Nanoparticles in dermatologic surgery.

Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of science that involves the engineering of functional systems on the nanoscale (1-100 nm). Nanotechnology has been used in biomedical and therapeutic agents with the aim of providing novel treatment solutions where small molecule size may be beneficial for modulation of biologic function. Recent investigation in nanomedicine has become increasingly important to cutaneous pathophysiology, such as functional designs directed towards skin cancers and wound healing. This review outlines the application of nanoparticles relevant to dermatologic surgery.

Crisaborole 2% ointment for the treatment of intertriginous, anogenital, and facial psoriasis: A double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis of the intertriginous, anogenital, and facial regions remains a therapeutic challenge, with current algorithms lacking a topical agent that exhibits both high efficacy and minimal side effects. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of crisaborole 2% ointment-a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor-in the treatment of intertriginous, anogenital, and facial psoriasis. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled trial was conducted in 21 participants. Participants were randomized 2:1 to receive 4 weeks of twice-daily treatment with either crisaborole 2% ointment (n = 14) or vehicle ointment (n = 7), followed by 4 weeks of open-label treatment with crisaborole 2% ointment. Disease severity was measured by using the Target Lesion Severity Scale (TLSS). RESULTS: After 4 weeks, participants in the crisaborole group demonstrated 66% improvement compared with 9% in the vehicle group (P = .0011). Participants in the crisaborole group continued to experience improvement through the open-label phase, demonstrating 81% lesional improvement by week 8, with 71% of these participants achieving clinical clearance. There were no adverse events. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited to a single tertiary care center and small sample size. CONCLUSION: Treatment with crisaborole 2% ointment was well-tolerated and led to clinical improvement in participants with intertriginous, anogenital, or facial psoriasis.

Objective Evaluation of Skin Sensitivity Across Fitzpatrick Skin Types.

Context: Skin sensitivity may be best defined as self-reported intolerance to application of skincare products. It is commonly believed that individuals with darker skin are generally less sensitive, while those lighter skin are more sensitive. However, there is little objective data correlating sensitivity with skin type or with objective measures of sensitivity. Objective: This study assessed Fitzpatrick skin type and self-reported perception of skin sensitivity. Design: A single-blinded, lactic acid sting test was performed on the medial cheeks, where patients were randomized to receive room temperature 10% lactic acid on the left or right cheek with water applied to the contralateral cheek as a control. Outcome Measures: Stinging was assessed 1 minute after application of test solution to one cheek using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: There was a statistically significant difference in self-reported skin sensitivity in patients with Fitzpatrick skin types 1-3 vs 4-6 (73.6% vs 46.5%; P= 0.006). Patients who had higher perceived sensitivity were more likely to have objectively measured sensitivity as well, across all skin types (P<0.01). When stratified by skin type, a numerically higher percentage of subjects with Fitzpatrick skin types 1-3 experienced objective sensitivity compared to subjects with skin types 4-6 (45.6% vs 27.9; P=0.058). Conclusions: Patients with self-perceived skin sensitivity were more likely to develop objective stinging compared to those who did not report sensitivity. Skin sensitivity can occur across all skin types, and patients should be asked about self-perceptions of sensitivity as it is likely an indicator of true sensitivity. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(7): doi:10.36849/JDD.2020.5880.

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A Comparative Study to Evaluate Epidermal Barrier Integrity of Psoriasis Patients Treated With Calcipotriene/Betamethasone Topical Suspension Versus Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% Lotion.

BACKGROUND: Topical corticosteroids are known to impair the epidermal barrier, even after short-term use, whereas topical vitamin D analogues can have a reparative effect. Combination products using corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues have gained popularity in recent years and may provide a means to minimize skin atrophy in patients treated with topical corticosteroids. OBJECTIVE: To compare epidermal barrier function and cutaneous atrophy after 4 weeks of calcipotriene 0.005% and betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% topical suspension (Taclonex® TS) versus betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% lotion (Diprosone®). METHODS: Ten subjects with moderate plaque psoriasis were enrolled. Patients were randomized to apply calcipotriene 0.005%/betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% once daily to psoriasis plaques on one side of the body and betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% lotion twice daily to plaques on the other side. Biopsies were performed at baseline and after four weeks of treatment to evaluate for epidermal and dermal changes. RESULTS: Treatment with betamethasone lotion resulted in significant decreases in epidermal thickness and dermal thickness. In contrast, treatment with calcipotriene/betamethasone did not lead to significant decreases in epidermal thickness or dermal thickness. Comparing betamethasone and calcipotriene/betamethasone, there was a significantly greater reduction in epidermal thickness with betamethasone lotion versus calcipotriene/betamethasone (P less than .0001). Relative differences in dermal thickness and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate that treatment of plaque psoriasis with a combination topical corticosteriod and calcipotriene product results in greater preservation of the skin layers relative to topical corticosteroid use alone. These results hold important ramifications for minimizing cutaneous atrophy in patients receiving treatment with topical corticosteroid .

