Phylogenetic evidence clarifies the history of the extrusion of Indochina.

The southeastward extrusion of Indochina along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (ARSZ) is one of two of the most prominent consequences of the India-Asia collision. This plate-scale extrusion has greatly changed Southeast Asian topography and drainage patterns and effected regional climate and biotic evolution. However, little is known about how Indochina was extruded toward the southeast over time. Here, we sampled 42 plant and animal clades (together encompassing 1,721 species) that are distributed across the ARSZ and are not expected to disperse across long distances. We first assess the possible role of climate on driving the phylogenetic separations observed across the ARSZ. We then investigate the temporal dynamics of the extrusion of Indochina through a multitaxon analysis. We show that the lineage divergences across the ARSZ were most likely associated with the Indochinese extrusion rather than climatic events. The lineage divergences began at ~53 Ma and increased sharply ~35 Ma, with two peaks at ~19 Ma and ~7 Ma, and one valley at ~13 Ma. Our results suggest a two-phase model for the extrusion of Indochina, and in each phase, the extrusion was subject to periods of acceleration and decrease, in agreement with the changes of the India-Asia convergence rate and angle from the early Eocene to the late Miocene. This study highlights that a multitaxon analysis can illuminate the timing of subtle historical events that may be difficult for geological data to pinpoint and can be used to explore other tectonic events.

Biotic colonization of subtropical East Asian caves through time.

Caves are home to unique and fragile biotas with high levels of endemism. However, little is known about how the biotic colonization of caves has developed over time, especially in caves from middle and low latitudes. Subtropical East Asia holds the world's largest karst landform with numerous ancient caves, which harbor a high diversity of cave-dwelling organisms and are regarded as a biodiversity hotspot. Here, we assess the temporal dynamics of biotic colonization of subtropical East Asian caves through a multi-taxon analysis with representatives of green plants, animals, and fungi. We then investigate the consequences of paleonviromental changes on the colonization dynamics of these caves in combination with reconstructions of vegetation, temperature, and precipitation. We discover that 88% of cave colonization events occurred after the Oligocene-Miocene boundary, and organisms from the surrounding forest were a major source for subtropical East Asian cave biodiversity. Biotic colonization of subtropical East Asian caves during the Neogene was subject to periods of acceleration and decrease, in conjunction with large-scale, seasonal climatic changes and evolution of local forests. This study highlights the long-term evolutionary interaction between surface and cave biotas; our climate-vegetation-relict model proposed for the subtropical East Asian cave biota may help explain the evolutionary origins of other mid-latitude subterranean biotas.

Bayesian tip-dated phylogeny and biogeography of Cissampelideae (Menispermaceae): Mitigating the effects of homoplastic morphological characters.

The integration of morphological and molecular data is essential to understand the affinities of fossil taxa and spatio-temporal evolutionary processes of organisms. However, homoplastic morphological characters can mislead the placement of fossil taxa and impact downstream analyses. Here, we provide an example of how to mitigate effectively the effect of morphological homoplasy on the placement of fossil taxa and biogeographic inferences of Cissampelideae. We assembled three data types, morphological data only, morphological data with a molecular scaffold and combined morphological and molecular data. By removing high-level homoplastic morphological data or reweighting the morphological characters, we conducted 15 parsimony, 12 undated Bayesian and four dated Bayesian analyses. Our results show that the 14 selected Cissampelideae fossil taxa are placed poorly when based only on morphological data, but the addition of molecular scaffold and combination of morphological and molecular data greatly improve the resolution of fossil nodes. We raise the monotypic Stephania subg. Botryodiscia to generic status and discover that three fossils previously assigned to Stephania should be members of Diploclisia. The Bayesian tip-dated tree recovered by removing homoplastic morphological characters with a Rescaled Consistency Index <0.25 has the highest stratigraphic fit and consequently generates more reasonable biogeographic reconstruction for Cissampelideae. Cissampelideae began to diversify in Asia in the latest Cretaceous and subsequently dispersed to South America around the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. Two dispersal events from Asia to Africa occurred in the Early Eocene and the Late Eocene-Late Oligocene, respectively. These findings provide guidelines and practical methods for mitigating the effects of homoplastic morphological characters on fossil placements and Bayesian tip-dating, as well as insights into the past tropical floristic exchanges among different continents.

