitted to µTBS test. For BFS, RC and PIC discs were made and distributed according to the surface treatments and after mechanical cycling, submitted to BFS test. Roughness, EDS, SEM, and Weibull analyses were also performed. Data were analyzed by (1 or 2-way) ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: For RC, SC and HF after TC showed significantly higher µTBS values. For PIC HF after TC showed higher µTBS than the other groups. For RC, the BFS was higher for MEP than Al2O3 and SC. For PIC, none of the surface treatments influenced BFS. CONCLUSION: The highest µTBS for RC was obtained with SC followed by silanization and for PIC, HF followed by silanization. The RC showed lower strength after Al2O3 blasting. For PIC all surface treatments resulted in similar BFS.
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Colagem Dentária , Resistência à Flexão , Cerâmica/química , Resinas Compostas/química , Desenho Assistido por Computador , Dentina , Humanos , Teste de Materiais , Polímeros , Cimentos de Resina/química , Propriedades de Superfície , Resistência à TraçãoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of two surface conditioning methods, namely conventional hydrofluoric acid vs self-etching primer, and the application of adhesive on the bond strength of resin cement to CAD/CAM glass-ceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blocks (N = 96) (12 x 10 x 2.5 mm) were manufactured, 24 for each tested ceramic type: lithium silicate ceramic (LS), polymer-infiltrated ceramic (PIC), leucite-reinforced feldspathic ceramic (FD), and lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic (LD). For bond strength testing, 64 blocks were randomly divided into 16 groups (4 blocks per group) according to the following factors: ceramic: 4 levels; etching: 2 levels (HFS: hydrofluoric acid + silane or Monobond Etch & Prime [MEP]); and adhesive application: 2 levels, with (signified as A) and without. Then for each group, 15 resin cement cylinders (AllCem Dual, FGM) were built up. All specimens were subjected to thermocycling (10,000 cycles) and to shear bonding strength testing (SBS) (100 kgf, 0.5 mm/min). Mean shear stresses (MPa) were statistically analyzed by three-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Weibull analysis. RESULTS: The mean bond strength of group PIC-HFS-A (28.45 ± 7.6 MPa) was significantly higher than that of groups LS-HFS-A (12.11 ± 2.7MPa) and FDHFSA (20.86 ± 2.0MPa). Group PIC-HFS bond strength (25.02 ± 6.5 MPa) was significantly higher only when compared to group LS-HFS (15.82 ± 4.4 MPa). The LS group presented lower SBS compared to all other groups. No significant differences were found between HFS and MEP surface treatments. CONCLUSION: Surface treatment with MEP promotes adhesion similar to that of HFS. Additional application of adhesive after the surface treatments did not improve the bond strength.
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Colagem Dentária , Cimentos de Resina , Cerâmica/química , Cimentos Dentários , Porcelana Dentária/química , Ácido Fluorídrico/química , Lítio , Teste de Materiais , Silanos , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different surface finishing and polishing regimes and low temperature degradation on flexural strength, phase transformation and surface topography of ultra-translucent ZrO2 ceramic. METHODS: 300 (n=15/group) of conventional zirconia (Z: Ice Zirkon Transluzent) and ultra-translucent zirconia (UT: Prettau Anterior) bar-specimens were made and divided according to the "Finishing/Polishing" - (C - Control, B - diamond rubber polishers, P - adjusting with burs, PB - adjusting with burs+diamond polishers, PG - adjusting with burs+glaze), "Low temperature Degradation (LTD)" (with or without a treatment at 127°C, 1.7bar/24h). Then, a 3-point mini flexural test was performed in a universal testing machine (1mm/min, 500kgf load cell). SEM, EDS, XDR, AFM, optical profilometry and Weibull analysis were performed. Data were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (5%). RESULTS: Groups ZPBD (1670±253MPa), ZBD (1664±217MPa), and ZB (1655±3678MPa) showed significantly higher flexural strength than the UTPG group (372±56MPa). The Weibull modulus was significantly higher for the ZPD group compared to the UB, UCD, UPD and UPBD, while UTB, UTCD and UTPD had the lowest value. Monoclinic phases were observed only in the conventional zirconia groups and were more evident after LTD. Diamond rubber polishers presented less roughness for both zirconias. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of diamond rubber polishers is the most suitable finishing/polishing method for zirconia ceramic restorations and that final glazing reduces the fracture resistance of these materials.
