[Characterization of the genetic variability of field strains of Brucella canis isolated in Antioquia]. / Caracterización de la variabilidad genética de cepas de campo de Brucella canis aisladas en Antioquia.

Brucella canis is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for canine brucellosis, a zoonotic disease that affects canines, causing abortions and reproductive failure; and the production of non-specific symptoms in humans. In 2005 the presence of B. canis in Antioquia was demonstrated and the strains were identified as type 2. The sequencing of the genome of a field strain denoted Brucella canis str. Oliveri, showed species-specific indel events, which led us to investigate the genomic characteristics of the B. canis strain isolated and to establish the phylogenetic relationships and the divergence time of B. canis str. Oliveri. Conventional PCR sequencing was performed in 30 field strains identifying 5 indel events recognized in B. canis str. Oliveri. ADN from Brucella suis, Brucella melitensis and vaccine strains from Brucella abortus were used as control, and it was determined that all of the studied field strains shared 4 out of the 5 indels of the sequenced Oliveri strain, indicating the presence of more than one strain circulating in the region. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with 24 strains of Brucella using concatenated sequences of genetic markers for species differentiation. The molecular clock hypothesis and Tajima's relative rate test were tested, showing that the Oliveri strain, similarly to other canis species, diverged from B. suis. The molecular clock hypothesis between Brucella species was rejected and an evolution rate and a similar genetic distance between the B. canis were demonstrated.

Comparison of Brucella canis genomes isolated from different countries shows multiple variable regions.

Brucella canis is a pathogenic bacterium for dogs and its zoonotic potential has been increasing in recent years. In this study, we report the sequencing, annotation and analysis of the genome of Brucella canis strain Oliveri isolated from a dog in a breeding kennel in Medellín, Colombia, South America. Whole genome shotgun sequencing was carried out using the ROCHE 454 GS FLX Titanium technology at the National Center for Genomic Sequencing-CNSG in Medellin, Colombia. The assembly procedure was performed using Newbler v2.6. In the genome annotation process, each contig was analyzed independently using as reference Brucella suis ATCC 1330 chromosomes. This new genome could be useful for the development of diagnostic tools and for vaccines search as well, in order to reduce the health impact of this infection in both, dogs and humans. The sequence was deposited in EMBL-EBI with accession numbers HG803175 and HG803176 for chromosomes 1 and 2, respectively.

Evaluation of three Staphylococcus aureus proteins involved in the adhesion process as antigens for the detection of bovine intramammary infections.

Introduction. Fast and accurate diagnosis is one of the key strategies in the successful control of intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Immunoassays are one of the diagnostic tools that have been proposed for the detection of S. aureus infection because they offer an advantage in terms of cost and are fast and easy to use compared to other diagnostic tests.Gap statement. The main challenge of the immunoassays is to identify antigens or serological markers that allow accurate discrimination between infected and uninfected cows with S. aureus, since this bacterium can naturally colonize different areas of the animal body.Aim. To evaluate three S. aureus proteins (IsdA, ClfA, SdrD) involved in the adhesion process as antigens to detect indicator antibodies of bovine intramammary infections.Methodology. Ninety-six cows in lactation and not vaccinated against S. aureus were included. Forty-eight of these cows were infected with S. aureus, while the rest (n=48 cows) were uninfected. Blood and milk samples were collected from each animal to recover serum and whey. IgG titres against the three proteins individually and combined (Mix) were measured in each sample using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test.Results. Significant differences in the IgG response against the proteins evaluated were observed, highlighting the antigenic potential of IsdA and demonstrating that some antigens can detect specific antibodies of infection better than others. According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the combined proteins showed the most remarkable capacity (sensitivity of 79 % and specificity of 77 %) to differentiate between infected and uninfected cows when blood samples were used. In addition, the combined proteins also showed the highest specificity (94 %) when using milk samples.Conclusion. Our findings provide information on the usefulness of three adhesion-associated S. aureus proteins in detecting serological markers of intramammary infections in bovines.

Efficacy of high-intensity interval training compared with moderate-intensity continuous training on maximal aerobic potency in dogs: Trial protocol for a randomised controlled clinical study.

