Effect of Central Venous Nutrition Infusion, Intravenous Fat Emulsion, and Therapeutic Agents on the Particle Size of Fat Emulsion for Simultaneous Administration of Three Drugs.

BACKGROUND: In Japan, therapeutic agents are often administered through the side tube of a central venous line or mixed with a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) infusion. This is expected to result in the mixture of three drugs in the infusion line: the infusion product for TPN, the fat emulsion, and the therapeutic agent. Therefore, we investigated whether various therapeutic agents affect the particle size of the fat emulsion. METHODS: In model of administration A, the TPN infusion formulation was administered through the main tube, and the fat emulsion and therapeutic agents were simultaneously administered through the side tube; 21 therapeutic agents were used. In model of administration B, the TPN infusion formulation mixed with therapeutic agents was administered through the main tube, and the fat emulsion was simultaneously administered through the side tube; 20 therapeutic agents were used. The number of fine particles for each particle size range in the mixed solution was measured over time using a light-shielding automatic fine-particle measuring device. RESULTS: In model A, the number of fine particles in the fat emulsion changed rapidly for five therapeutic agents and slowly for two therapeutic agents. In model B, this change occurred drastically for five therapeutic agents and slowly for one therapeutic agent. CONCLUSIONS: Some therapeutic agents may contribute to fat particle aggregation. Therefore, these therapeutic agents should not be concurrently administered with fat emulsions.

Learning deficits and suppression of the cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of offspring are attenuated by maternal chewing during prenatal stress.

Prenatal stress in dams induces learning deficits and suppresses neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of offspring via increasing corticosterone levels in the dam. Chewing under stressful conditions prevents stress-induced behavioral impairments and morphologic changes. Here, we examined whether chewing during prenatal stress prevents the stress-induced learning deficits and the suppression of cell proliferation in the hippocampal DG in adult offspring. Pregnant mice were exposed to restraint stress beginning on day 12 of pregnancy and continuing until delivery. Half of the dams were given a wooden stick to chew on during restraint. The pups were raised to adulthood, and learning ability and cell proliferation in the hippocampal DG were assessed. In dams, chewing during prenatal stress attenuated the stress-induced increase in plasma corticosterone levels. In the adult offspring, prenatal stress impaired learning and decreased cell proliferation in the DG, whereas maternal chewing during prenatal stress significantly attenuated the prenatal stress-induced learning deficits and decreased cell proliferation in the DG in their offspring. These findings suggest that maternal chewing during prenatal stress is an effective stress-coping method for the dam to prevent learning deficits and suppression of cell proliferation in offspring.

The pharmacokinetics of morphine and its glucuronide conjugate in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and the expression of MRP2, MRP3 and UGT2B1 in the liver.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of morphine and its metabolite, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. METHODS: Morphine (15 mg/kg) was administered intravenously, and the concentrations of morphine and M3G in the plasma, urine and bile were measured by HPLC. Changes in the expression of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP2 and MRP3) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B1 (UGT2B1) mRNA in the liver were also estimated by reverse-transcriptase PCR. KEY FINDINGS: Plasma morphine concentrations were lower in the STZ-diabetic rats than controls although the elimination half-life of morphine was similar in the two groups (47.9 +/- 10.7 min and 47.2 +/- 8.6 min, respectively). The concentration of M3G in plasma was higher in STZ-diabetic than control rats, and the biliary excretion of M3G was lower in the STZ-diabetic rats (7.4 +/- 2.3% vs 13.3 +/- 2.0%). The urinary excretion of M3G was similar in the two groups (10.1 +/- 6.8% vs 10.9 +/- 4.9%). The expression of MRP3 and UGT2B1 mRNA was increased in STZ-diabetic rats, whereas expression of MRP2 mRNA was decreased. CONCLUSIONS: In STZ-diabetic rats, the distribution volume of morphine increased, the glucuronidation rate and M3G transportation into the blood were enhanced, and the excretion of M3G was decreased, leading to an increase in the plasma M3G concentration.