Atherogenic Index, Cardiovascular Risk Ratio, and Atherogenic Coefficient as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Pre-eclampsia in Southeast Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Pre-eclampsia is a key trigger for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Current evidence suggests an association between dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Thus, the importance of evaluating some indices of atherosclerosis during pregnancy cannot be over-emphasized. AIM: To evaluate the effect of some lipid profile indices as risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women with pre-eclampsia in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of two groups of eligible pregnant women between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation selected at three healthcare facilities in Enugu, Nigeria was carried out. The case group consisted of 160 women with pre-eclampsia, while the control group consisted of 160 normotensive pregnant women. Participants' fasting blood samples were analyzed for different fractions of lipids and their atherogenic indices were calculated. RESULTS: There were significantly higher mean levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) [P < 0.001] in pre-eclampsia than in normal pregnancy. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), cardiovascular risk ratio (CRR), and atherogenic coefficient (AC) were significantly higher in pre-eclampsia than in normal pregnancy (P < 0.001) and there was a significant positive correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and AIP (r = 0.421), CRR (r = 0.416) and AC (r = 0.634) for women with pre-eclampsia. CONCLUSION: Pre-eclampsia is associated with an increased risk of CVDs. Determining the atherogenic indices and assessing the AIP level in pre-eclamptic women may predict disease risk and help in early management and measures for its prevention.

Effect of late antenatal booking on maternal anemia and fetus birth weight on parturients in Enugu, Nigeria: An analytical cross-sectional study.

Background: The benefits of antenatal care are maximized when women book early for care. However, despite these resounding benefits, women still book late, while others do not book at all, resulting in dire feto-maternal consequences. Aim: Determine the effect of late prenatal booking on maternal anemia and birth weight in babies of women who delivered in public health facilities in Enugu and deduce the reasons for booking late. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study of two groups of women (235 participants in each group) who delivered in 4 randomly selected hospitals in Enugu. Descriptive statistics were obtained for continuous variables, and frequency and percentages were used for categorical variables. Degree of associations was determined using the Chi-square, the student's t-test, and 2 x 2 table. Results: The prevalence of anemia among women that booked late and early were (69.7%; n = 147) and (50.7%; n = 107) respectively. Women who booked late were two times more likely to have anemia than those who booked early (OR = odds ratio, p = p-value, CI = confidence interval,). Those who booked late were six times more likely to deliver low birth weight babies than those who booked early (OR = 5.934, 95% CI = 1.299-27.119, P = 0.022). Conclusions: Late prenatal booking is associated with a high prevalence of maternal anemia in labor, low mean maternal hemoglobin, and low birth weight compared to those of women who booked early and the reasons for booking late are multifactorial.

Evaluation of anxiety and depression among pregnant women in Enugu, Nigeria.

Background: Maternal depression and anxiety during pregnancy are public health concerns. They are commonly reported among pregnant women from all over the world. Maternal mental health has not been prioritized, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Aim: To evaluate depression and anxiety among pregnant women who receive antenatal care in four randomly selected hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A multicenter questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey of 434 pregnant women was conducted at four selected health institutions offering antenatal services in Enugu, Enugu State. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was assessed using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Factors associated with anxiety and depression were determined using logistic regression. P <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The mean age of study participants was 30.09 ± 5.12 years. The proportion of participants with depressive symptoms and borderline depressive symptoms was 9.7% and 11.1%, respectively. The proportion of participants with anxiety symptoms and borderline anxiety symptoms was 10.1% and 15.7%, respectively. Husband's employment status (P = 0.033, odds ratios (OR) =0.354, 95% confidence intervals (CI) =0.137-0.918) and gestational age (P = 0.042, OR = 2.066, 95% CI = 1.028-4.151) were the only factors associated with depressive symptoms, while only educational level (P = 0.001, OR = 3.552, 95% CI = 1.674-7.537) and husband's employment status (P = 0.013, OR = 0.295, 95% CI = 0.113-0.772) were the only factors associated with anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Anxiety and depressive symptoms are relatively common in antenatal women in Enugu. The factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms were the respondent's educational level, gestational age, and the employment status of the husband.

