RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Interleukin-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated the role of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping to the promoter of the IL-6 gene on genetic susceptibility to hip and knee OA. METHODS: The -174G/C (rs1800795) and -597G/A (rs1800797) SNPs, implicated in the literature in risk of hip and hand OA, were genotyped in 2511 controls, 1101 hip OA cases and 1904 knee OA cases from four cohorts from the UK and Estonia. Data were analysed in conjuntion with published data on rs1800797 from the Genetics of OA and Lifestyle study (UK) on 791 controls, 1034 knee and 997 hip OA cases and rs1800795 data on 75 hip OA cases and 96 controls from Italy. Cases included both radiographic OA only and radiographic and symptomatic OA. Fixed and random-effects meta-analysis models were tested. RESULTS: No significant association was found with hip OA or knee OA with either SNP nor with the haplotypes formed by them. For individual SNPs the smallest P-value for hip OA was observed using a random-effects model for rs1800795 OR(Gallele)=1.066 (95% CI 0.89-1.28) P<0.49, and significant heterogeneity between cohorts (I(2)=65%, P<0.034) was detected. For knee OA the smallest P-value was seen for rs1800797 OR(Aallele)=1.055 (95%CI 0.98-1.12) P<0.18, no significant heterogeneity was observed (I(2)=0%, P<0.68). CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support a role for the -174 and -597 IL-6 promoter polymorphisms in genetic susceptibility to knee or hip OA in Caucasian populations.
Assuntos
Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Osteoartrite do Quadril/genética , Osteoartrite do Joelho/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Estudos de Coortes , Frequência do Gene , Ligação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The increased focus on fitness and subsequent research in the exercise field has expanded the role of nutrition as it relates to sports medicine. A literature review and application are presented for the anatomical, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms of caffeine in endurance events; iron status and physical performance; regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance during exercise; and stress fractures, calcium, and diet. The goal is to provide dietitians with information that is needed to formulate and rationalize recommendations regarding sports nutrition. An expanded role is offered to dietitians who wish to communicate sports medicine information to other health professionals and to consumers who engage in exercise. Nutrition and sports medicine information could benefit consumers and other health professionals in employee wellness programs in medical centers and organizations, fitness centers, sports medicine clinics, schools, and athletic teams.