Brain Growth Charts for Quantitative Analysis of Pediatric Clinical Brain MRI Scans with Limited Imaging Pathology.

Background Clinically acquired brain MRI scans represent a valuable but underused resource for investigating neurodevelopment due to their technical heterogeneity and lack of appropriate controls. These barriers have curtailed retrospective studies of clinical brain MRI scans compared with more costly prospectively acquired research-quality brain MRI scans. Purpose To provide a benchmark for neuroanatomic variability in clinically acquired brain MRI scans with limited imaging pathology (SLIPs) and to evaluate if growth charts from curated clinical MRI scans differed from research-quality MRI scans or were influenced by clinical indication for the scan. Materials and Methods In this secondary analysis of preexisting data, clinical brain MRI SLIPs from an urban pediatric health care system (individuals aged ≤22 years) were scanned across nine 3.0-T MRI scanners. The curation process included manual review of signed radiology reports and automated and manual quality review of images without gross pathology. Global and regional volumetric imaging phenotypes were measured using two image segmentation pipelines, and clinical brain growth charts were quantitatively compared with charts derived from a large set of research controls in the same age range by means of Pearson correlation and age at peak volume. Results The curated clinical data set included 532 patients (277 male; median age, 10 years [IQR, 5-14 years]; age range, 28 days after birth to 22 years) scanned between 2005 and 2020. Clinical brain growth charts were highly correlated with growth charts derived from research data sets (22 studies, 8346 individuals [4947 male]; age range, 152 days after birth to 22 years) in terms of normative developmental trajectories predicted by the models (median r = 0.979). Conclusion The clinical indication of the scans did not significantly bias the output of clinical brain charts. Brain growth charts derived from clinical controls with limited imaging pathology were highly correlated with brain charts from research controls, suggesting the potential of curated clinical MRI scans to supplement research data sets. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Ertl-Wagner and Pai in this issue.

The synergy of abiotic and biotic factors correlated with diversification of Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae) in the Cenozoic.

Rapid diversification of a group is often associated with exploiting an ecological opportunity and/or the evolution of a key innovation. However, how the interplay of such abiotic and biotic factors correlates with organismal diversification has been rarely documented in empirical studies, especially for organisms inhabiting drylands. Fumarioideae is the largest subfamily in Papaveraceae and is mainly distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we used one nuclear (ITS) and six plastid (rbcL, atpB, matK, rps16, trnL-F, and trnG) DNA sequences to investigate the spatio-temporal patterns of diversification and potential related factors of this subfamily. We first present the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Fumarioideae to date. The results of our integrated molecular dating and biogeographic analyses indicate that the most recent common ancestor of Fumarioideae started to diversify in Asia during the Upper Cretaceous, and then dispersed multiple times out of Asia in the Cenozoic. In particular, we discover two independent dispersal events from Eurasia to East Africa in the late Miocene, suggesting that the Arabian Peninsula might be an important exchange corridor between Eurasia and East Africa in the late Miocene. Within the Fumarioideae, increased speciation rates were detected in two groups, Corydalis and Fumariinae. Corydalis first experienced a burst of diversification in its crown group at âˆ¼ 42 Ma, and further accelerated diversification from the mid-Miocene onwards. During these two periods, Corydalis had evolved diverse life history types, which could have facilitated the colonization of diverse habitats originating from extensive orogenesis in the Northern Hemisphere as well as Asian interior desertification. Fumariinae underwent a burst of diversification at âˆ¼ 15 Ma, which temporally coincides with the increasing aridification in central Eurasia, but is markedly posterior to the shifts in habitat (from moist to arid) and in life history (from perennial to annual) and to range expansion from Asia to Europe, suggesting that Fumariinae species may have been pre-adapted to invade European arid habitats by the acquisition of annual life history. Our study provides an empirical case that documents the importance of pre-adaptation on organismal diversification in drylands and highlights the significant roles of the synergy of abiotic and biotic factors in promoting plant diversification.

A complete genus-level phylogeny reveals the Cretaceous biogeographic diversification of the poppy family.