Effects of short inter-pregnancy interval on maternal and perinatal outcomes: A cohort study of pregnant women in a low-income country.

BACKGROUND: Short inter-pregnancy interval (IPI) is a potential risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Previous reports from sub-Sahara Africa documented increasing incidence of short IPI but evidence is lacking in its effect on pregnancy outcome. AIM: The study aimed to determine the effect of short IPI on pregnancy outcome in Nigeria. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: It was a prospective cohort study of 271 pregnant women receiving antenatal care in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. For every eligible woman with short IPI (<18 months) recruited; a suitable control with IPI ≥18 months was selected. Statistical analysis was both inferential and descriptive using the statistical package for social sciences version 24 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois, USA) for windows. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Incidence of maternal anemia was higher in women with short IPI than control (RR: 2.091; 95% CI: 1.4433.031; P < 0.001). Other maternal and perinatal outcome measures including premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor/delivery, pregnancy induced hypertension, third trimester bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage, and inadequate gestational weight gain did not show any significant association with short IPI (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Short IPI is associated with anemia in pregnancy in Nigeria. Public health campaigns for improvement in uptake of family planning services and breastfeeding may help reduce the incidence of short IPI and anemia in low income countries.

Relationship between corneal biomechanical properties among pregnant women in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: In Nigeria, many pregnant women as well as health-care providers are unaware of the effect of pregnancy on the eye. The present study investigated the changes in central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal sensitivity (CS), and intraocular pressure (IOP) among pregnant women in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria and the relationship between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was used. One hundred and thirty-four pregnant women attending the Obstetric Clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, were consecutively recruited in their second trimester for the study. Changes in CCT, CS, and IOP were monitored at the second and third trimesters and 6-week postpartum. Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. The effect of duration of pregnancy on these variables was determined using simple linear regression and further analysis was done using Bonferroni's post hoc test. RESULTS: The women were aged 18-48 years, with a mean age of 30.81(±5.49) years and majority of them (61.2%) were multigravida. The duration of pregnancy varied inversely and significantly with CS (P < 0.05) and IOP (P < 0.000) with the least values recorded in the third trimester, while it varied directly and also significantly with CCT (P < 0.000) with the highest value obtained in the third trimester. A negative correlation that was significant only in third trimester was found between CCT and IOP (P < 0.02) and CS (P < 0.03). CONCLUSION: There was a progressive increase in CCT with a corresponding decrease in CS and IOP across the trimesters of pregnancy, but these changes reversed 6-week postpartum.

Effect of routine preoperative fasting on residual gastric volume and acid in patients undergoing myomectomy.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative fasting of patients aims to reduce the residual gastric volume (RGV). The magnitude of this reduction is yet to be ascertained in the Nigerian population. AIM: To compare the RGV and pH of patients fasted for 6-12 h with those allowed oral intake of fluid up to 2 h preoperatively. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This randomized study involved 90 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II patients booked for abdominal myomectomy under general anesthesia. The patients were randomized into three groups. Preoperative fasting from midnight (Group F, n = 30) was fasted from midnight to the operation time. Carbohydrate-rich drink group (Group C, n = 30) received 800 mL of oral carbohydrate solution in the evening before surgery (22:00 h). An additional 400 mL was given 2 h before anesthesia. Placebo drink group (Group P, n = 30) received water in the same protocol as Group C. The Student's t-test was used to analyze RGV and pH postoperative satisfaction and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were compared on a visual analog scale. RESULTS: The RGV and pH were similar for all groups (P = 0.45 and 0.90, respectively). Antiemetic consumption and PONV scores were lower in Group C compared with Groups F and P (P = 0.01). Patients' in Group C had higher satisfaction (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Preoperative carbohydrate or water intake up to 2 h before surgery is safe with better satisfaction when compared to overnight fasting.

Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffaon blood pressure and electrolyte profile of mild to moderate hypertensive Nigerians: A comparative study with hydrochlorothiazide.