Assessment of Efficacy and Irritation of Ingenol Mebutate Gel 0.015% Used With or Without Dimethicone Lotion for Treatment of Actinic Keratosis on the Face.

Background: Ingenol mebutate gel 0.015% provides high clearance rates for actinic keratosis (AK) on the face and scalp but causes transient local skin responses (LSRs).

Objective: This study sought to determine whether the application of 1% dimethicone would decrease ingenol mebutate-associated LSRs and/or affect efficacy during the treatment of multiple AKs on the face.

Methods: Ingenol mebutate gel 0.015% was applied for 3 days to two 25 cm2 areas, each containing 3 to 8 AKs on the face of each subject, followed by application of 1% dimethicone lotion in an investigator-blinded manner to one randomly selected AK-containing area until LSRs were no longer present.

Results: In total, 20 subjects were enrolled and completed the study. Topical 1% dimethicone lotion applied during and after treatment of facial AK with ingenol mebutate gel 0.015% reduced mean total LSR scores at days 8 and 15 compared with ingenol mebutate gel only, although the difference was not statistically significant. Efficacy was equivalent between the two treatment arms.

Limitations: The study evaluated a relatively small number of subjects, all of whom were white.

Conclusions: The application of 1% dimethicone following ingenol mebutate gel 0.015% produced a trend toward lower severity of some LSRs, with no difference in efficacy.

J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(5):432-436.

A phase 2a randomized vehicle-controlled multi-center study of the safety and efficacy of delgocitinib in subjects with moderate-to-severe alopecia areata.

Alopecia areata/AA is an autoimmune cause of nonscarring hair loss. The pathogenesis of AA involves many immune axes, including Th1/Th2 pathways. Delgocitinib is a pan-Janus kinase/JAK inhibitor that broadly blocks pro-inflammatory cytokines and has been effective in other inflammatory skin conditions. Recent human studies/reports have shown that use of some systemic JAK inhibitors led to hair regrowth, suggesting this medication class as a potential therapy for AA. However, topical treatment is desirable due to potential systemic side effects. To assess the efficacy and safety of topical delgocitinib in AA, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial in 31 moderate-to-severe AA patients that were randomized 2:1 to receive delgocitinib ointment 30 mg/g (n = 20) or ointment vehicle (n = 11) for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in severity of Alopecia Tool/SALT score from baseline to week 12. The secondary endpoint included safety profile by reported adverse events. Twenty-three subjects completed the trial, with eight discontinuing mostly due to voluntary withdrawal. Ten patients receiving delgocitinib ointment and three patients receiving vehicle showed SALT score improvements after 12 weeks, but the mean percent SALT improvement at week 12 compared to baseline between the two arms was not significant (p = 0.92). Our study suggests that delgocitinib ointment is not effective in moderate-to-severe AA, likely due to its inability to penetrate sufficiently deeply into the dermis of the scalp, but larger studies are necessary to assess whether a different formulation of topical JAK inhibitors may be suitable to treat mild or more localized forms of AA.

Acquisition and retention of motor sequences: the effects of time of the day and sleep.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We used a sequence-learning task to assess whether: 1. The time interval between awakening and training equally affects the rate of acquisition of sequence order, a declarative component, and the kinematic optimization process, an implicit component; 2. Sleep enhances the retention of both these aspects of sequence learning. DESIGN: For aim 1, we compare the acquisition rate of a new motor sequence in a group trained in the morning and another in the evening. For aim 2., we tested retention of the same motor sequence twelve hours later, either without sleep (normal day activity or a night of sleep deprivation) or with interposed sleep (afternoon napping or regular full night sleep). SETTING: Training and Testing were performed in a controlled laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six right-handed normal subjects (age range 18-24 years; 16 women). RESULTS: During the training, acquisition rate of the sequence order was significantly higher in the AM-trained than in the PM-trained group, without differences in the kinematic optimization processes. Both declarative and implicit learning indices were significantly higher in the subjects tested after sleep compared to those tested without interposed sleep. CONCLUSION: The best time for fast and efficient acquisition of new declarative material is the morning, while the kinematic aspects of skill acquisition are not sensitive to the time of day. However, better retention of both declarative material and motor skills requires two conditions: a period of post-training sleep and the achievement of performance saturation during training.