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Polimento Dentário , Resistência à Flexão , Cerâmica , Teste de Materiais , Propriedades de Superfície , Temperatura , ZircônioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To evaluate, in vitro, the effects of the cooling protocol, application technique, and veneering ceramic thickness on the fracture resistance of ceramic crowns with Y-TZP frameworks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 80 frameworks were made from zirconia by the CAD/CAM technique and divided into 8 groups (n = 10) according to the factors: "application technique" (stratified-L and pressed -P), "thickness" (1 mm and 2 mm), and "cooling protocol" (slow-S and fast-F) of the feldspathic veneering ceramic. After, all crowns were cemented over G10 preparations with resin cement (Panavia F, Kuraray), mechanically cycled (2x106 cycles, 200 N, 3Hz), and subjected to the axial compression resistance test (0.5 mm/min, 10 kN). The data (N) underwent descriptive statistical analysis by 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). Fracture analysis was performed to determine the possible origin of failure. RESULTS: The factors "cooling protocol" (P=0.0058) and "application" technique (P=0.0001) influenced the fracture resistance of the crowns. For pressed veneer technique, the P2S (4608.9±464.5). A presented significantly higher results than that P2F(3621.1±523.0)BCD (Tukey's test). For the stratified technique, this difference was not observed (P>0.05). The thickness of the veneering ceramic was not significant regardless of the cooling protocol and technique (P>0.05). The predominant failure mode was chipping of the ceramic veneer originating in the subsurface. CONCLUSIONS: The pressed technique, used with a slow-cooling protocol, leads to the best outcome for the veneering of all-ceramic crowns. Key words:Zirconia, ceramics, cooling protocol, thickness, application technique.
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METHODOLOGY: This paper aims to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on surface topography, wettability, and shear bond strength of resin cement to glass ceramic. For SBS test, 32 blocks (7x7x2 mm) of lithium disilicate were obtained and randomly divided into eight groups (four blocks per group) according to each surface treatment (HF 20 s, 60 s, 120 s + silanization/S or Scotch Bond Universal/ SBU) and the Monobond Etch & Prime - MEP application followed or not by SBU. On each treated surface ceramic block, up to four dual-curing resin cement cylinders were prepared and light-cured for 40s (N=120/n=15). The specimens were thermocycled (10,000 cycles, 5-55°C, 30 s) and the SBS test (50KgF, 0.5 mm/min) was performed. Furthermore, failure analysis, wettability, AFM, and SEM were carried out. SBS data (MPa) were analyzed using Student's t-test, two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test (5%) and Weibull's analysis. RESULTS: For HF experimental groups, two-way ANOVA presented the factors "etching time" and "bonding agent" as significant (p<0.05). After silane application, the HF groups presented similar bond strength. SBU application compromised the SBS, except for 120s etching time (HF120sS: 23.39áµ±6.48 MPa; HF120sSBU: 18.76áµ±8.81MPa). For MEP groups, SBU application did not significantly affect the results (p=0.41). The MEP group presented the highest Weibull modulus (4.08A) and they were statistically different exclusively from the HF20sSBU (0.58B). CONCLUSION: The HF 20s, 60s, 120 s followed by silane, promoted similar resin-bond strength to ceramic and the SBU application after HF or MEP did not increase the SBS.
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Cerâmica , Colagem Dentária , Porcelana Dentária , Molhabilidade , Cimentos Dentários , Teste de Materiais , Cimentos de Resina , Silanos , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of surface conditioning methods and aging on the repair bond strength between resin composite and nanoceramic CAD/CAM resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four blocks of nanoceramic CAD/CAM resin (NCR) (Lava Ultimate, 3M Oral Care) (10 x 5 x 2 mm3) and resin composite (Filtek Z350, 3M Oral Care) (RC) were made, embedded in acrylic resin, polished (#600, #800, #1200) and randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 12 each) according to surface conditioning methods (air abrasion with 30-µm CoJet [CJ] or air abrasion with 50-µm Al2O3 [AB]) and aging prior to repair (without aging, 24 h in water at 37°C; with aging 6 months in water at 37°C). The blocks were air abraded (20 s, 2.5 bar, 10 mm) using a standardized device. A layer of adhesive resin (Scotchbond Universal) was applied (20 s) and photopolymerized for 20 s. RC cylinders (Ø = 2 mm; h = 2 mm) were then bonded to the NCR substrates using a Teflon matrix and photopolymerized for 40 s. All specimens were thermocycled (10,000 cycles, 5°C-55°C) and submitted to the shear bond test (50 kgf, 0.5 mm/min) to measure repair strength. Data (MPa) were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Failure analysis was performed using stereomicroscopy (20X). RESULTS: ANOVA revealed a significant effect of only the "material" factor (p = 0.00). The group NCR6mCJ presented bond strengths (29.37 ± 5.41) which were significantly higher than those of the NCR24hCJ (20.88 ± 5.74) and RC groups (p < 0.05). The group RC24hCJ (19.71 ± 4.21) presented the lowest shear bond strength (p < 0.05). Failure analysis revealed predominantly type B mixed failures (adhesive+cohesive in the substrate material) except for the groups NCR24hCJ and NCR6mAB, where mainly type C failure (adhesive+cohesive at the RC) was observed. CONCLUSION: Air abrasion with Al2O3 particles or silicatization with CoJet followed by adhesive resin application are effective surface conditioning methods for the repair of nanoceramic CAD/CAM resin with resin composite.
