[Survey of HIV drug resistance threshold in Zhejiang province from 2009 to 2011].

OBJECTIVE: To survey the prevalence of drug resistant HIV in Zhejiang province in 2009-2011. METHODS: WHO truncated sequential sampling technique was adopted annually by using 63, 62 and 57 samples of newly diagnosed as HIV positive and aged 16-25 years in Hangzhou, Ningbo and Wenzhou from 2009 to 2011, respectively. RNA was prepared and HIV pol region was amplified by RT-PCR and nested PCR. Pol genetic mutation associated with drug resistance was analyzed. RESULTS: The success rates for sequence acquisition of the survey were 82.5% (52/63), 95.2% (59/62) and 94.7% (54/57) from year 2009 to 2011, respectively, and the main subtype was CRF01_AE (68.5% (37/54)-71.2% (37/52)). A total of 4 surveillance drug-resistance mutation (SDRMs), 2 SDRMs and 2 SDRMs were found by analyzing the 47 sequences each year, sampled from year 2009 to 2010, respectively, indicating that the prevalence of drug resistant HIV stains was moderate in 2009, and low for the next two years (2010-2011). A total of 8 individuals with drug resistant HIV stains found in this study were all infected by sexual transmission, especially in homosexual transmission (6 cases), and the main subtype was CRF01_AE (7 cases). SDRMs for protease inhibitor (PI), nucleotide HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and non-NRTI (NNRTI) (L90M, T215S and Y188L) were all found in one case. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of drug resistant HIV stains in major areas with AIDS epidemic in Zhejiang province was low in 2009-2011.

[Protective effect of protein kinase C on heart function: an experiment with isolated rabbit hearts].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of protein kinase C on heart function. METHODS: The hearts of 40 rabbits were isolated, underwent Langendorff perfusion, and randomly divided into 4 equal groups: Group I (control group, the heart underwent long ischemia or preservation for I hour, was re-warmed and re-infused, and then re-perfused with K-H fluid), Group II (ischemic preconditioning group, perfusion was stopped for 5 minutes before the long ischemia, then the aorta was re-infused), Group III (specific activator of PKC, phorbol myristate acetate was infused inversely via the aorta before the perfusion of K-H fluid), and Group IV (polymyxin B, a specific antagonist of PKC, was infused after the infusion of PKC). Before the preservation and by the end of reperfusion left ventricle end systolic pressure (LVESP), and left ventricle end diastolic pressure (LVDSP) were measured. At the end of experiment specimens of myocardium were collected from each heart to measure the water content, the levels of lactic dehydrogenase and MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malonyldialdehyde (MDA). TUNEL method was used to measure the number of apoptotic cardiomyocyte. RESULTS: All heart resumed beating. The LVESP of Group II and III were both significantly higher than those of Groups I and IV (all P < 0.05) and the LVESP of Group III was significantly higher than that of Group II too (P < 0.05). The LVEDP of Group II and III were both significantly lower than those of Groups I and IV (all P < 0.05) and the LVEDP of Group III was significantly lower than that of Group II too (P < 0.05). The levels of CK-MB, LDH, and SOD of Group II and III were all significantly higher than those of Groups I and IV (all P < 0.05) and the levels of CK-MB and LDH of Group III was significantly higher than that of Group II too (P < 0.05). The level of MDA of Group II and III were both significantly lower than those of Groups I and IV (all P < 0.05) and the level of MDA of Group III was significantly lower than that of Group II too (P < 0.05). The water contents of Group II and III were both significantly lower than those of Groups I and IV (all P < 0.05). The numbers of TUNEL positive cell and apoptotic cells of Group II and III were all significantly lower than those of Groups I and IV (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PKC can be activated by transient ischemia and PMA. PKC protects the heart function effectively.

[The study of an in-house method for drug resistance genotyping testing on HIV-1 strains prevailing in China].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the amplification rate and the lowestlower detection limit of an in-house HIV-1 Drug resistant (HIVDR) genotyping test. METHODS: A total of 30 plasma samples were selected, which covered all major HIV-1 subtypes predominating prevailing in China (B', CRF07_BC, CRF01 _AE). The viral loads of the 30 selected samples were detected in triplicate by Easy Q method and the average values were taken as the viral loads of the samples. Each sample was diluted to the concentration of > 1000 copies/ml, 401-1000 copies/ml, 101-400 copies/ml, 50-100 copies/ml and < 50 copies/ml with HIV-negative plasma. After extraction of nucleic acids, RT-PCR and nested PCR amplification were performed, the efficiency of amplification of each subtype and the minimum detection limit were determined statistically based on the PCR results. RESULTS: The viral loads of the selected samples ranged from 2.03 x 10(2)-5.92 x 10(4) copies/ml. The sample of 50-1000 copies/ml have a high amplification rate (86%). CONCLUSION: The In-house method for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping has a high sensitivity with a high successful amplification rate, especially in the samples with low viral load. This method can be used to the detection of drug-resistant virus and to provide scientific data to treatment options for patients.