Dermatologist Use of Intralesional Triamcinolone in the Treatment of Acne.

OBJECTIVE: Despite common administration of intralesional triamcinolone to acne lesions, there is little published data or consensus on best practices. This study aimed to evaluate specific characteristics of intralesional triamcinolone for acne among various dermatology healthcare professionals. DESIGN: One hundred participants (82 attending physicians, 9 physician assistants, 8 other healthcare professionals, and 1 unidentified) from private practices and academic centers completed a 10-question survey to assess specific characteristics of intralesional triamcinolone injections, including frequency, indication, depth of injection, concentration, volume, as development of adverse events. RESULTS: The most common reported concentration of intralesional triamcinolone was 2.5mg/mL (52.5%). The most frequently used volume injected was 0.05mL (42.3%). In total, 61.6 percent of those surveyed answered that they inject into the center of the lesion. Additionally, 50.5 percent of respondents counsel patients on potential adverse effects of hypopigmentation and atrophy before every injection. The majority of respondents (88.8%) reported that less than one percent of their patients returned for adverse events resulting from triamcinolone usage, and 48.4 percent reported that atrophy lasted over six months (48.4%). CONCLUSION: The data collected from this study can offer guidance on best practices in administering intralesional kenalog to patients. While consistency exists for the concentration of triamcinolone used, there was significant discordance in the volumes and depth of triamcinolone injection. Observed skin atrophy rates are extremely low, but they are long lasting when it occurred. We can use these data to refine our treatment techniques as well as improve treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction.

The role of vitamins and supplements on skin appearance.

Skin appearance is affected by intrinsic factors (eg, aging) and extrinsic factors (eg, UV light). A myriad of treatments has been created to combat the phenotypic effects of these forces, including vitamins and supplements. This article reviews these therapies with a focus on carotenoids; vitamins C, E, and D; as well as collagen, ceramides, and mixed supplements.

A randomized placebo-controlled single-center pilot study of the safety and efficacy of apremilast in subjects with moderate-to-severe alopecia areata.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common autoimmune disease that results in non-scarring hair loss. AA pathogenesis is thought to involve multiple inflammatory cytokines. Apremilast is a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Recent studies demonstrate upregulation of PDE4 in human scalp lesions of AA patients and hair regrowth in a humanized AA mouse model upon apremilast treatment, suggesting a possible potential of apremilast in AA. To assess the efficacy and safety of apremilast in AA, we conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled single-center pilot study in 30 moderate-to-severe AA patients (≥ 50% scalp involvement) that were randomized 2:1 to receive apremilast (n = 20) or placebo (n = 10) orally for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients achieving 50% reduction in severity of alopecia tool (SALT) score (SALT50) at 24 weeks compared to baseline, and the secondary endpoints included the percent change in SALT score at weeks 24 and 48. Eight patients in the apremilast arm withdrew prior to week 24 along with two patients in the placebo group, mostly due to lack of efficacy and adverse events. At 24 weeks, only 1 of 12 apremilast-treated subjects achieved SALT50, and similarly 1 of 8 placebo-treated subjects achieved SALT50. The difference between the mean percent improvement in SALT score at week 24 compared to baseline of the two study arms was not statistically significant (p = 0.38). The lack of treatment response in most of our patients argues against a pathogenic role for PDE4 specifically in moderate-to-severe AA, but targeting this pathway may still be of value in patients with mild AA as there is less of an inflammatory burden in this population. However, future larger studies may be needed to conclude apremilast's lack of efficacy in moderate-to-severe AA.

Noninvasive vaginal rejuvenation.

Vaginal rejuvenation procedures are designed to improve the aesthetic appearance and/or function of the female genitalia. The popularity of these techniques continues to increase as more patients seek to reverse the effects of aging, childbearing, and/or hormonal changes. Newer strategies focus on laser and radiofrequency (RF) devices, which have provided noninvasive options for treatment. In this article, we review the safety and efficacy data behind these modalities.

Update on acne scar treatment.

Acne vulgaris and postacne scarring are common in the general population. Even after lesions have resolved, scarring can lead to detrimental psychologic effects and can negatively impact patients' quality of life. Fortunately, there have been several recent advances in therapeutic options to treat acne scarring. This article discusses these treatments with a focus on microneedling, lasers, chemical peels, and dermal fillers.