BACKGROUND: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a more efficient method to improve exercise capacity than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) because of its greater physiological stimulus. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this protocol is to evaluate the efficacy of HIIT on maximal aerobic potency in dogs as compared to MICT. METHODS: This protocol is for a randomised, blinded controlled clinical trial, with three parallel groups for the purpose of demonstrating superiority. Thirty dogs aged between 12 and 84 months of both sexes and different breeds will be included. Dogs, before initiating and after finalising the training will perform an incremental exercise test on a treadmill to obtain maximal speed and lactate threshold; resting parameters of heart and respiratory rate, left ventricle chamber and systolic function will be measured. Dogs assigned to each intervention will endure a 42-min session of HIIT or MICT during 12 weeks. HIIT comprises four intervals of 4 min each at a load of 85%, alternating with a 4-min resting period. MICT group will have a continuous load of 60%. The control group will remain in a cage. An intention-to-treat statistical analysis will be implemented. Analysis of covariance will be used to estimate the effect of HIIT compared with MICT training on maximal aerobic potency, aerobic resistance, systolic function at rest, left ventricle chamber measurements and indexes, respiratory rate and HR at rest. CONCLUSION: Significant time and effort are invested into training sports/working dogs, which could benefit from improving physical capacity by means of the HIIT methodology.

DNA barcodes of birds from northern Colombia.

DNA barcode datasets are a useful tool for conservation and aid in taxonomic identification, particularly in megadiverse tropical countries seeking to document and describe its biota, which is dropping at an alarming rate during recent decades. Here we report the barcodes for several low elevation bird species from northern Colombia with the goal to provide tools for species identification in this region of South America. We blood-sampled birds in a lowland tropical forest with various degrees of intervention using standard 3 × 12 m mist-nets. We extracted DNA and sequenced the COI barcode gene using standard primers and laboratory methods. We obtained 26 COI sequences from 18 species, 10 families and three orders and found that barcodes largely matched (but not always) phenotypic identification (> 90%) and they also facilitated the identification of several challenging passerine species. Despite our reduced sampling, our study represents the first attempt to document COI barcodes for birds (from blood samples) in this part of Colombia, which fills a considerable gap of sampling in this part of South America.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Beef Quality Tool to Predict Consumer Acceptance.

This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict beef consumers' perceptions. Photographs of 200 raw steaks were taken, and NIRS data were collected (transmittance and reflectance). The steak photographs were used to conduct a face-to-face survey of 400 beef consumers. Consumers rated beef color, visible fat, and overall appearance, using a 5-point Likert scale (where 1 indicated "Dislike very much" and 5 indicated "Like very much"), which later was simplified in a 3-point Likert scale. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to generate a beef consumer index. A partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to predict beef consumers' perceptions using NIRS data. SEM was used to validate the index, with root mean square errors of approximation ≤0.1 and comparative fit and Tucker-Lewis index values <0.9. PLS-DA results for the 5-point Likert scale showed low prediction (accuracy < 42%). A simplified 3-point Likert scale improved discrimination (accuracy between 52% and 55%). The PLS-DA model for purchasing decisions showed acceptable prediction results, particularly for transmittance NIRS (accuracy of 76%). Anticipating beef consumers' willingness to purchase could allow the beef industry to improve products so that they meet consumers' preferences.

Phenotypic Characterization and Whole Genome Analysis of a Strong Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus Strain Associated With Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in Colombia.

Staphylococcus aureus represent a serious threat to public health due to food safety, antibiotic resistance, and the potential zoonotic transmission of strains between dairy cattle and humans. Biofilm formation by S. aureus results in chronicity of the infections which confers protection against the immune response and antibiotics. Likewise, biofilm allows the exchange of mobile genetic material among different strains through microbial interactions inside the matrix. In Colombia, where S. aureus continues to be one of the main pathogens isolated from bovine intramammary infections and where milking by hand is highly frequent, there are knowledge gaps on the zoonotic potential of the strains. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize genotypically and phenotypically the S. aureus Sa1FB strain with strong biofilm production and to perform genomic and phenotypic comparisons with other relevant S. aureus strains (native and references strains). These results show a highly productive strain of biofilm and a low ability of cell invasion compared to the other two native strains. In addition, high genomic similarity between S. aureus Sa1FB and the reference strains was observed, despite of the differences reported at the clinical level. However, Sa1FB exhibited special features in terms of mobile genetic elements, highlighting its ability to accept foreign genetic material. Indeed, this could increase mutation, pathogenesis, and adaptability to new hosts, representing a risk for people in contact with the milk obtained from animals infected with these strains. These results present the relevance of surveillance for early detection of emergent clones with zoonotic potential, which reduces the risk of occupational exposure and their spread in the community.

Using near-infrared spectroscopy to determine intramuscular fat and fatty acids of beef applying different prediction approaches.

This study aimed to predict fat and fatty acids (FA) contents in beef using near-infrared spectroscopy and prediction models based on partial least squares (PLS) and support vector machine regression in radial kernel (R-SVR). Fat and FA were assessed in 200 longissimus thoracis samples, and spectra were collected in reflectance mode from ground meat. The analyses were performed for PLS and R-SVR with and without wavelength selection based on genetic algorithms (GAs). The GA application improved the error prediction by 15% and 68% for PLS and R-SVR, respectively. Models based on GA plus R-SMV showed a prediction ability for fat and FA with an average coefficient of determination of 0.92 and ratio performance deviation of 4.8.

