RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has created unprecedented acute global health challenges. However, it also presents a set of unquantified and poorly understood risks in the medium to long term, specifically, risks to children whose mothers were infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during pregnancy. Infections during pregnancy can increase the risk of atypical neurodevelopment in the offspring, but the long-term neurodevelopmental impact of in utero COVID-19 exposure is unknown. Prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate children exposed in utero to SARS-CoV2 to define this risk. METHODS: We have designed a prospective, case-controlled study to investigate the long-term impacts of SARS-CoV2 exposure on children exposed in utero. Women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy will be recruited from Monash Health, the Royal Women's Hospital and Western Health (Melbourne, Australia) and Londrina Municipal Maternity Hospital Lucilla Ballalai and PUCPR Medical Clinical (Londrina, Brazil). A control group in a 2:1 ratio (2 non-exposed: 1 exposed mother infant dyad) comprising women who gave birth in the same month of delivery, are of similar age but did not contract SARS-CoV-2 during their pregnancy will also be recruited. We aim to recruit 170 exposed and 340 non-exposed mother-infant dyads. Clinical and socio-demographic data will be collected directly from the mother and medical records. Biospecimens and clinical and epidemiological data will be collected from the mothers and offspring at multiple time points from birth through to 15 years of age using standardised sample collection, and neurological and behavioural measures. DISCUSSION: The mapped neurodevelopmental trajectories and comparisons between SARS-CoV-2 exposed and control children will indicate the potential for an increase in atypical neurodevelopment. This has significant implications for strategic planning in the mental health and paediatrics sectors and long-term monitoring of children globally.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Lactente , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , RNA Viral , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Distorted maternal representations (DMRs)-mother's ideas, understanding, and feelings about the infant-shape early interaction and the emerging relationship. Distorted interactions reportedly affect infant attachment and socioemotional development and may be associated with maternal early adversity and trauma. Limited measures are available that could be used as screening tools of DMRs. The aims of this study were to (a) describe the development of the Mother-Infant Relationship Scale (MIRS) and (b) to evaluate its psychometric properties. The development and validation of the MIRS closely followed standard guidelines for the development of psychometric tests. Psychometric properties were examined across two samples: 78 adult psychiatric patients with features of borderline personality and 86 individuals from a nonclinical sample (N = 164). The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .91) for the clinical sample and adequate internal consistency (.78) for the nonclinical sample, excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .81), and good concurrent validity with an observational (Pearson's correlation coefficients = -.35 to -.54) and a representational measure (.53). Factor analysis revealed three components: DMRs specific to (a) maternal hostility/rejection of the infant, (b) issues about parenting/attachment, and (c) anxiety/helplessness about infant care. Findings suggest that the MIRS is a reliable and valid screening tool of DMRs. Potential uses in clinical and research settings are discussed.
Las Representaciones Maternas Distorsionadas (DMR) - ideas, comprensión y sentimientos de la madre sobre el infante - le dan forma a la temprana interacción y la naciente relación. Las interacciones distorsionadas, según se dice, afectan la unión afectiva y el desarrollo socio-emocional del infante y pudieran estar asociadas con la temprana adversidad y trauma maternos. Limitadas medidas están disponibles para ser usadas como herramientas de detección de DMR. Las metas de este estudio fueron (1) describir el desarrollo de la Escala de la Relación Madre-Infante (MIRS) y (2) evaluar sus propiedades sicométricas. El desarrollo y validación de MIRS siguió muy de cerca los parámetros estándares para el desarrollo de pruebas sicométricas. Las propiedades sicométricas fueron examinadas en 2 grupos muestras: 78 pacientes siquiátricos adultos con características de personalidad limítrofe y 86 individuos de un grupo muestra no clínico (N=164). La escala demostró una consistencia interna excelente (alfa de Cronbach .91) para el grupo muestra clínico y adecuada (.78) para el no clínico, una excelente confiabilidad de prueba y re-prueba (ICC .81), y una buena validez simultánea con una medida de observación (coeficientes de correlación de Pearson entre -.35 y -.54) y una de representación (.53). Los análisis de factores revelaron 3 componentes: específicas DMR para (1) hostilidad materna/rechazo del infante, (2) asuntos sobre crianza/afectividad, (3) ansiedad/sentirse sin ayuda acerca del cuidado del infante. Los resultados sugieren que MIRS es una herramienta de detección de DMR confiable y válida. Se discuten los posibles usos en escenarios clínicos y la investigación.