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Abrasão Dental por Ar , Resinas Compostas , Resinas Acrílicas , Desenho Assistido por Computador , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration, etching time, and application of phosphoric acid (PA) followed by neutralization with sodium bicarbonate on the bond strength between a feldspar ceramic and resin cement. Thus, 80 blocks (10 x 12 x 2 mm) of glass ceramic (VM - Vita Mark II - Vita Zahnfabrik) were made and randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 10) according to the factors: HF concentration (5 and 10%), etching time (60 and 120 s), and use of phosphoric acid (PA) (with and without). According to the experimental group, 37% PA (Condac, FGM) was applied after HF etching for 60s. Afterwards, samples were immersed in sodium bicarbonate for 1 min then in an ultrasonic bath in distilled water (5 min) for cleaning. After surface bonding treatment, cylinders (Ø = 2 mm; h = 2 mm) of dual resin cement (AllCem / FGM) were made in the center of each block. The samples were then stored in water (37ºC) for 90 days and submitted to the shear bond test (50 KgF, 1 mm/min). Failure analysis was performed by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy. Data (MPa) were analyzed with 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Only the factor "HF concentration" was significant (p = 0.02). Most failures were of cohesive in ceramic (40%) and mixed types (42.5%). The 10% HF resulted in higher shear bond strength value than the 5% HF. Surface cleaning with phosphoric acid followed by sodium bicarbonate and HF time (60 or 120 seconds) did not influence the resin bond strength to feldspar ceramic.
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Silicatos de Alumínio/química , Colagem Dentária/métodos , Ácido Fluorídrico/química , Ácidos Fosfóricos/química , Compostos de Potássio/química , Análise de Variância , Porcelana Dentária/química , Teste de Materiais , Metacrilatos/química , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Cimentos de Resina/química , Resistência ao Cisalhamento/efeitos dos fármacos , Silanos/química , Propriedades de Superfície , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The air-particle-abrasion on zirconia in the gingival area of connectors and pontics in fixed partial dentures appears to increase fracture resistance. This study evaluated 'in situ' biofilm formation on the zirconia surface after different air-particle-abrasion protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety sintered blocks (5 × 5 × 2 mm) of yttrium partially stabilised zirconia (Y-TZP) were obtained and randomised among nine groups according to the factors 'type of particle' (Alumina 50 and 110 µm; Cojet and Rocatec) and 'pressure' (2.5 and 3.5 bar) used for sandblasting for 10 s. The surface roughness (Ra/Rz) was measured before and after sandblasting. For the in-situ analyses, custom-made removable intraoral devices n = 10 with one sample of each group attached to the buccal area were used by volunteers for 8 h at night. The specimens were analysed under confocal microscopy to quantify both biovolume and thickness of the initial biofilm formed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett's tests were performed (5%). RESULTS: The roughness values ranged from 0.05 to 0.39 µm for Ra and from 0.35 to 2.11 µm for Rz, p = 0.00. Mean biofilm thickness ranged from 0.06 and 0.54 µm (p = 0.005), while the biovolume values were between 0.02 and 0.61 µm3/µm2 (p = 0.002). Values statistically significant for biofilm thickness and biovolume were found in groups sandblasted with Rocatec using 3.5 bar. CONCLUSION: In order to increase the fracture resistance of zirconia fixed partial dentures (FPDs), the air particle abrasion of zirconia with SiO2 (110 µm/3.5 bar), in the gingival area of connectors and pontics, should be avoided.