BACKGROUND: Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) is widely consumed in Nigeria as a refreshing beverage and also as an antihypertensive agent. Since three decades ago when its antihypertensive activities were reported in several animal experiments, its consumption has greatly increased. AIM: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of HS consumption on blood pressure (BP) and electrolytes of mild to moderate hypertensive Nigerians and compare it with that of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), a diuretic widely used as first-line antihypertensive drug. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eighty newly diagnosed, but untreated mild to moderate hypertensive subjects attending Medical Out-Patients clinic of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu, were recruited for the study. They were randomly divided into three groups: A, B and C. Those in Groups A were given placebo; those in Group B took HCTZ while those in Group C were given HS. Treatment lasted for 4 weeks. BP, serum, and urine electrolytes were measured at baseline, weekly during treatment and 1 week after withdrawal of treatment. RESULTS: At the end of treatment, both HCTZ and HS significantly (P<0.001) reduced systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure and serum Na+ compared to placebo. When compared to each other, HCTZ significantly (P<0.001) reduced serum Na+ and Cl- compared to HS and significantly (P<0.001) increased K+ and Cl- output in urine. After withdrawal of treatment, the fall in BP and serum Na+ in HS group were significant compared to HCTZ where they returned to baseline values. No side effect was reported during the study. CONCLUSION: HS was a more effective antihypertensive agent than HCTZ in mild to moderate hypertensive Nigerians and did not cause electrolyte imbalance. HS showed longer duration of action compared to HCTZ and reduction in serum Na+ may be another antihypertensive mechanism of action of HS.

Benefit incidence analysis of free insecticide treated nets distribution in urban and rural communities of Enugu state, South East Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a leading cause of mortality as well as a barrier to economic and social development in developing countries. The use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for malaria vector control is effective in controlling malaria attacks in pregnant women and under-5 children. The Nigerian government, in its bid to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 and 5 distributes free ITNs to pregnant mothers and under-five children in the Roll Back Malaria programme (RBM). AIM: This study compared the benefit incidence analysis of this government program between urban and rural areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pretested, semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 150 pregnant women and also 150 mothers of under-5 children, who were randomly selected from each of the two communities (rural and urban) from a local government area (LGA) in Enugu state, Nigeria. The study was conducted within the rainy season periods (March-August) of 2008. The information obtained included some socio-economic variables, accessibility, usage and benefits of usage of ITNs. Data entry and analyses were done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0(Chicago IL, USA). Student's t-test and Chi-square were used for comparison where appropriate. Significant values were taken as P value. Value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The respondents' mean monthly expenditures on food utilities and anti-malarials in the rural area and urban areas were N266.1 (74.02), range (143.3-395) and N473 (90) range (380-495.7) respectively (P < 0.001). Within each socio-economic stratum (SES), the average monthly expenditure in the urban community was higher than that of the rural community except for least poor SES (P < 0.05). For the urban community, 106 (71.6%) respondents used ITNs as against 99 (66.9%) in the rural community [P = 0.778, OR = 1.3 (95% CI: 0.76, 2.05)]. Also, ITNs were always accessible to 112 (75.7%) and 54 (36.5%) respondents in the urban and rural communities respectively [P < 0.001, OR = 5.4 (95% CI: 3.28, 8.96)]. In the urban community, 130 (87.7%) respondents expressed some benefit from ITNs as against 123 (83.1%) respondents from the rural community [P = 0.258, OR = 1.5 (95% CI: 0.76, 2.28)]. CONCLUSION: Most pregnant women and mothers of under-five children in the rural study area belong to the poorest socio-economic classes and they spend less on anti-malarial treatment. Majority of the free ITN's beneficiaries in both urban and rural study areas have used and benefitted from them.

Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among females in a university community in Enugu, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Female sexual dysfunction is a common, condition that significantly reduces the quality-of-life of the affected persons. Unfortunately, because of the veil of secrecy that shrouds discussions on human sexuality, there has been limited research on this topic in some sociocultural settings. AIM: The aim was to determine the prevalence and some sociodemographic factors associated with sexual dysfunction in females in a university community at the University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 500 females recruited randomly in a tertiary institution in Nigeria. A self-administered structured pretested questionnaire on sexual activity was administered (the Female Sexual Function Index [FSFI]). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software package (Version 17.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between the sociodemographic factors, and the total FSFI scores dichotomized as normal and reduced sexual function. In addition, multiple linear regression was used to determine the relationship between the six different domains scores and the continuous values of the total score. For all, calculations, P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSFI score ≤ 26.50) was 53.3%. The highest prevalence occurred in the 41-50 years age group (73.3%; 66/90), married and living together 56.4% (123/218) and had postsecondary education (56.1%; 137/244). Only age significantly predicted female sexual function (P = 0.007; 95% CI; 0.691-0.943). Marital status, religion, ethnic group, and educational qualification had no significant effect (P < 0.05). The total FSFI significantly increase as desire increases (P = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.817-3.573). CONCLUSION: Female sexual dysfunction is common in the university environment, with the highest prevalence occurring in 41-50 years age group.

Reduced maternal selenium levels in pregnant and lactating Nigerian women: should routine selenium supplementation be advocated?

BACKGROUND: Deficiencies in micronutrients are common in our environment, leading to indiscriminate replacement strategies. Selenium is an antioxidant micronutrient that may undergo depletion during pregnancy and lactation. Regrettably, information in this matter is scanty in Nigeria. OBJECTIVES: To determine maternal selenium concentration during pregnancy and lactation. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional research involving 120 pregnant women, 40 in each trimester. They were attending antenatal clinic of one tertiary and two secondary health care facilities in Enugu, Southeastern Nigeria. Control subjects constitute age, parity and socioeconomic matched 35 apparently healthy, non pregnant women. Serum selenium concentration was measured during pregnancy and postpartum. Breast milk selenium concentration was also determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). RESULTS: The mean serum selenium levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.0001) in pregnancy when compared with non-pregnant control subjects; also as pregnancy progressed. However, there was a non significant increase immediately after birth. In the breast milk, selenium concentration significantly decreased (P < 0.0001) as lactation progressed. CONCLUSION: The observed significant decreases in the levels of selenium during pregnancy and breast milk may leave the mothers and their neonates at risk and, therefore, may necessitate maternal supplementation. Dietary intervention such as food diversification and bio-fortification is recommended to improve dietary selenium intakes in pregnant and lactating mothers, and infants in this region.

The prevalence of Rhesus negativity among pregnant women in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Hemolytic disease of the newborn, secondary to rhesus D (Rh D) iso-immunization, contributes significantly to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Prevalence data in Nigeria, and Southeast Nigeria in particular, is very scanty. This study was carried out to provide our experience in this preventable clinical condition in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and trends of Rh D negativity among pregnant women in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 5-year retrospective study of rhesus negative women was carried out at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, between 1 st January 2000 and 31 st December 2004. RESULT: The prevalence rate of Rh D negative women in Enugu, Nigeria, is 4.5%. Out of 6306 women who booked for antenatal care, 282 (4.5%) were Rh D negative women. One hundred and eighty-two (182) (64.5%) of the Rh D negative women were of blood group O followed by blood group A 20%, blood group B 12.1%, and blood group AB 3.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: There is a need for adequate counseling of pregnant women on the importance of Rh D negative factor during the antenatal period in order to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Parity related changes in obesity and some antioxidant vitamins in non-pregnant women of South-Eastern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The delivery of many children at short interval is associated with micronutrient depletion and weight gain. However, the relationship between the levels of the micronutrients and the body weight is yet to be ascertained. OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between parity, body weight and some antioxidant vitamins in non-pregnant Nigerian women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Randomly recruited 200 non-pregnant women, comprising 82 primiparous and 118 multiparous women completed the study. Their age, parity, mid-arm circumference (MAC), waist circumference (WC), weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were determined. The serum levels of vitamins A, C and E were assayed using standard methods. Results : The mean BMI, WC and MAC of the multiparous subjects (parity = 3.0 ± 0.58) were significantly higher than that of the primiparous subjects (parity = 1), (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01 respectively). Furthermore, there were statistically significant decrease in the vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E in multiparous compared with the primiparous women (P < 0.005, P < 0.05 and P < 0.005), respectively. CONCLUSION: Multiparty enhances weight gain, but depletes antioxidant vitamin micronutrients in non-pregnant Nigerian women.