Regenerative medicine in cosmetic dermatology.

Stem cell therapies are at the forefront of regenerative aesthetic medicine. Multipotent stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), progenitor cells that result from the dedifferentiation of specialized adult cells, have demonstrated promise in tissue regeneration for a wide range of dermatologic conditions and aesthetic applications. Herein, we review the potential of stem cells as a new frontier in aesthetic dermatology.

Efficacy and safety of secukinumab treatment in adults with extensive alopecia areata.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common form of non-scarring hair loss. The pathogenesis of AA is believed to involve multiple inflammatory cytokines, including possibly IL-17A. To assess the efficacy and safety of the IL-17A antagonist secukinumab in AA, we conducted a double-blinded, randomized prospective pilot study in which 11 subjects were treated with either secukinumab (n = 7) or placebo (n = 4) subcutaneously at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and every 4 weeks thereafter until (inclusive of) week 20. The primary endpoint for the study was the percentage of patients achieving SALT50 at 24 weeks. A total of three subjects out of 11 completed the study through the primary endpoint, and therefore, we used the last observation carried forward method to analyze the missing data. At the primary endpoint or last completed observation, 0% (0/7) of the secukinumab-treated subjects achieved a 50% reduction in SALT score (SALT50), and likewise, 0% (0/4) of the placebo-treated subjects achieved SALT50. In the secukinumab group, one (14.3%) subject had some hair regrowth, one (14.3%) subject had worsening hair loss, and five (71.4%) subjects had no change in response to treatment. No adverse events attributable to the study drug were observed. The lack of a treatment response to most of our treated patients suggests that the TH17/IL-17 axis likely has no pathogenic role in AA and an alternative therapeutic approach should be considered for this disease. However, due to the low statistical power of this study, future studies may be required to corroborate these findings.

Secukinumab is Superior to Ustekinumab in Clearing Skin in Patients with Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis (16-Week CLARITY Results).

INTRODUCTION: Secukinumab, a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, has demonstrated superior efficacy to ustekinumab in the phase 3b CLEAR study of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Here, we report 16-week results from CLARITY, a second head-to-head trial comparing secukinumab with ustekinumab. METHODS: In the phase 3b CLARITY study, patients were randomized 1:1 to receive subcutaneous secukinumab 300 mg or ustekinumab per label. The co-primary objectives were to demonstrate the superiority of secukinumab over ustekinumab at Week 12 in relation to the proportion of patients with (1) 90% or more improvement from baseline Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 90) and (2) a score of 0/1 (clear/almost clear) on the modified Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA mod 2011 0/1). Key secondary objectives were also assessed, as was Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) 0/1 (no impact of skin disease on patients' quality of life) response. Missing values were handled by multiple imputation except for DLQI 0/1, where last observation carried forward techniques were utilized. RESULTS: Both co-primary objectives were met: secukinumab was superior to ustekinumab for the proportion of patients achieving a PASI 90 (66.5% vs. 47.9%) and IGA mod 2011 0/1 response (72.3% vs. 55.4%) at Week 12 (p < 0.0001). PASI 90 responses were greater with secukinumab compared to ustekinumab from as early as Week 4 (16.7% vs. 4.0%) and out to Week 16 (76.6% vs. 54.2%). Similarly, IGA mod 2011 0/1 findings were greater with secukinumab at Week 4 (26.9% vs. 7.8%) and at Week 16 (78.6% vs. 59.1%). DLQI 0/1 response rates were also greater with secukinumab compared to ustekinumab at Week 4 (33.9% vs. 18.0%), Week 12 (64.0% vs. 51.7%), and Week 16 (68.4% vs. 55.9%). CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm the superior efficacy of secukinumab over ustekinumab in treating patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier, NCT02826603. FUNDING: Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.

Local anesthetics in cosmetic dermatology.

Local anesthetics play an important role in cosmetic dermatology. Techniques using topical and regional anesthesia provide numerous pain management options for laser and injection treatments. In this article, we review strategies to maximize patient comfort during cosmetic interventions.

Ideals of facial beauty.

Facial aesthetic procedures are central to cosmetic dermatology. Success depends not only on improving individual structures but also on establishing facial harmony. Several canons of aesthetic dimensions have been described, and these concepts can provide a useful basis for procedural planning. Here, we review aesthetic facial measurements and proportions as well as the variations that may occur in different ethnic groups and the changes that develop with age.