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Colagem Dentária , Dióxido de Silício , Biofilmes , Materiais Dentários , Humanos , Teste de Materiais , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Propriedades de Superfície , ZircônioRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the application mode of three universal adhesive systems on interfacial physical properties of indirect composite restorations adhesively cemented to dentin cavities. Seventy-eight bovine lower incisors were selected and a slice of dentin (thickness: 2 mm) between the buccal surface and pulp chamber was obtained for each tooth. Conical cavities were made on this surface. The internal walls of the cavities were then coated with a hydrophilic gel, filled with composite resin and photopolymerized. The dentin/cone sets were divided into 6 groups (n=10) according to type of universal adhesive (TETRI: Tetric N Bond, FUT: Futura Bond U, SBU: Single Bond Universal) and acid etching on dentin (A: with acid etching; WA: without acid etching). The acid etching and the adhesive systems were applied to the surface of the dentin. All composite resin cones were sandblasted (Al2O3, 20 s) and silanized. After surface treatment, the cones were cemented (RelyX Ultimate) into the dentin cavity and photopolymerized. After thermocycling (10,000 cycles), samples were submitted to marginal adaptation analysis (using caries detector dye), push-out test (0.5 mm/min), and failure mode analysis. Additional samples were prepared for nanoleakage analysis (SEM). The data (MPa) were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (5%). The groups in which the dentin was acid etched showed significantly lower bond strength values in the push-out test (p<0.01). Dentin acid etching significantly reduced the bond strength between universal adhesive systems and dentin in indirect restorative procedures.
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Colagem Dentária , Adesivos Dentinários , Animais , Bovinos , Resinas Compostas , Cimentos Dentários , Cavidade Pulpar , Dentina , Teste de Materiais , Cimentos de Resina , Propriedades de Superfície , Resistência à TraçãoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the hydrofluoridric acid (HF) concentration and time of acid conditioning on bond strength of three glass ceramics to a resin cement. Thus, fifty blocks (10 mm x 5 mm x 2 mm) of each ceramic (LDCAD: IPS e.max CAD; LCAD: IPS Empress CAD and LDHP: IPS e.max Press) were made and embedded in acrylic resin. The surfaces were polished with sandpaper (#600, 800, 1000, and 1200 grits) and blocks were randomly divided into 15 groups (n = 10) according to the following factors: Concentration of HF (10% and 5%), conditioning time (20 s and 60 s) and ceramic (LDCAD, LDHP, and L). After conditioning, silane (Prosil / FGM) was applied and after 2 min, cylinders (Ø = 2 mm; h = 2 mm) of dual resin cement (AllCem / FGM) were made in the center of each block using a Teflon strip as matrix and light cured for 40 s (1,200 mW/cm2). Then, the samples were thermocycled (10,000 cycles, 5/55°C, 30s) and submitted to the shear bond test (50 KgF, 0.5 mm/min). The data (MPa) were analyzed with 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). Failure analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope (20x) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ANOVA revealed that the "concentration" factor (p = 0.01) and the interaction "acid concentration X ceramic" (p = 0.009) had a significant effect, however, the "ceramic" (p = 0.897) and "conditioning time" (p = 0.260) factors did not influence the results. The LDHP10%60s (10.98 MPa)aA* group presented significantly higher bond strength than LDHP10%20s (6.57 MPa)bA, LCAD5%20s (6,90 ±3,5)aB and LDHP5%60s (5.66 ± 2,9MPa)aA* groups (Tukey). Failure analysis revealed that 100% of specimens had mixed failure. In conclusion, etching with 5% HF for 20 seconds is recommended for lithium disilicate and leucite-reinforced CAD/CAM ceramics. However, for pressed lithium disilicate ceramic, 10% HF for 60 s showed significantly higher bond strength to resin cement.