Angiosperms, a trigger for the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), underwent a rapid expansion and occupied all the environments during the Mid-Upper Cretaceous. Yet, Cretaceous biogeographic patterns and processes underlying the distribution of angiosperm diversity in the Northern Hemisphere are still poorly known. Here, we elucidated the biogeographic diversification of the angiosperm family Papaveraceae, an ancient Northern Hemisphere clade characterized by poor dispersal ability and high level of regional endemism. Based on both plastome and multi-locus datasets, we reconstructed a robust time-calibrated phylogeny that includes all currently recognized 45 genera of this family. Within the time-calibrated phylogenetic framework, we conducted 72 biogeographic analyses by testing the sensitivity of uncertainties of area delimitation, maxarea constraints, and the parameters of the model, i.e., j (describing jump-dispersal events) and w (modifying dispersal multiplier matrices), to ancestral range estimations. We also inferred ancestral habitat and ecological niches. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support Papaveraceae as monophyletic. Pteridophylloideae is strongly supported as sister to Hypecoideae-Fumarioideae. Our results indicate that the j parameter and number of predefined areas strongly affect ancestral range estimates, generating questionable ancestral ranges, whereas maxarea constraint and w parameter have no effect and improve model fit. After accounting for these uncertainties, our results indicate that Papaveraceae differentiated in Asian wet forests during the Lower Cretaceous and subsequently occupied the Asian and western North American arid and open areas. Three dispersals from Asia to western North America via the Bering land bridge occurred in the Mid-Upper Cretaceous, largely in agreement with the KTR. Habitat shift and ecological niche divergence resulted in the subsequent disjunctions between Asia and western North America. These findings suggest that the interplay of range expansion and niche divergence-driven vicariance might have shaped Cretaceous biogeographic patterns of angiosperms with Papaveraceae-like ecological requirements and dispersal abilities in the Northern Hemisphere, hence contributing to the knowledge on the geographic expansion of angiosperms during the KTR.

Phylogeny and biogeography of Tiliacoreae (Menispermaceae), a tribe restricted to tropical rainforests.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Modern tropical rainforests house the highest biodiversity of Earth's terrestrial biomes and are distributed in three low-latitude areas. However, the biogeographical patterns and processes underlying the distribution of biodiversity among these three areas are still poorly known. Here, we used Tiliacoreae, a tribe of pantropical lianas with a high level of regional endemism, to provide new insights into the biogeographical relationships of tropical rainforests among different continents. METHODS: Based on seven plastid and two nuclear DNA regions, we reconstructed a phylogeny for Tiliacoreae with the most comprehensive sampling ever. Within the phylogenetic framework, we then estimated divergence times and investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of the tribe. KEY RESULTS: The monophyletic Tiliacoreae contain three major clades, which correspond to Neotropical, Afrotropical and Indo-Malesian/Australasian areas, respectively. Both Albertisia and Anisocycla are not monophyletic. The most recent common ancestor of Tiliacoreae occurred in Indo-Malesia, the Afrotropics and Neotropics in the early Eocene, then rapidly diverged into three major clades between 48 and 46 Ma. Three dispersals from Indo-Malesia to Australasia were inferred, one in the middle Eocene and two in the late Oligocene-late Miocene, and two dispersals from the Afrotropics to Indo-Malesia occurred in the late Eocene-Oligocene. CONCLUSIONS: The three main clades of Anisocycla correspond to three distinct genera [i.e. Anisocycla sensu stricto and two new genera (Georgesia and Macrophragma)]. Epinetrum is a member of Albertisia. Our findings highlight that sea-level fluctuations and climate changes in the Cenozoic have played important roles in shaping the current distribution and endemism of Tiliacoreae, hence contributing to the knowledge on the historical biogeography of tropical rainforests on a global scale.

Fathering and children's relational aggression: Moderating effects of children's temperament and gender.