Medical students' evaluation of physiology learning environments in two Nigerian medical schools.

The expansion of biomedical knowledge and the pursuit of more meaningful learning have led to world-wide evidence-based innovative changes in medical education and curricula. The recent emphasis on problem-based learning (PBL) and student-centred learning environments are, however, not being implemented in Nigerian medical schools. Traditional didactic lectures thus predominate, and learning is further constrained by funding gaps, poor infrastructure, and increasing class sizes. We reviewed medical students' perceptions of their exposed learning environment to determine preferences, shortcomings, and prescriptions for improvements. The results confirm declining interest in didactic lectures and practical sessions with preferences for peer-tutored discussion classes, which were considered more interactive and interesting. This study recommends more emphasis on student-centered learning with alternatives to passive lecture formats and repetitive cookbook practical sessions. The institutionalization of student feedback processes in Nigerian medical schools is also highly recommended.

Prevalence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions among HIV-positive women in Enugu, South-eastern Nigeria.

HIV infection is a risk factor for cervical cancer and both diseases are prevalent in Nigeria. The study determined the prevalence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) among HIV-positive women in Enugu state, which has the highest HIV burden in South-eastern Nigeria. Pap smear was carried out on 150 HIV-positive (HIV+ve) women and 150 HIV-negative (HIV?ve) controls at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria from December 2007 to March 2008. The prevalence of SIL for the HIV+ve group and the control group were 12.6% and 4.6%, respectively (p = 0.014). Also, the prevalence of each category of SIL identified in the study, was higher among the HIV+ve group. There is an association between HIV infection and SIL in Enugu, South-eastern Nigeria. Cervical cancer screening should be incorporated into the antiretroviral (ARV) clinics, so as to prevent the impending surge in the burden of cervical cancer in Nigeria.

The effect of free distribution of insecticide-treated nets on asymptomatic Plasmodium parasitemia in pregnant and nursing mothers in a rural Nigerian community.

INTRODUCTION: Malaria is a major public health problem in Nigeria, with adverse outcomes on the poor, pregnant women and children living in rural communities. A major component of current intervention in roll back malaria (RBM) initiative is vector control and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: This research studied the impact of free distribution of ITNs on malaria parasitemia in a rural community in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a longitudinal survey involving 990 pregnant and nursing mothers who received free ITNs between February 2007 and September 2008. Blood samples were collected at contact, then every 2 months to check for malaria parasites using standard methods. RESULT: There was a sustained but insignificant rise in asymptomatic malaria parasitemia post-distribution of ITNs. CONCLUSION: We conclude that ITN intervention remains important in malaria prophylaxis but must be complemented with awareness campaigns and other vector control strategies.

Copper and selenium status of healthy pregnant women in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Copper and selenium are important trace elements in man. They function as antioxidants and play roles in oxido-reductase reactions. Several imported multivitamin preparations are given to our women during pregnancy and lactation to correct possible deficiencies. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to determine the serum level of these micronutrients (selenium and copper) in a cross section of pregnant women in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross section of 130 healthy pregnant women at different trimesters of pregnancy and 30 non-pregnant controls were selected from two health facilities in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria. Serum from the samples collected was assayed for copper and selenium using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. RESULTS: The mean copper level increased (P = 0.018), while the selenium level decreased (P < 0.0001) as pregnancy advanced. CONCLUSION: High copper levels indicate that supplementation should not be undertaken during normal pregnancy. Dietary intake should be modified to ensure optimal selenium levels during pregnancy.