Assuntos
Condicionamento Ácido do Dente , Cerâmica/química , Colagem Dentária/métodos , Ácido Fluorídrico/administração & dosagem , Porcelana Dentária/química , Análise do Estresse Dentário , Ácido Fluorídrico/química , Teste de Materiais , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Cimentos de Resina/química , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Propriedades de Superfície , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of primer-cement systems with different functional phosphate monomers on the adhesion of zirconia to dentin with and without aging protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bovine teeth (Nâ¯=â¯180) were embedded in acrylic resin after sectioning their roots with with their coronal parts exposed. The buccal surface of each tooth was polished with silicon carbide papers (#200, 400, 600) until dentin exposure. Sintered zirconia cylinders (Nâ¯=â¯180) (Ø: 3.4â¯mm; height: 4â¯mm) (Vita In-Ceram 2000) were prepared and distributed into 18 groups (nâ¯=â¯10 per group) considering the following factors: "Cementation System" (Panavia F - PAN; RelyX Ultimate - ULT, Multilink N - MULT) and "aging" (water storage in distilled water at 37⯰C for 24â¯h (control, C); 30 days (30D); 6 months (6â¯M) and thermocycling for 5000 (5TC), 10,000 (10TC) and 20,000 (20TC) thermal cycles (5-55⯰C; dwell time: 30â¯s)". Zirconia and dentin cementation surfaces were conditioned according to the recommendations of the manufacturers of each resin cement. The cylinders were adhesively cemented to the dentin surfaces and the specimens were submitted to the aging protocols. After aging, the specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test (SBS) (1â¯mm/min) in a Universal Testing Machine and failure types were analyzed. The data (MPa) were statistically using Kruskal-Wallis followed by the Dunn test (αâ¯=â¯5%). The degree of conversion (DC) rates of the cementing systems were also measured. RESULTS: While without aging (24â¯h) no significant difference was found between the cement systems (pâ¯>â¯0.05), after 30D (4.3-5.4), the highest decrease in all groups were observed after 5TC (1.5-2.3) (pâ¯<â¯0.05). Overall, MULT and ULT presented significantly higher results than that of PAN (pâ¯<â¯0.05). Pre-test failures during TC were more frequent in the PAN group. Complete adhesive failures at the cement/dentin interface were more frequent for MULT (30-80%) and PAN (10-70%) and for ULT (20-90%) at the cement/ceramic interface. DC of the tested cements did not show significant difference. CONCLUSION: Adhesion performance of the primer-cement systems with different functional phosphate monomers on zirconia-dentin complex varied as a function of aging strategies with MULT and ULT delivering higher bond strength values. When failure types considered, none of the cement systems performed well on both ceramic and dentin.
Assuntos
Cimentos Dentários/química , Dentina/química , Fosfatos/química , Zircônio/química , Adesividade , Animais , Bovinos , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Propriedades de Superfície , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-mode adhesive (SBU-Scotch Bond Universal/3M) as a substitute for silica coating and silane application on the bonding of zirconia ceramics to resin cement. One-hundred and twenty sintered zirconia ceramic blocks (5 x 5 x 5 mm) were obtained, finished by grounding with silicon carbide paper (#600, #800, #1000 and #1200) and randomly divided into 12 groups (n=10) in accordance with the factors "surface treatment" (ScSi - silicatization + silanization; ScSBU - silicatization + SBU; SBU - SBU without photoactivation and SBUp - SBU photoactivated) and "ceramic" (Lava / 3M ESPE, Ceramill Zirconia / Amann Girrbach and Zirkonzahn / Zirkonzahn). Dual resin cement cylinders (RelyX Ultimate/3M ESPE) were subsequently produced in the center of each block using a silicon matrix (Ø=2 mm, h=5 mm) and photoactivated for 40 s (1200 mW/cm2). The samples were stored for 30 days in distilled water (37ºC) and submitted to shear bond strength test (1 mm/min, 100 KgF). Data (MPa) were analyzed under ANOVA (2 levels) and Tukey test (5%). Complementary analyzes were also performed. ANOVA revealed that only the factor "surface treatment" was significant (p=0.0001). The ScSi treatment (14.28A) promoted statistically higher bond strength values than the other ScSBU (9.03B), SBU (8.47B) and SBUp (7.82B), which were similar to each other (Tukey). Failure analysis revealed that 100% of the failures were mixed. The silica coating followed by the silanization promoted higher bond strength values of resin cement and ceramic, regardless of the zirconia ceramic or SBU.