In this exploratory study, we analyzed the contribution of fathering to relational aggression (RA) in middle childhood and the moderating role of children's temperament and gender. Participants (N = 234; 46% girls) were attending public elementary school (mean age = 8.15; SD = 1.23) in middle-class neighborhoods in two Spanish cities. Fathers provided information about their parenting practices using the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, parents gave data on their child's temperament using the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire and children provided information about their peers' aggressive behavior using the Mini Direct Indirect Aggression Inventory. Fathering dimensions considered were Authoritative Cold, Authoritative Warm, Physical Punishment, and Insecurity; temperament dimensions considered were negative affect (NA), effortful control (EC), activity (AC), and shyness (SH). Gender, fathering, and temperament dimensions additively accounted for a significant proportion of the variance observed in RA. Several significant interactions suggested that the effect of fathering on RA was moderated by temperament and, in some cases, by children's gender. NA increased the potential risk of Authoritative Cold fathering (CF) and, in boys only, of Insecure fathering, while EC potentiated the protective effect of Authoritative-Warm fathering and, in boys only, buffered the risk effect of CF. SH buffered the risk effect of CF and decreased the protective effect of Authoritative Warm fathering on RA. Lastly, AC also buffered the risk effect of CF on RA. Results are discussed in light of the protective or the vulnerability role of temperament and in relation to models that explain sensitivity differences to environmental contexts.

Immigration dynamics of tropical and subtropical Southeast Asian limestone karst floras.

Ex situ origins and dispersal of taxa have played important roles in the assembly of island-like biodiversity hotspots. Insular limestone karsts in Southeast Asia are hotspots of biodiversity and endemism, but the immigration processes of their unique floras are still poorly known. Here, we used Gesneriaceae as a proxy to investigate the immigration dynamics of tropical and subtropical Southeast Asian karst floras. We present the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Old World gesneriads to date based on twelve loci. By estimating divergence times and reconstructing ancestral states (habitat, soil type and range), we found that immigration into subtropical Southeast Asian karst floras first occurred in the Early Miocene, with two peaks in the Early-Middle Miocene and the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene, whereas immigration into tropical Southeast Asian karsts initiated in the Late Eocene, with two peaks in the Late Oligocene and the Late Miocene. We also discover that Southeast Asian karst biodiversity comprises immigrant pre-adapted lineages and descendants from local acid soil ancestors, although niche shift from acid soil to karst in tropical Southeast Asian islands was lacking. This study advances our understanding of the historical assembly of Southeast Asian karst floras.

Assembly dynamics of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests: New insights from the dominant Fagaceae trees.

The dominant species of a biome can be regarded as its genuine indicator. Evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLFs) in subtropical East Asia harbor high levels of species biodiversity and endemism and are vital to regional carbon storage and cycling. However, the historical assembly of this unique biome is still controversial. Fagaceae is the most essential family in East Asian subtropical EBLFs and its dominant species are vital for the existence of this biome. Here, we used the dominant Fagaceae species to shed light on the dynamic process of East Asian subtropical EBLFs over time. Our results indicate high precipitation in summer and low temperature in winter are the most influential climatic factors for the distribution of East Asian subtropical EBLFs. Modern East Asian subtropical EBLFs did not begin to appear until 23 Ma, subsequently experienced a long-lasting development in the Miocene and markedly deteriorated at about 4 Ma, driven jointly by orogenesis and paleoclimate. We also document that there is a lag time between when one clade invaded the region and when its members become dominant species within the region. This study may improve our ability to predict and mitigate the threats to biodiversity of East Asian subtropical EBLFs and points to a new path for future studies involving multidisciplinary methods to explore the assembly of regional biomes.

Multiethnic genome-wide association study of differentiated thyroid cancer in the EPITHYR consortium.

Incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) varies considerably between ethnic groups, with particularly high incidence rates in Pacific Islanders. DTC is one of the cancers with the highest familial risk suggesting a major role of genetic risk factors, but only few susceptibility loci were identified so far. In order to assess the contribution of known DTC susceptibility loci and to identify new ones, we conducted a multiethnic genome-wide association study (GWAS) in individuals of European ancestry and of Oceanian ancestry from Pacific Islands. Our study included 1554 cases/1973 controls of European ancestry and 301 cases/348 controls of Oceanian ancestry from seven population-based case-control studies participating to the EPITHYR consortium. All participants were genotyped using the OncoArray-500K Beadchip (Illumina). We confirmed the association with the known DTC susceptibility loci at 2q35, 8p12, 9q22.33 and 14q13.3 in the European ancestry population and suggested two novel signals at 1p31.3 and 16q23.2, which were associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in previous GWAS. We additionally replicated an association with 5p15.33 reported previously in Chinese and European populations. Except at 1p31.3, all associations were in the same direction in the population of Oceanian ancestry. We also observed that the frequencies of risk alleles at 2q35, 5p15.33 and 16q23.2 were significantly higher in Oceanians than in Europeans. However, additional GWAS and epidemiological studies in Oceanian populations are needed to fully understand the highest incidence observed in these populations.