Les Représentations Maternelles Déformées (RMD en français) - les idées des mères, leur compréhension, leurs sentiments sur le nourrisson - donnent forme à l'interaction et à la relation qui émerge. Il semblerait que les interactions déformées affectent l'attachement du nourrisson et le développement socio-émotionnel et qu'elles pourraient être liées à l'adversité maternelle précoce et au trauma. Des mesures limitées sont disponibles qui pourraient être utilisées comme outils de dépistages des RMD. Dans ce contexte, les buts de cette étude étaient de (1) décrire le développement de l'Echelle de la Relation Mère-Nourrisson (MIRS en anglais) et (2) évaluer ses propriétés psychométriques. Le développement et la validation de la MIRS ont suivi attentivement les lignes directrices standard pour le développement de tests psychométriques. Les propriétés psychométriques ont été examinées au travers de 2 échantillons: 78 patients psychiatriques adultes avec des traits de la personnalité limite, et 86 individus d'un échantillon non-clinique (N=164). L'échelle a fait preuve d'une cohérence interne excellente (alpha de Cronbach ,91) pour l'échantillon clinique et adéquate (,78) pour l'échantillon non-clinique, ainsi que d'une fiabilité test-re-test excellente (ICC s81), tout comme d'une bonne validité simultanée avec une mesure d'observation (coefficients de corrélation de Pearson allant de -,35 à -,54) et une mesure de représentation (,53). L'analyse de facteurs a révélé 3 composantes spécifiques aux RMD (1) de l'hostilité/la rejection du nourrisson, (2) des problèmes de parentage/attachement, (3) de l'anxiété / du désarroi à propos du soin du nourrisson. Les résultats suggèrent que la MIRS est un outil fiable et valide de détection des RMD. Des utilisations possibles dans des milieux cliniques et des milieux de recherche sont discutés.
Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline , Cuidado do Lactente/psicologia , Comportamento Materno/psicologia , Relações Mãe-Filho/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/psicologia , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Psicometria/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Despite the longstanding theoretical association in the attachment literature between maternal trauma history and disturbances in the mother-infant interaction, few studies have investigated mechanisms of transmission of traumatogenic relational patterns in high-risk mother-infant dyads. This study investigated interrelationships among maternal trauma history, distorted maternal representations (DMRs, i.e. disturbed thoughts and feelings about the infant and self-as-parent), maternal mentalisation (i.e. capacity to conceive of self and other's intentions in terms of mental states including thoughts, feelings, and desires), and quality of interaction in a clinical sample of mothers with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) features and their infants (N = 61). Measures used included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Parent Development Interview, Mother-Infant Relationship Scale, Borderline Symptom Checklist-23, and the Emotional Availability Scales. The results indicated BPD features mediated the relationship between maternal trauma history and DMRs predicting disturbance in interaction. In addition, analyses showed that maternal mentalisation had a buffering effect between DMRs and maternal non-hostility and yet the severity of BPD features moderated the relationship between mentalisation and DMRs. The findings suggest postpartum borderline pathology may adversely impact the experience of being a parent for women with a relational trauma history including deficits in mentalisation (i.e. hypermentalising) and disturbances in the mother-infant interaction. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
A pesar de la larga asociación teorética en la literatura de la afectividad entre el historial de trauma materno y perturbaciones en la interacción madre-infante, pocos estudios han investigado mecanismos de transmisión de patrones de relación traumatogénicos en díadas madre-infante de alto riesgo. Este estudio investigó interrelaciones entre el historial de trauma materno, las distorsionadas representaciones maternas (DMR, v.g. pensamientos y sentimientos perturbados acerca del infante y de sí misma como madre), la mentalización materna (v.g. capacidad para concebir las intenciones propias y de otros en términos de estados mentales), y la calidad de interacción en un grupo muestra clínico de madres con características de Trastornos de Personalidad Limítrofe (BPD) y sus infantes (N = 61). Entre las medidas usadas están el Cuestionario de Trauma de Niñez, la Entrevista de Desarrollo de la Progenitora, la Escala de Relación Madre-Infante, la Lista de Verificación de Síntomas de Personalidad Limítrofe - 23, y las Escalas de Disponibilidad Emocional. Los resultados indicaron que las características BPD mediaron la relación entre el historial de trauma materno y las DMR prediciendo perturbaciones en la interacción. Es más, los análisis mostraron que la mentalización materna tenía un efecto amortiguador entre las DMR y la no hostilidad materna y aun así la severidad de las características BPD moderaron la relación entre la mentalización y las DMR. Los resultados sugieren que la patología limítrofe posterior al parto pudiera impactar adversamente la experiencia de ser madre para mujeres con historial de trauma, incluyendo déficits en la mentalización (v.g. la hipermentalización) y las perturbaciones en la interacción madre-infante. Se discuten las implicaciones para la investigación y la práctica clínica.