Assuntos
Cimentos Dentários , Silanos/química , Silicatos/química , Ítrio , Zircônio , Colagem Dentária , Análise do Estresse Dentário , Análise de Falha de Equipamento , Cimentos de Resina/química , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Espectrometria por Raios X , Resistência à Tração , Molhabilidade , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration, etching time, and application of phosphoric acid (PA) followed by neutralization with sodium bicarbonate on the bond strength between a feldspar ceramic and resin cement. Thus, 80 blocks (10 x 12 x 2 mm) of glass ceramic (VM - Vita Mark II - Vita Zahnfabrik) were made and randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 10) according to the factors: HF concentration (5 and 10%), etching time (60 and 120 s), and use of phosphoric acid (PA) (with and without). According to the experimental group, 37% PA (Condac, FGM) was applied after HF etching for 60s. Afterwards, samples were immersed in sodium bicarbonate for 1 min then in an ultrasonic bath in distilled water (5 min) for cleaning. After surface bonding treatment, cylinders (Ø = 2 mm; h = 2 mm) of dual resin cement (AllCem / FGM) were made in the center of each block. The samples were then stored in water (37ºC) for 90 days and submitted to the shear bond test (50 KgF, 1 mm/min). Failure analysis was performed by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy. Data (MPa) were analyzed with 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Only the factor "HF concentration" was significant (p = 0.02). Most failures were of cohesive in ceramic (40%) and mixed types (42.5%). The 10% HF resulted in higher shear bond strength value than the 5% HF. Surface cleaning with phosphoric acid followed by sodium bicarbonate and HF time (60 or 120 seconds) did not influence the resin bond strength to feldspar ceramic.
Assuntos
Ácidos Fosfóricos/química , Colagem Dentária/métodos , Compostos de Potássio/química , Silicatos de Alumínio/química , Ácido Fluorídrico/química , Valores de Referência , Silanos/química , Propriedades de Superfície , Fatores de Tempo , Teste de Materiais , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Análise de Variância , Cimentos de Resina/química , Resistência ao Cisalhamento/efeitos dos fármacos , Porcelana Dentária/química , Metacrilatos/químicaRESUMO
Abstract This paper aims to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on surface topography, wettability, and shear bond strength of resin cement to glass ceramic. Methodology: For SBS test, 32 blocks (7x7x2 mm) of lithium disilicate were obtained and randomly divided into eight groups (four blocks per group) according to each surface treatment (HF 20 s, 60 s, 120 s + silanization/S or Scotch Bond Universal/ SBU) and the Monobond Etch & Prime - MEP application followed or not by SBU. On each treated surface ceramic block, up to four dual-curing resin cement cylinders were prepared and light-cured for 40s (N=120/n=15). The specimens were thermocycled (10,000 cycles, 5-55°C, 30 s) and the SBS test (50KgF, 0.5 mm/min) was performed. Furthermore, failure analysis, wettability, AFM, and SEM were carried out. SBS data (MPa) were analyzed using Student's t-test, two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test (5%) and Weibull's analysis. Results: For HF experimental groups, two-way ANOVA presented the factors "etching time" and "bonding agent" as significant (p<0.05). After silane application, the HF groups presented similar bond strength. SBU application compromised the SBS, except for 120s etching time (HF120sS: 23.39ᵃ±6.48 MPa; HF120sSBU: 18.76ᵃ±8.81MPa). For MEP groups, SBU application did not significantly affect the results (p=0.41). The MEP group presented the highest Weibull modulus (4.08A) and they were statistically different exclusively from the HF20sSBU (0.58B). Conclusion: The HF 20s, 60s, 120 s followed by silane, promoted similar resin-bond strength to ceramic and the SBU application after HF or MEP did not increase the SBS.