Biogeographic diversification of Eranthis (Ranunculaceae) reflects the geological history of the three great Asian plateaus.

The evolutionary history of organisms with poor dispersal abilities usually parallels geological events. Collisions of the Indian and Arabian plates with Eurasia greatly changed Asian topography and affected regional and global climates as well as biotic evolution. However, the geological evolution of Asia related to these two collisions remains debated. Here, we used Eranthis, an angiosperm genus with poor seed dispersal ability and a discontinuous distribution across Eurasia, to shed light on the orogenesis of the Qinghai-Tibetan, Iranian and Mongolian Plateaus. Our phylogenetic analyses show that Eranthis comprises four major geographical clades: east Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau clade (I-1), North Asian clade (I-2), west Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau clade (II-1) and Mediterranean clade (II-2). Our molecular dating and biogeographic analyses indicate that within Eranthis, four vicariance events correlate well with the two early uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the Late Eocene and the Oligocene-Miocene boundary and the two uplifts of the Iranian Plateau during the Middle and Late Miocene. The origin and divergence of the Mongolian Plateau taxa are related to the two uplifts of the Mongolian Plateau during the Middle and Late Miocene. Additionally, our results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the central part of Tibet only reached an altitude of less than 2.3 km at approximately 40 Ma. This study highlights that organismal evolution could be related to the formation of the three great Asian plateaus, hence contributing to the knowledge on the timing of the key tectonic events in Asia.

Factors associated with utilisation of dental services by the elders from São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Population ageing in Brazil is rapid and is likely to place additional pressure over the Brazilian public health system. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the factors associated with utilisation of dental services in the previous year among a representative sample of older adults from São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The sample included 5951 older adults who participated in the SBSP-15 study, an epidemiological survey conducted in 2015 in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The outcome "utilisation of dental services" was defined as having visited a dentist in the previous year. Chi-square tests were employed in the bivariate analyses and Poisson regressions with robust variance in the multilevel analysis. RESULTS: Only 30.5% of the participants had their last dental appointment within the previous year. Number of teeth and dental pain presented the strongest effects on the investigated outcome. Education, income, age, ethnicity, living alone, higher Family Health Strategy coverage and the Metropolitan area were associated with having visited a dentist in the previous year. Older adults who rated their oral health as positive did not report treatment need nor prosthodontic need, presented negative oral health-related quality of life, had their last dental appointment in the public health system and sought treatment due to pain or extraction also were more likely to report the utilisation of dental services in the previous year. CONCLUSION: Regional, sociodemographic and subjective factors are associated with utilisation of dental services in the previous year among the elders from the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Phylogeny and biogeography of Pachygoneae (Menispermaceae), with consideration of the boreotropical flora hypothesis and resurrection of the genera Cebatha and Nephroia.

The tribe Pachygoneae consists of four genera with about 40 species, primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia and America, also in Australasia and Africa. This tribe presents an ideal model to investigate the origin of the tropical and subtropical amphi-Pacific disjunction pattern. More specifically, it allows us to test whether the tropical lineages diverged earlier than the subtropical ones during the fragmentation of the boreotropical flora. In this study, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Pachygoneae using five plastid (rbcL, atpB, matK, ndhF, trnL-F) and one nuclear (26S rDNA) DNA regions. Our results indicate that Pachygoneae is not monophyletic unless Cocculus pendulus and Cocculus balfourii are excluded. We resurrected the genus Cebatha to include these two species and established a new tribe for this genus. Within Pachygoneae, the species of Cocculus are distributed in three different clades, among which two are recognized as two distinct genera, Cocculus s.str. and Nephroia resurrected, and one species is transferred into Pachygone. Our molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction analyses suggest that Pachygoneae began to diversify in tropical Asia around the early-middle Eocene boundary (c. 48 Ma) and expanded into the New World by c. 44 Ma. In the New World, tropical Hyperbaena originated in the late Eocene (c. 40 Ma), whereas the subtropical Cocculus carolinus and Cocculus diversifolius originated later, in the early Oligocene (c. 32  Ma). These two timings correspond with the two climatic cooling intervals, which suggests that the formation and breakup of the boreotropical floral may have been responsible for the amphi-Pacific disjunct distribution within Pachygoneae. One overland migration event from Asia into Australasia appears to have occurred in the early to late Miocene.