Diagnosis of human and canine Brucella canis infection: development and evaluation of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant Brucella proteins.

Brucella canis, a Gram-negative coccobacilli belonging to the genus Brucellae, is a pathogenic bacterium that can produce infections in dogs and humans. Multiple studies have been carried out to develop diagnostic techniques to detect all zoonotic Brucellae. Diagnosis of Brucella canis infection is challenging due to the lack of highly specific and sensitive diagnostic assays. This work was divided in two phases: in the first one, were identified antigenic proteins in B. canis that could potentially be used for serological diagnosis of brucellosis. Human sera positive for canine brucellosis infection was used to recognize immunoreactive proteins that were then identified by performing 2D-GEL and immunoblot assays. These spots were analyzed using MALDI TOF MS and predicted proteins were identified. Of the 35 protein spots analyzed, 14 proteins were identified and subsequently characterized using bioinformatics, two of this were selected for the next phase. In the second phase, we developed and validated an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using those recombinant proteins: inosine 5' phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta (PdhB) and elongation factor Tu (Tuf). These genes were PCR-amplified from genomic DNA of B. canis strain Oliveri, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant proteins were purified by metal affinity chromatography, and used as antigens in indirect ELISA. Serum samples from healthy and B. canis-infected humans and dogs were used to evaluate the performance of indirect ELISAs. Our results suggest that PdhB and Tuf proteins could be used as antigens for serologic detection of B. canis infection in humans, but not in dogs. The use of recombinant antigens in iELISA assays to detect B. canis-specific antibodies in human serum could be a valuable tool to improve diagnosis of human brucellosis caused by B. canis.

Endogenously generated hydrogen peroxide induces apoptosis via mitochondrial damage independent of NF-kappaB and p53 activation in bovine embryos.

Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) has been implicated as a key molecule in arresting embryonic development; however, its mechanism of action is not fully established. The aim of the present study was to determine the chronological generation of H(2)O(2) from oocyte to morula, and to examine the relationship of H(2)O(2) with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB), p53, caspase-3 activation, and cell death in bovine embryos in vitro. Accordingly, superoxide anion radicals were detected between 32 and 120 h after in vitro fertilization, but higher percentages of oxygen radicals were found in non-competent embryos (n=73, 22 to 34%) than in competent embryos (n=73, 0 to 1%; P<0.005). Similarly, H(2)O(2) levels were higher in non-competent embryos (n=249, 39 to 71%) than in competent embryos (n=278, 0 to 3.4%) at all developmental stages tested (P<0.005). The percentage of cells with apoptotic morphology were higher in non-competent embryos (n=411, 3 to 54%) than in competent embryos (n=306, 0 to 0.6%; P<0.005). Based on assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential, competent embryos (n=305) had the highest percentages of JC-1 staining (31 to 50%) when compared with non-competent embryos (n=411; 1 to 15%, P<0.005). The percentage of activation of general caspases was different in non-competent embryos (n=291, 15 to 57%) when compared to competent embryos (n=304, 0 to 0.5%; P<0.005). Pharmacological inhibition of caspase-3, NF-kappaB and p53 triggered aberrant embryo cytoplasmic fragmentation with and without nuclei. We concluded that the sequential mechanism of O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) generation, mitochondrial damage, caspase activation, and apoptotic morphology might be responsible for the developmental arrest of preimplantation embryos.

[Characterization of the genetic diversity of the fish Brycon henni (Characiformes: Characidae) in central Colombia with RAPD markers]. / Caracterización de la diversidad genética en el pez Brycon henni (Characiformes: Characidae) en Colombia central por medio de marcadores RAPD.

Knowledge on the genetic diversity of wild fish species is essential for conservation and appropriate management of individuals in repopulation programs. In Colombia, Brycon henni has been reported in the Magdalena and Cauca river basins, but the population and range have diminished as a consequence of anthropic activities. In this study, the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to estimate the actual genetic structure in this species. For the purpose, six sample sites located in the department of Antioquia (Central Chain Mountains of Colombia) were used. Thirty five primers (87.5%), out of forty used, yielded 1 466 reliable and consistent fragments; 417 were considered as unique fragments able to discriminate among the Magdalena (Humarada-1 and Humarada-2) and Cauca (Piedras, La Clara y Guaracfi) river basins samples, suggesting that each is a discrete unit. This diversity suggests that anthropic effects of over fishing, dam building, deforestation and water pollution, have contributed to the isolation of these fish groups on the high mountains. Brycon moorei and Colossoma macropomum, as an interspecific control groups, were placed out of the B. henni general group, confirming their taxonomic classification through morphologic data. The RAPD technique was useful to know the genetic diversity and to discriminate among B. henni populations from different geographic origins, as a basis for an appropriate plan of repopulation, conservation and wildlife management.

