The hard life of an octopus embryo is seen through gene expression, energy metabolism, and its ability to neutralize radical oxygen species.

The reproductive process in Octopus maya was analyzed to establish the amount of reactive oxygen species that the embryos inherit from females, during yolk synthesis. At the same time, respiratory metabolism, ROS production, and the expression of some genes of the antioxidant system were monitored to understand the ability of embryos to neutralize maternal ROS and those produced during development. The results indicate that carbonylated proteins and peroxidized lipids (LPO) were transferred from females to the embryos, presumably derived from the metabolic processes carried out during yolk synthesis in the ovary. Along with ROS, females also transferred to embryos glutathione (GSH), a key element of the antioxidant defense system, thus facilitating the neutralization of inherited ROS and those produced during development. Embryos are capable of neutralizing ROS thanks to the early expression of genes such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which give rise to the synthesis of enzymes when the circulatory system is activated. Also, it was observed that the levels of the routine metabolic rate of embryos are almost as high as those of the maximum activity metabolism, which leads, on the one hand, to the elevated production of ROS and suggests that, at this stage of the life cycle in octopuses, energy production is maximum and is physically limited by the biological properties inherent to the structure of embryonic life (oxygen transfer through the chorion, gill surface, pumping capacity, etc.). Due to its role in regulating vascularization, a high expression of HIf-1A during organogenesis suggests that circulatory system development has begun in this phase of embryo development. The results indicate that the routine metabolic rate and the ability of O. maya embryos to neutralize the ROS are probably the maximum possible. Under such circumstances, embryos cannot generate more energy to combat the free radicals produced by their metabolism, even when environmental factors such as high temperatures or contaminants could demand excess energy.

Cumplimiento de los lineamientos técnicos para la referencia y retorno de los médicos de las Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar (UCSF) municipio de Santa Ana y la consulta externa de medicina interna del Hospital San Juan de Dios, Santa Ana, El Salvador. Enero a Junio 2018 / Compliance with the technical guidelines for the referral and return of the doctors of the Community Family Health Units (UCSF) municipality of Santa Ana and the external consultation of internal medicine of the San Juan de Dios Hospital, Santa Ana, El Salvador. January to June 2018

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el nivel de cumplimiento de los Lineamientos Técnicos para la Referencia y Retorno de los médicos de las Unidades Comunitarias de Salud Familiar (UCSF) del municipio de Santa Ana hacia la Consulta Externa del Medicina Interna del Hospital San Juan de Dios Santa Ana. Enero a junio 2018. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, el cual estuvo constituido por 140 referencias hacia la especialidad de Medicina Interna a la Consulta Externa en los meses comprendidos de Enero a Junio 2018 en el Hospital San Juan de Dios de Santa Ana. RESULTADO: De una muestra de 140 referencias de usuarios que son enviados de las diferentes UCSF del municipio de Santa Ana, de Enero a Junio 2019, un 50% de los médicos del Municipio de Santa Ana se encuentran en su servicio social, con menos de un año de experiencia laboral, oportunidad y pertinencia se encuentran debajo de los estándares, con un 20% en la oportunidad y 30 % de pertinencia de las referencias enviadas hacia medicina interna de la consulta externa del hospital san juan de Dios de Santa Ana. Cumplimiento del retorno hospitalario hacia las diferentes UCSF de Santa Ana en un 90%, cada retorno con su adecuada anamnesis, diagnóstico y tratamiento farmacológico indicado por el especialista. CONCLUSIÓN: los lineamientos de referencia y retorno son aplicados, pero se consideran irrelevantes, generan discordancia entre los criterios y contenido, resultan incompatibles con los recursos institucionales y existe muy poca adherencia en la práctica clínica