A dated phylogeny of Lardizabalaceae reveals an unusual long-distance dispersal across the Pacific Ocean and the rapid rise of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests in the late Miocene.

Temperate South American-Asian disjunct distributions are the most unusual in organisms, and challenging to explain. Here, we address the origin of this unusual disjunction in Lardizabalaceae using explicit models and molecular data. The family (c.40 species distributed in ten genera) also provides an opportunity to explore the historical assembly of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests, a typical and luxuriant vegetation in East Asia. DNA sequences of five plastid loci of 42 accessions representing 23 species of Lardizabalaceae (c. 57.5% of estimated species diversity), and 19 species from the six other families of Ranunculales, were used to perform phylogenetic analyses. By dating the branching events and reconstructing ancestral ranges, we infer that extant Lardizabalaceae dated to the Upper Cretaceous of East Asia and that the temperate South American lineage might have split from its East Asian sister group at c. 24.4 Ma. A trans-Pacific dispersal possibly by birds from East Asia to South America is plausible to explain the establishment of the temperate South American-East Asian disjunction in Lardizabalaceae. Diversification rate analyses indicate that net diversification rates of Lardizabalaceae experienced a significant increase around c. 7.5 Ma. Our findings suggest that the rapid rise of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests occurred in the late Miocene, associated with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the intensified East Asian monsoon, as well as the higher winter temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels.

A multi-locus phylogeny for the Neotropical Anomospermeae (Menispermaceae): Implications for taxonomy and biogeography.

Neotropical rainforests cover about half of the world's tropical rainforests and house most of the biodiversity available on Earth. Australasia has been suggested as a potential source for Neotropical diversity. However, it remains unclear whether megathermal lineages could indeed have migrated to South America though Antarctica. The Neotropical Anomospermeae (Menispermaceae) consists of large, canopy lianas and is entirely restricted to tropical lowland rainforests. The sister relationship identified between this group and its Australasian ally represents an excellent model to test hypotheses regarding past connections between those landmasses. In this study, we used six chloroplast and two nuclear DNA markers to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within the Neotropical Anomospermeae (Menispermaceae). The phylogeny of this group was then used as basis to reconstruct its biogeographical history. The phylogenetic framework reconstructed here strongly supports the monophyly of the Neotropical Anomospermeae and recovers the species of Anomospermum in three different clades: (i) Anomospermum sect. Anomospermum plus Orthomene; (ii) Anomospermum grandifolium and A. solimoesanum (Anomospermum sect. Elissarrhena); and (iii) Anomospermum bolivianum (Anomospermum sect. Elissarrhena). Each of these clades is recognized as a different genus and the necessary taxonomic changes are proposed. Furthermore, the Neotropical Anomospermeae seems to have split from its Australasian sister-group at c. 62 Ma. Ancestral area reconstructions support an Australasian origin for the Neotropical Anomospermeae, providing additional support for the hypothesis that Australasia is a source of Neotropical diversity, with megathermal lineages having dispersed via Antarctica. The Neotropical Anomospermeae differentiated in the late Eocene and subsequently diversified rapidly into seven lineages, suggesting that Neotropical lowland rainforests resembling modern rainforests physiognomically and structurally might not have developed until the late Eocene. The Neotropical Anomospermeae exemplifies the contributions of Australasian migration to Neotropical diversity.

Objective Endoscopic Measurements of Central Airway Stenosis: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic estimation of the degree of stenosis in central airway obstruction is subjective and highly variable. OBJECTIVE: To determine the benefits of using SENSA (System for Endoscopic Stenosis Assessment), an image-based computational software, for obtaining objective stenosis index (SI) measurements among a group of expert bronchoscopists and general pulmonologists. METHODS: A total of 7 expert bronchoscopists and 7 general pulmonologists were enrolled to validate SENSA usage. The SI obtained by the physicians and by SENSA were compared with a reference SI to set their precision in SI computation. We used SENSA to efficiently obtain this reference SI in 11 selected cases of benign stenosis. A Web platform with three user-friendly microtasks was designed to gather the data. The users had to visually estimate the SI from videos with and without contours of the normal and the obstructed area provided by SENSA. The users were able to modify the SENSA contours to define the reference SI using morphometric bronchoscopy. RESULTS: Visual SI estimation accuracy was associated with neither bronchoscopic experience (p = 0.71) nor the contours of the normal and the obstructed area provided by the system (p = 0.13). The precision of the SI by SENSA was 97.7% (95% CI: 92.4-103.7), which is significantly better than the precision of the SI by visual estimation (p < 0.001), with an improvement by at least 15%. CONCLUSION: SENSA provides objective SI measurements with a precision of up to 99.5%, which can be calculated from any bronchoscope using an affordable scalable interface. Providing normal and obstructed contours on bronchoscopic videos does not improve physicians' visual estimation of the SI.