Assuntos
Cerâmica , Colagem Dentária , Molhabilidade , Porcelana Dentária , Silanos , Propriedades de Superfície , Teste de Materiais , Cimentos de Resina , Cimentos DentáriosRESUMO
Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the application mode of three universal adhesive systems on interfacial physical properties of indirect composite restorations adhesively cemented to dentin cavities. Seventy-eight bovine lower incisors were selected and a slice of dentin (thickness: 2 mm) between the buccal surface and pulp chamber was obtained for each tooth. Conical cavities were made on this surface. The internal walls of the cavities were then coated with a hydrophilic gel, filled with composite resin and photopolymerized. The dentin/cone sets were divided into 6 groups (n=10) according to type of universal adhesive (TETRI: Tetric N Bond, FUT: Futura Bond U, SBU: Single Bond Universal) and acid etching on dentin (A: with acid etching; WA: without acid etching). The acid etching and the adhesive systems were applied to the surface of the dentin. All composite resin cones were sandblasted (Al2O3, 20 s) and silanized. After surface treatment, the cones were cemented (RelyX Ultimate) into the dentin cavity and photopolymerized. After thermocycling (10,000 cycles), samples were submitted to marginal adaptation analysis (using caries detector dye), push-out test (0.5 mm/min), and failure mode analysis. Additional samples were prepared for nanoleakage analysis (SEM). The data (MPa) were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (5%). The groups in which the dentin was acid etched showed significantly lower bond strength values in the push-out test (p<0.01). Dentin acid etching significantly reduced the bond strength between universal adhesive systems and dentin in indirect restorative procedures.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do modo de aplicação de três sistemas adesivos universais nas propriedades físicas interfaciais de restaurações indiretas de compósito adesivamente cimentadas a cavidades dentinária. Setenta e oito incisivos inferiores bovinos foram selecionados e uma fatia de dentina (espessura: 2 mm) entre a face vestibular e a câmara pulpar foi obtida para cada dente. Cavidades cônicas foram feitas nesta superfície. As paredes internas das cavidades foram então revestidas com um gel hidrofílico, preenchidas com resina composta, e fotopolimerizados. Os conjuntos dentina/cone foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=10) de acordo com o tipo de adesivo universal (TETRI: Tetric N Bond, FUT: Futura Bond U, SBU: Single Bond Universal) e ácido na dentina (A: com condicionamento ácido; WA: sem condicionamento ácido). O condicionamento ácido e os sistemas adesivos foram aplicados na superfície da dentina. Todos os cones de resina composta foram jateados (Al2O3, 20 s) e silanizados. Após o tratamento superficial, os cones foram cimentados (RelyX Ultimate) na cavidade dentinária e fotopolimerizados. Após a termociclagem (10.000 ciclos), as amostras foram submetidas a análise de adaptação marginal (usando corante detector de carie), teste push-out (0,5 mm/min) e análise do modo de falha. Amostras adicionais foram preparadas para análise de nanoinfiltração (MEV). Os dados (MPa) foram analisados por ANOVA dois fatores e pós-teste de Tukey (5%). Os grupos em que a dentina foi condicionada por ácido apresentaram valores significativamente menores de resistência de união no teste push-out (p<0,01). O condicionamento ácido da dentina reduziu significativamente a resistência de união entre sistemas adesivos universais e dentina em procedimentos restauradores indiretos.
Assuntos
Animais , Colagem Dentária , Adesivos Dentinários , Propriedades de Superfície , Resistência à Tração , Teste de Materiais , Bovinos , Resinas Compostas , Cimentos de Resina , Cimentos Dentários , Cavidade Pulpar , DentinaRESUMO
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the hydrofluoridric acid (HF) concentration and time of acid conditioning on bond strength of three glass ceramics to a resin cement. Thus, fifty blocks (10 mm x 5 mm x 2 mm) of each ceramic (LDCAD: IPS e.max CAD; LCAD: IPS Empress CAD and LDHP: IPS e.max Press) were made and embedded in acrylic resin. The surfaces were polished with sandpaper (#600, 800, 1000, and 1200 grits) and blocks were randomly divided into 15 groups (n = 10) according to the following factors: Concentration of HF (10% and 5%), conditioning time (20 s and 60 s) and ceramic (LDCAD, LDHP, and L). After conditioning, silane (Prosil / FGM) was applied and after 2 min, cylinders (Ø = 2 mm; h = 2 mm) of dual resin cement (AllCem / FGM) were made in the center of each block using a Teflon strip as matrix and light cured for 40 s (1,200 mW/cm2). Then, the samples were thermocycled (10,000 cycles, 5/55°C, 30s) and submitted to the shear bond test (50 KgF, 0.5 mm/min). The data (MPa) were analyzed with 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). Failure analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope (20x) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ANOVA revealed that the "concentration" factor (p = 0.01) and the interaction "acid concentration X ceramic" (p = 0.009) had a significant effect, however, the "ceramic" (p = 0.897) and "conditioning time" (p = 0.260) factors did not influence the results. The LDHP10%60s (10.98 MPa)aA* group presented significantly higher bond strength than LDHP10%20s (6.57 MPa)bA, LCAD5%20s (6,90 ±3,5)aB and LDHP5%60s (5.66 ± 2,9MPa)aA* groups (Tukey). Failure analysis revealed that 100% of specimens had mixed failure. In conclusion, etching with 5% HF for 20 seconds is recommended for lithium disilicate and leucite-reinforced CAD/CAM ceramics. However, for pressed lithium disilicate ceramic, 10% HF for 60 s showed significantly higher bond strength to resin cement.