Assessment of body mass index and blood pressure among university students in, Enugu, South East, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Body Mass Index (BMI) has been described as a significant predictor of Blood Pressure (B.P) but few studies have demonstrated this association in our environment. The study aims to determine the pattern of relationship between BMI and blood pressure in our environment. METHODOLOGY: Two thousand and ninety six (2096) students in two Universities located in Enugu, South East Nigeria completed the study. The blood pressure, weight and height were measured. Body mass index was calculated as weight in Kilograms divided by height in meters square (kg/m2). RESULTS: More females than males were underweight (9.4% versus 4.7%). More males than females were overweight (8% versus 4%).Obesity occurred more in males than females (7% versus 0.9%). Blood pressure parameters increased significantly with BMI (p < 0.0001) with higher values in males than in females; (the mean systolic blood pressure 124.88 +/- 10.97 mmHg versus 114.93 +/- 6.82 mmHg, P < 0.0001; the mean diastolic blood pressure was 80.1 +/- 7.2 mmHg versus 73.36 +/- 6.82 mmHg, p = 0.035 and the mean arterial Pressure (MAP) 95.02 +/- 7.78 mmHg versus 87.2 +/- 9.58 mmHg, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: A significant relationship between BMI and Blood pressure was demonstrated among university students in South East Nigeria.

The need to incorporate routine cervical cancer counselling and screening in the management of women at the outpatient clinics in Nigeria.

Although cervical cancer is the commonest cause of cancer death in Nigeria, the use of cervical cancer screening is poor. This study aimed at determining the awareness and use of the available cervical cancer screening method (Pap smear) by women attending the outpatient clinics of a tertiary institution in Enugu, South-eastern Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to 912 women from November 2005 to May 2006. A total of 550 (60.3%) respondents knew about cervical cancer but only 41.2% of them were aware of the Pap smear. Only 89 (9.0%) respondents had used the Pap smear. The majority (61.9%) of those who had not been screened despite knowledge of the Pap smear had no reason, while the remaining 112 (38.1%) felt they were not susceptible to cervical cancer. The use of the Pap smear among women attending the outpatient clinics in Enugu, Nigeria is very low. Routine cervical cancer counselling and screening with opt-out option should be offered to every eligible woman attending the outpatient clinics.

Evaluation of serum uric acid levels in normal pregnant Nigerian women.

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are common in our environment. The aetiology is unknown and the prognostic indicators of the severity of maternal and fetal complications are variable. The level of uric acid, which is one of the prognostic indicators, is altered in normal pregnancy and as pregnancy advances. Base line values are thus extremely important to enable reasonable prognostic assessment in hypertensive pregnancies. OBJECTIVES: To determine levels of serum uric acid during normal pregnancy in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu. STUDY DESIGN: settings and methods: Sixty- five pregnant and 65 non-pregnant women with age range 20-38 years were recruited. The pregnant women were in their second and third trimesters, attending antenatal clinic at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu. Serum levels of uric acid were determined for the entire subjects. RESULTS: The serum uric acid levels were significantly lower in the pregnant women than in controls (P < 0.001). 0.15 +/- 0.03 mmol/L in the second trimester, 0.14 +/- 0.02 mmol/L in the third trimester and 0.29 +/- 0.04 mmoL for control. CONCLUSION: The low levels in pregnancy and as pregnancy progresses should be taken into consideration when monitoring hypertensive disorders in pregnancy using serum uric acid. Thus levels that are within normal for non pregnant population may indeed be an indication for intervention in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia.

Placenta percreta: a review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Placenta percreta is a very rare but serious complication of pregnancy. Diagnosis is difficult. Uterine perforation and invasion into adjacent organs makes life threatening haemmorrhage inevitable. Management is usually based on intraoperative findings from case reports. METHOD: Literature on clinical decisions, diagnostic and treatment modalities were critically reviewed using PUBMED and MEDLINE computerized search. Additional Information was also obtained by cross referencing, texts and journals in the medical library of University of Nigeria. RESULTS: Most of the literature was from developed countries with very little report from our environment. There was lack of comprehensive management plan in most textbooks. CONCLUSION: Rare complications are usually very difficult to manage due to lack of experience. It is thus important to identify the patients at risk, attempt to make antenatal diagnosis and involve experienced obstetricians in management.