Abundant mtDNA diversity and ancestral admixture in Colombian criollo cattle (Bos taurus).

Various cattle populations in the Americas (known as criollo breeds) have an origin in some of the first livestock introduced to the continent early in the colonial period (16th and 17th centuries). These cattle constitute a potentially important genetic reserve as they are well adapted to local environments and show considerable variation in phenotype. To examine the genetic ancestry and diversity of Colombian criollo we obtained mitochondrial DNA control region sequence information for 110 individuals from seven breeds. Old World haplogroup T3 is the most commonly observed CR lineage in criollo (0.65), in agreement with a mostly European ancestry for these cattle. However, criollo also shows considerable frequencies of haplogroups T2 (0.9) and T1 (0.26), with T1 lineages in criollo being more diverse than those reported for West Africa. The distribution and diversity of Old World lineages suggest some North African ancestry for criollo, probably as a result of the Arab occupation of Iberia prior to the European migration to the New World. The mtDNA diversity of criollo is higher than that reported for European and African cattle and is consistent with a differentiated ancestry for some criollo breeds.

Effect of carbohydrate source on productive performance, ruminal and systemic health of grazing cows / Efecto de la fuente de carbohidratos sobre el desempeño productivo, la salud ruminal y sistémica de vacas en pastoreo / Efeito da fonte de carboidratos sobre o desempenho produtivo, saúde ruminal e sistêmica de vacas em pastejo

Abstract Background: The nutritional limitations of Cenchrus clandestinus -i.e., high protein and low energy concentrations- make it necessary to supplement cows with non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) sources to improve productive performance. Nevertheless, such supplementation can lead to ruminal acidosis. Objective: To evaluate partial replacement of corn grain (Zea mays, ZM) with sorghum grain (Sorghum vulgare, SV), cassava root (Manihot esculenta, MES) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp., C) on milk yield and quality, ruminal pH and health of grazing cows. Methods: Eight Holstein cows were evaluated in a 4 x 4 Latin square design during the first 60 days of lactation. Treatments (isoenergetic rations, 1.45 ± 0.003 Mcal NEL/kg DM) consisted of a mixture of grass and four concentrates with different NFC sources. Results: No differences in dry matter intake, feed efficiency, ruminal pH, hematological and metabolic profile were observed between treatments. Rumen pH was higher than 6.0, confirming the absence of ruminal acidosis. Milk yield (energy-corrected), protein, and total solids were higher for MES vs. C. Conclusions: None of the NFC sources tested compromised the ruminal or systemic health of the cows, while MES improved milk yield and quality.

Resumen Antecedentes: las limitaciones nutricionales del Cenchrus clandestinus (alta concentración de proteína y baja densidad energética) hacen necesario suplementar las vacas con fuentes de carbohidratos no fibrosos (NFC) para mejorar su desempeño productivo. Sin embargo, esta suplementación puede generar acidosis ruminal. Objetivo: evaluar el reemplazo parcial de maíz (Zea mays, ZM) por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, SV), yuca (Manihot esculenta, MES) o pulpa cítrica (Citrus sp., C) sobre la producción de leche y su calidad, el pH ruminal y la salud de vacas en pastoreo. Métodos: ocho vacas Holstein fueron evaluadas empleando un diseño en cuadrado latino de 4 x 4 durante los primeros 60 días de lactancia. Los tratamientos (raciones isoenergéticas, 1,45 ± 0,003 Mcal NEL/kg MS) consistieron de una mezcla de forraje y cuatro concentrados con diferentes fuentes de NFC. Resultados: no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos en cuanto a consumo de materia seca, eficiencia alimenticia, pH ruminal, ni perfiles hematológico y metabólico. El pH ruminal fue mayor a 6,0; confirmando la ausencia de acidosis. La producción de leche (corregida por energía), proteína, y sólidos totales fue mayor para MES vs. C. Conclusiones: ninguna de las fuentes de NFC evaluadas comprometieron la salud ruminal o sistémica de las vacas, y MES mejoró la producción de leche y su calidad.