New insights into the phylogeny of Burasaieae (Menispermaceae) with the recognition of a new genus and emphasis on the southern Taiwanese and mainland Chinese disjunction.

Taiwan is a continental island lying at the boundary between the Eurasian and the Philippine tectonic plates and possesses high biodiversity. Southern Taiwan, viz. Hengchun Peninsula, is notably floristically different from northern Taiwan. The floristic origin and relationships of the Hengchun Peninsula have been rarely investigated in a phylogenetic context. In this study, data from six plastid and nuclear sequences were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within Burasaieae (Menispermaceae), which mainly inhabits tropical rainforests. The tree-based comparisons indicate that the position of Tinospora sensu stricto conflicts significantly between the cpDNA and ITS trees. However, alternative hypothesis tests from the ITS data did not reject the result of the cpDNA data, which suggests that tree-based comparisons might sometimes generate an artificial incongruence, especially when markers with high homoplasy are used. Based on the combined cpDNA and ITS data, we present an inter-generic phylogenetic framework for Burasaieae. Sampled species of Tinospora are placed in three different clades, including Tinospora dentata from southern Taiwan and T. sagittata from mainland China in an unresolved position alongside six lineages of Burasaieae. By integrating lines of evidence from molecular phylogeny, divergence times, and morphology, we recognize the three Tinospora clades as three different genera, including Tinospora sensu stricto, a new genus (Paratinospora) for T. dentata and T. sagittata, and Hyalosepalum resurrected. Tinospora dentata, now endemic to the Hengchun Peninsula, originated from the Late Eocene (ca. 39Ma), greatly predating the formation of Taiwan. Our study suggests that the flora of the Hengchun Peninsula contains some ancient components that might have migrated from mainland China.

Direct Substitution of Alcohols in Pure Water by Brønsted Acid Catalysis.

With the increasing concern for sustainability, the use of environmentally friendly media to perform chemical processes has attracted the attention of many research groups. Among them, the use of water, as the unique solvent for reactions, is currently an active area of research. One process of particular interest is the direct nucleophilic substitution of an alcohol avoiding its preliminary transformation into a good leaving group, since one of the by-products in this approach would be water. The direct substitution of allylic, benzylic, and tertiary alcohols has been achieved through SN1-type reactions with catalytic amounts of Brønsted or Lewis acids; however, organic solvents are often required. In this review, the pioneering SN1 approaches performed in pure water and in the absence of a metal based Lewis acid are compiled and discussed.

Ciclovia in a Rural Latino Community: Results and Lessons Learned.

CONTEXT: Ciclovias involve the temporary closure of roads to motorized vehicles, allowing for use by bicyclists, walkers, and runners and for other physical activity. Ciclovias have been held in urban and suburban communities in the United States and Latin America. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the first ciclovia held in a rural, predominantly Latino community in Washington State. SETTING: Three blocks within a downtown area in a rural community were closed for 5 hours on a Saturday in July 2015. OUTCOME MEASURES: The evaluation included observation counts and participant intercept surveys. RESULTS: On average, 200 participants were present each hour. Fourteen percent of youth (younger than 18 years) were observed riding bikes. No adults were observed riding bikes. A total of 38 surveys were completed. Respondents reported spending on average 2 hours at the ciclovia. Seventy-nine percent reported that they would have been indoors at home involved in sedentary activities (such as watching TV, working on computer) if they had not been at the ciclovia. CONCLUSION: Regularly held ciclovias, which are free and open to anyone, could play an important role in creating safe, accessible, and affordable places for physical activity in rural areas. Broad community input is important for the success of a ciclovia.