En dépit de la longue association théorique dans les recherches sur l'attachement entre le passé de trauma de la mère et les perturbations dans l'interaction mère-bébé, il existe peu d'études portant sur les mécanismes de transmission de patterns relationnels traumagénétiques chez les dyades mère-bébé à haut risque. Cette étude s'est penchée sur les interrelations entre le passé de trauma de la mère, des représentations maternelles déformées (des DMR, c'est-à-dire des pensées déformées ainsi que des sentiments déformés sur le bébé et soi-même en tant que parent), la mentalisation maternelle (c'est-à-dire la capacité de concevoir ses propres intentions ainsi que celles des autres en termes d'états mentaux), et la qualité de l'interaction chez un échantillon clinique de mères ayant les caractéristiques du trouble de la personnalité limite et leurs bébé (N = 61). Les mesures utilisées ont inclus le Questionnaire de Trauma de l'Enfance, l'Entretien du Développement du Parent, l'Echelle de Relation Mère-Bébé, la Checklist de Symptômes de la Personnalité Limite-23, ainsi que les Echelles de Disponibilité Emotionnelle. Les résultats ont indiqué que les traits de TPL affectaient la relation entre l'histoire de trauma de la mère et les DMS = R prédisant une perturbation dans l'interaction. De plus les analyses ont montré que la mentalisation maternelle faisait effet de tampon entre les DMR et la non-hostilité maternelle et pourtant la sévérité des traits TPL modérait la relation entre la mentalisation et les DMR. Les résultats suggèrent qu'une pathologie limite postpartum pourrait avoir un impact adverse sur l'expérience de parentage pour les femmes ayant un passé de trauma, y compris des déficits dans la mentalisation (par exemple, une hyper-mentalisation) et des perturbations dans l'interaction mère-bébé. Les implications pour les recherches et la pratique clinique sont discutées.
Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/psicologia , Emoções , Relações Mãe-Filho/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Pais/psicologia , Período Pós-Parto/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Background: Infection during pregnancy can increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. The impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on infant neurodevelopment is poorly understood. The maternal immune response to infection may be mimicked in rodent models of maternal immune activation which recapitulate altered neurodevelopment and behavioural disturbances in the offspring. In these models, epigenetic mechanisms, in particular DNA methylation, are one pathway through which this risk is conferred in utero to offspring. We hypothesised that in utero exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in humans may alter infant DNA methylation, particularly in genes associated with neurodevelopment. We aimed to test this hypothesis in a pilot sample of children in Victoria, Australia, who were exposed in utero to SARS-CoV-2. Methods: DNA was extracted from buccal swab specimens from (n = 4) SARS-CoV-2 in utero exposed and (n = 4) non-exposed infants and methylation status assessed across 850,000 methylation sites using an Illumina EPIC BeadChip. We also conducted an exploratory enrichment analysis using Gene Ontology annotations. Results: 1962 hypermethylated CpG sites were identified with an unadjusted p-value of 0.05, where 1133 CpGs mapped to 959 unique protein coding genes, and 716 hypomethylated CpG sites mapped to 559 unique protein coding genes in SARS-CoV-2 exposed infants compared to non-exposed. One differentially methylated position (cg06758191), located in the gene body of AFAP1 that was hypomethylated in the SARS-CoV-2 exposed cohort was significant after correction for multiple testing (FDR-adjusted p-value <0.00083). Two significant differentially methylated regions were identified; a hypomethylated intergenic region located in chromosome 6p proximal to the genes ZP57 and HLA-F (fwer <0.004), and a hypomethylated region in the promoter and body of the gene GAREM2 (fwer <0.036). Gene network enrichment analysis revealed differential methylation in genes corresponding to pathways relevant to neurodevelopment, including the ERBB pathway. Conclusion: These pilot data suggest that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in utero differentially alters methylation of genes in pathways that play a role in human neurodevelopment.