Resumo Antecedentes: as limitações nutricionais do Cenchrus clandestinus-alta concentração de proteína e baixa densidade de energia- faz necessário suplementar às vacas com fontes de carboidratos não-fibrosos (NFC) para melhorar o desempenho produtivo. No entanto, essa suplementação pode gerar acidose ruminal. Objetivo: avaliar a substituição parcial do milho (Zea mays, ZM) por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, SV), mandioca (Manihot esculenta, MES) ou polpa cítrica (Citrus sp., C) na produção e qualidade do leite, pH ruminal e a saúde de vacas em pastejo. Métodos: oito vacas Holandesas foram avaliadas empregando um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4 durante os primeiros 60 dias de lactação. Os tratamentos (rações isoenergéticas, 1,45 ± 0,003 Mcal NEL/kg DM) consistiram de uma mistura de forragem e quatro concentrados com diferentes fontes de NFC. Resultados: não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos no consumo de matéria seca, eficiência alimentar, pH ruminal, perfil hematológico e metabólico. O pH ruminal foi superior a 6,0; confirmando a ausência de acidose ruminal. A produção do leite (corrigida para energia), proteína e sólidos totais foi maior para MES vs. C. Conclusões: nenhuma das fontes de NFC avaliadas comprometeu a saúde ruminal e sistêmica das vacas, embora o MES melhorou a produção e qualidade do leite.

Concentraciones séricas de Beta-hidroxibutirato y su asociación con enfermedades posparto en bovinos de leche / Serum Beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and its association with postpartum diseases in dairy cows

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de cetosis bovina según las concentraciones séricas (mmol/Lt) de beta-hidroxibutirato (βHB) y estimar su asociación con enfermedades del posparto temprano en vacas lecheras. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal con información individual de los niveles sanguíneos de βHB y presentación clínica de enfermedades puerperales de n=1149 animales; además se evaluó la eficiencia de la prueba como predictora de enfermedad posparto. Posteriormente, se realizó X 2 y un modelo de regresión logística final para explorar los factores asociados con hipercetonemia. La relación entre βHB sanguíneo, la presentación de cetosis y la ocurrencia de enfermedades puerperales se calculó analizando Característica Operativa del Receptor (Receiver Operating Characteristic -ROC). Resultados. Según los niveles de -3HB, la prevalencia de cetosis fue de 7.9%, cetosis clínica 0.6% y cetosis subclínica 7.3%. La prueba fue predictora de enfermedad puerperal (LR+ del 13.6). La condición corporal ≥3.5, número de partos igual a 2 y ≥3, la presentación de retención de placenta, fiebre de leche y la enfermedad posparto, son factores de riesgo de cetosis. El análisis de la curva ROC mostró que la medición de βHB (≥1.2 mmol/Lt) en sangre sirve para diagnosticar cetosis (p<0.0001). Conclusiones. La medición de niveles sanguíneos de βB permitió determinar que la presentación de cetosis es baja, es una alerta no solamente para esta enfermedad sino para las enfermedades del posparto temprano. Los resultados de este estudio confirman lo reportado en estudios previos sobre los factores de riesgo de cetosis.

ABSTRACT Objective. Determine the prevalence of bovine ketosis based on serum concentrations (mmol/Lt) of beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and estimate its association with early postpartum diseases in dairy cows. Materials and methods. An epidemiological cross-sectional study was carried out with individual information on blood levels of βHB and clinical presentation of puerperal diseases in 1149 animals; In addition, the efficiency of the test was evaluated as a predictor of postpartum disease. Subsequently, univariate analysis and a final logistic regression model were performed to explore the factors associated with hyperketonemia. The association between blood βHB, the presentation of ketosis and the occurrence of puerperal diseases was calculated by analyzing the Receiver Operating Characteristic -ROC. Results. According to βHB levels, the prevalence of ketosis was 7.9%, clinical ketosis 0.6% and subclinical ketosis 7.3%. The test was a predictor of puerperal disease (LR+ of 13.6). Body condition score ≥3.5, number of births 2 and ≥3, presentation of retained fetal membranes, milk fever and postpartum disease, are risk factors for ketosis. The analysis of the ROC curve showed that the measurement of βHB (≥1.2 mmol/Lt) in blood serves to diagnose ketosis (p<0.0001). Conclusions. The measurement of βHB blood levels allowed to determine that ketosis presentation is low, it is an alert not only for this disease but for early postpartum diseases. The results of this study confirm risk factors observed in previous studies.

Frecuencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la leucosis bovina (VLB) en leche de tanque / Frequency of Antibodies against Bovine Leukosis Virus in Bulk Tank Milk

