Safety and efficacy of avelumab plus carboplatin in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in an open-label Phase Ib study.

BACKGROUND: Single-agent PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have shown limited efficacy in unselected mCRPC. The evidence of a survival benefit with sipuleucel-T and ipilimumab, provides a rationale to study further increasing immunogenicity in mCRPC through combinations. METHODS: Safety and efficacy avelumab plus carboplatin was investigated in a single-arm Phase Ib study in mCRPC, progressing to at least one taxane and one androgen-receptor inhibitor. The primary endpoint was safety. Secondary endpoints included PSA/radiographic responses, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Germline/somatic mutation analysis was performed. RESULTS: In total, 26 patients were included. Patients were heavily pretreated: 76.9% received ≥3 and 42.3% ≥4 prior lines. A DNA damage repair (DDR) alteration was found in three patients (11.5%). The safety profile was acceptable with 73% Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events. PSA response rate ≥50% was seen in 7.7% of patients. The objective response rate was 17.6%, including one complete response (5.9%). Two of these responders had a known DDR alteration (one BRCA2, one ATM). The median response duration was 6 months. Median radiographic PFS was 6.6 months (95% CI 4.28-9.01), and median OS 10.6 months (95% CI 6.68-NR). CONCLUSIONS: Avelumab plus carboplatin has an acceptable safety profile and was associated with a prolonged OS given the heavily pretreated population.

Long-term platinum-based drug accumulation in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes colorectal cancer progression and resistance to therapy.

A substantial proportion of cancer patients do not benefit from platinum-based chemotherapy (CT) due to the emergence of drug resistance. Here, we apply elemental imaging to the mapping of CT biodistribution after therapy in residual colorectal cancer and achieve a comprehensive analysis of the genetic program induced by oxaliplatin-based CT in the tumor microenvironment. We show that oxaliplatin is largely retained by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) long time after the treatment ceased. We determine that CT accumulation in CAFs intensifies TGF-beta activity, leading to the production of multiple factors enhancing cancer aggressiveness. We establish periostin as a stromal marker of chemotherapeutic activity intrinsically upregulated in consensus molecular subtype 4 (CMS4) tumors and highly expressed before and/or after treatment in patients unresponsive to therapy. Collectively, our study underscores the ability of CT-retaining CAFs to support cancer progression and resistance to treatment.

Comparison of Different Methods for Defining Hyperprogressive Disease in NSCLC.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperprogressive disease (HPD) as a consequence of immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC has been reported in multiple studies. However, inconsistent results in incidence and survival outcomes within studies, together with different assessment methods, have led to increasing controversy regarding the concept of HPD. METHODS: Consecutive patients treated with nivolumab (N = 42) or docetaxel (N = 37) were evaluated. HPD was quantified by applying three different methods (tumor growth rate [TGR], tumor growth kinetics [TGK], and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 [RECIST 1.1]). HPD rates were compared between and within both cohorts using the different methods. RESULTS: Using TGR, TGK, and RECIST 1.1, we identified seven (16.7%), seven (16.7%), and six (14.3%) patients with HPD in the nivolumab cohort and three (8.1%), four (10.8%), and five (13.6%) in the docetaxel cohort, respectively. We observed a higher concordance between TGR and TGK (90.1%) compared with RECIST 1.1 (31.3% and 37.5% with TGR and TGK, respectively). We found no significant differences in the overall survival between patients with progressive disease and HPD in either cohort. CONCLUSIONS: TGR and TGK revealed high concordance rates for identifying patients with HPD in NSCLC. The incidence of HPD was numerically higher in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Standardization of methods for measuring HPD and its exploration in larger studies are needed to establish its clinical meaning in NSCLC.