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar presencia de anticuerpos contra VLB en muestras de leche de tanques, en varios departamentos de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. De 2220 muestras llegadas al laboratorio de calidad de la leche de la Universidad de Antioquia para análisis de calidad para pago de una quincena en el mes de mayo de 2016, se seleccionaron 329 al azar y de manera ponderada según el número de muestras disponibles para cada uno de los 7 departamentos participantes. Estas muestras fueron sometidas a la prueba de ELISA para determinar la presencia de anticuerpos contra VLB. Resultados. El resultado principal de este análisis al azar de tanques de leche en busca de anticuerpos contra BLV, fue la positividad de los predios en rangos que oscilan entre el 57 y el 100%; el abordaje de este problema de salud bovina en Colombia es posible mediante las muestras de leche de tanque que rutinariamente llegan a los laboratorios de análisis de calidad. Conclusiones. La infección con BLV está presente en Colombia, el establecimiento de programas de control se podría hacer aprovechando las muestras de leche que se envían de rutina a los laboratorios acreditados para pago.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the presence of anti-BLV antibodies in samples from bulk tank milk from several Colombian states. Materials and methods. Out of 2220 samples arriving to the quality milk laboratory from the University of Antioquia in a fortnight period from the month of may 2016, 329 were randomly selected according to the number of samples per each one of the 7 states participating in the study. These samples were run through ELISA test for anti-BLV antibodies. Results. The main result of this random analysis of milk tanks in search of antibodies against BLV was the positivity of the farms in ranks ranging from 57 to 100%; the approach to this bovine health problem in Colombia is possible through the tank milk samples that routinely reach the quality analysis laboratories. Conclusions. The infection with BLV is present in Colombia, the establishment of control programs could be done taking advantage of the samples of milk that are sent routinely to the laboratories accredited for payment.

Insights on the canine mitral valve in the course of myxomatous mitral valve disease / Información sobre la válvula mitral canina en el curso de la degeneración mixomatosa valvular mitral / Percepções sobre a válvula mitral canina no curso da doença mitral mixomatosa

Abstract Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common heart alteration in dogs. A vast extent of research has been focused on echocardiographic tissue Doppler and strain indices and the medical treatment of this condition, which are beyond the scope of this article. This review intends to include less known information of the mitral valve, acknowledge the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) consensus on MMVD and state different surgical approaches and devices, all valuable information for small animal clinicians and cardiologists. Also, during the last decade studies have been oriented towards to understand valve's mechanical structure and function, genes involved in the etiology and molecular signaling pathways. Advances have been made in understanding the mitral valve, but more assessment and efforts are needed in this specific area.

Resumen La degeneración mixomatosa valvular mitral (MMVD) es la alteración cardíaca más común en perros. Una gran parte de la investigación se ha cen-trado en índices ecocardiográficos de doppler tisular y strain y la terapéutica médica de esta afección, aspectos que están más allá del alcance de este artículo. Esta revisión pretende incluir información menos difundida de la válvula mitral, señalar el consenso del Colegio Americano de Medicina Interna Veterinaria (ACVIM) sobre el MMVD y conocer diferentes métodos y dispositivos quirúrgicos, toda información valiosa para clínicos de caninos y felinos y cardiólogos. Adicionalmente, durante la última década, los estudios se han orientado a comprender la biomecánica y la función de las válvulas, los genes involucrados en la etiología y las vías de señalización molecular. Se ha avanzado en el entendimiento de la válvula mitral, pero más revisiones y esfuerzos son necesarios en esta área específica.

Resumo A doença valvar mitral mixomatosa (DMVM) é a alteração cardíaca mais comum em cães. Uma vasta extensão da pesquisa tem sido focada nos índices de Doppler tecidual e de strain ecocardiográfico e no tratamento médico dessa condição, que estão além do escopo deste artigo. Esta revisão pretende incluir informações menos conhecidas sobre a válvula mitral, reconhecer o Consenso do Colégio Americano de Medicina Interna Veterinária (ACVIM) sobre MMVD e indicar diferentes abordagens e dispositivos cirúrgicos, todas informações valiosas para clínicos e cardiologistas de pequenos animais. Além disso, durante a última década, os estudos foram orientados para entender a estrutura mecânica e a função da válvula, genes envolvidos nas vias de etiologia e sinalização molecular. Avanços foram feitos no entendimento da valva mitral, mas mais avaliações e esforços são necessários nessa área específica.

Estimación del balance de metionina y lisina metabolizable en vacas de leche en pastoreo / Estimation of the balance of metabolizable lysine and methionine for grazing dairy cows

RESUMEN Objetivos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar en vacas en pastoreo, tanto la reproducibilidad como la precisión del balance de metionina (Met) y lisina (Lis), aminoácidos más limitantes en la producción de leche, cuando se comparan los valores predichos versus los valores observados. Materiales y métodos. Se usaron 12 vacas durante un periodo de 20 días. Control: animales pastoreando y suplementados con alimento balanceado; Met-Lis: igual al control y el suplemento se ajustó con Lis y Met protegida. Para los valores predichos para la suplementación de Met y Lis, se tuvo en cuenta el promedio del consumo de materia seca (CMS) del hato, basado en la oferta y el consumo de pasto y los valores de proteína microbiana. Los valores observados se determinaron con base en el CMS individual usando marcadores externos e internos, además, la producción individual de proteína microbiana. Se realizó una prueba de t pareada y un modelo de predicción para determinar la eficiencia fue determinado usando el error cuadrático medio de predicción (ECMP) y el coeficiente de concordancia (CCC). Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la suplementación y el balance de Met y Lis, entre los valores predichos y los valores observados para el CMS del forraje, la digestibilidad de la proteína microbiana, la producción de proteína microbiana, el suministro y el balance de Lis y Met. El CCC del balance de Lis y Met fue bajo (0.10), el ECMP fue alto, excepto para el CMS, que tuvo una concordancia moderada (0.63) y un bajo ECMP(4.42). Conclusiones. Estos resultados demuestran la falta de precisión de las herramientas que se usan para balancear las raciones individuales de vacas en pastoreo, ya que subestiman la suplementación y el balance de los aminoácidos.

ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was to determine in grazing cows, the reproducibility and accuracy of the balance between predicted values, when compared with the observed values for the most limiting amino acids in milk protein synthesis, the methionine (Met) and Lysine (Lys). Materials and methods. Twelve lactating cows were used for a 20-day experimental period. Control: animals grazing and supplemented with balanced food; Met-Lys: same as control and supplemented with adjusted rumen protected Met and Lys. For Met and Lys supply predicted values, it was taking in account the average of the dry matter intake (DMI) of the herd, based in offer and foraging control and values of microbial protein data. Observed values were determined based in the individual DMI intake, using external and internal markers and the individual microbial protein production. A t-paired-sample test was performed and the efficiency of the model's prediction was determined using the mean square prediction error (MSPE) and the concordance coefficient (CCC). Results. Significant differences were found between the predicted and observed values for DMI forage, digestible microbial protein and microbial protein production, supply and the balance of Lys and Met. The CCC for Lys and Met balance were low (0.10), the MSPE was high except for the total DMI with a moderate concordance (0.63) and low MSPE (4.42). Conclusions. These results indicate a lack of precision of the tools, which underestimates the supply and balance of amino acids in individual grazing cows.

Genetic diversity of four broodstocks of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) from Antioquia, Colombia / Diversidad genética de cuatro grupos de reproductores de tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) de Antioquia, Colombia / Diversidade genética de quatro estoques de reprodutores de tilápia (Oreochromis sp.) de Antioquia, Colombia

Abstract Background: Tilapia is the most farmed fish in Colombia. However, the genetic diversity and structure of broodstocks in the hatcheries of Antioquia province remains unknown. Objective: To analyze the genetic diversity and structure of one Nile and three red tilapia broodstocks in Antioquia, Colombia. Methods: Fish were genotyped using 24 microsatellite markers of 13 linkage groups in five multiple reactions. Genetic diversity metrics were estimated and null alleles were detected. Analysis of Molecular Variance and analysis of number of clusters were used to describe the relationship between broodstocks. Results: Two microsatellites could not be amplified, and 22 were polymorphic. Average number of alleles per locus ranged 5.77 to 7.91. Locus UNH211 had the most alleles (17), whereas OMO032 had the fewest (4). Except for GM234 and OMO032, the analyzed loci had at least one private allele per population. Average effective number of alleles (3.37-4.03) was always less than the number of observed alleles. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with heterozygote deficiencies were registered. Nine markers showed evidence of null alleles. The expected heterozygosity (0.65 to 0.67 per broodstock) was significantly higher than the observed heterozygosity (0.601 to 0.649) in the four populations. The fixation index for all broodstocks (excluding null alleles) was 0.0766 (95% confidence interval, 0.05092 to 0.10289). According to the molecular variance analysis, the greatest variation was between individuals rather than between groups of broodstocks or individuals within broodstocks. The genetic distance between the Nile and red broodstocks ranged from 0.43 to 0.54. Conclusions: Overall, these findings provide baseline information about the genetic diversity and structure of tilapia broodstocks in Antioquia, Colombia, useful for the management of hatcheries.

Resumen Antecedentes: La tilapia es el pez más cultivado en Colombia; sin embargo, hay gran desconocimiento sobre la estructura genetica actual de los reproductores. Objetivo: Analizar la diversidad y estructura genética de los reproductores de tres granjas de tilapia roja y una de tilapia Nilótica en Antioquia, Colombia. Métodos: Se utilizaron 24 microsatélites de 13 grupos de ligamiento amplificados en cinco reacciones múltiples. Se calcularon diferentes medidas de diversidad y se detectaron alelos nulos. Se utilizó un análisis de varianza molecular y uno de número de grupos para describir las relaciones entre las granjas de reproductores. Resultados: Dos marcadores no fueron amplificados y los 22 restantes fueron polimórficos. El promedio de alelos por locus varió entre 5,77 y 7,91. El mayor número de alelos (17) se encontró en el locus UNH 211, mientras que el menor se observó en OMO032 (cuatro). Veinte loci presentaron por lo menos un alelo privado. El número de alelos efectivos promedio fue menor al número de alelos observado y estuvo entre 3,37 y 4,03. Se registraron desviaciones significativas en el equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg, en su mayoría con deficiencias de heterocigotos. Se encontraron evidencias de alelos nulos en nueve marcadores. La heterocigosidad observada estuvo entre 0,601 y 0,649. El índice de fijación fue de 0.0766 (intervalo de confianza de 95%, entre 0,05092 y 0,10289). Según el análisis de varianza molecular, la mayor fuente de variación se encontró entre individuos. El valor de la distancia de Nei entre los reproductores Nilóticos y rojos estuvo entre 0,43 y 0,54. Conclusión: Los resultados de la presente investigación proveen una línea base acerca de la diversidad y estructura genética de los reproductores de tilapia en Antioquia, Colombia, y son útiles para el manejo de granjas dedicadas a la reproducción de tilapia.

Resumo Antecedentes: A tilápia é o peixe mais cultivado na Colômbia. É importante examinar a diversidade genética de peixes reprodutores. Objetivo: Avaliar a diversidade e estrutura genética de três estoques de reprodutores de tilápias vermelhas e um de tilápia Nilótica em Antioquia, Colômbia. Métodos: Utilizaram-se 24 microssatélites de 13 grupos de ligação em cinco reações múltiplas. Métricas de diversidade genética foram estimadas e alelos nulos foram detectados. Análise da Variância Molecular e análise do número de clusters foram utilizados para descrever a relação entre os estoques. Resultados: Dois marcadores não foram amplificados e vinte e dois microssatélites analisados mostraram-se polimórficos. O número médio de alelos por locus variou entre 5,77 e 7,91. O Locus UNH211 apresentou o maior número de alelos (17), enquanto o OMO032 apresentou o menor número (4). Exceto GM234 e OMO032, os loci analisados mostrou um pelo menos um alelo privado por população. O número efetivo médio de alelos (3,37-4,03) foi sempre menor do que o número de alelos observados. Foram observados desvios significativos do equilíbrio Hardy-Weinberg e deficiência de heterozigotos. Nove loci mostraram evidências de alelos nulos. A heterozigosidade esperada (0,6504-0,6748 por população) foi significativamente maior do que a heterozigosidade observada (0,601-0,649). O índice de fixação foi de 0,0766 (intervalo de confiança de 95%, 0,05092-0,10289). De acordo com a análise da variância molecular, a maior variação foi entre indivíduos. Adistância genética entre o Nilo e os reprodutores vermelhos variou de 0,43 a 0,54. Conclusão: No geral, esses resultados fornecem informação básica sobre sobre diversidade e estrutura genética de reprodutores de tilápia em Antioquia, Colômbia, e são significativos para o manejo de plantéis de reprodutores.

[Factors associated with Brucella canis seropositivity in kennels of two regions of Antioquia, Colombia]. / Factores asociados con la seropositividad a Brucella canis en criaderos caninos de dos regiones de Antioquia, Colombia.

The objectives of this study were to determine Brucella canis seroprevalence in dogs and in humans living near kennels and to explore risk factors associated with seropositivity. Twenty kennels were included in a serological survey with RSAT-2ME, and samples were collected from 428 dogs and 91 humans. An interview was applied to determine risk factors, and the data were analyzed using logistic regression. Seroprevalence was 15% in dogs and 9% in humans. Factors associated with current canine seropositivity were: history of canine seropositivity, non-culling of seropositive dogs, history of abortion, poor hygiene and personal protection during reproductive service, and unsafe procedures during care for abortions. Protective factors included: rural location of kennels, ease of cleaning kennels, pre-mating RSAT-2ME, and safe procedures during care for delivery. Factors associated with seropositive status in humans were: kennels located in Valle de Aburrá and urban location.

Identification of the virB operon genes encoding the type IV secretion system, in Colombian Brucella canis isolates.

Canine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella canis. The establishment of intracellular replicative niches of B. canis is mediated by proteins secreted by the type IV secretion system, which is encoded by the virB operon. The characterization of such genes has been conducted in other species of the genus, but not in B. canis. We report the design of a multiplex PCR test for the detection of the virB operon genes of B. canis. Primers for each of the 12 genes were designed and evaluated using bioinformatics tools. A multiplex PCR assay was standardized and applied to 36 isolates obtained from infected dogs of Aburrá Valley kennels, as well to the Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis and Brucella ovis DNA strains. As a result of the in silico design, a pair of primers for each gene was selected. All species and isolates evaluated showed evidence of the presence of the entire virB operon.