Image Guidance Techniques and Treatment Approach Optimization in the Management of Type-II Endoleak After Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

BACKGROUND: Over the past 3 decades endovascular aortic aneurysm repair emerged as the primary approach for abdominal aortic aneurysm management, however the occurrence of endoleak following endograft implantation imposes a high toll on patients and hospitals alike. The early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of endoleaks is associated with better outcomes, which calls for more advanced imaging and a standardized approach for endoleak diagnosis and management following endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Although conventional strategy with non-targeted deployment of coils and embolic material in the aneurysm sac is considered to be the standard approach in many hospitals, it may not prove to be a viable option, given that it affects any further follow-up imaging in the event of sub-optimal therapy and consequent recurrence. METHODS: Based on our tertiary aortic referral center experience we summarize and describe strategies for optimal selection of various treatment approaches for Type-II Endoleak management including endovascular, percutaneous and laparoscopic approaches with particular focus on intraoperative image guidance techniques. RESULTS: After failed conventional endovascular embolization attempt we recommend specific complex type II endoleak management approaches based on the location of the endoleak within the aneurysm sac along the x, y and z axis. A transabdominal or laparoscopic approach enable treatment in endoleaks located in the anterior portion of the sac. Endoleaks in the posterior portion of the sac could be treated using the transcaval or the translumbar approach, depending on whether the endoleak is situated on the left or the right side. Alternative strategies should be considered if patient anatomy does not allow for either transcaval or translumbar approach. The transgraft technique is reserved for endoleaks located in the cranial portion of the sac, while the perigraft approach could present a means of treatment for endoleaks situated in the caudal portion of the aneurysm sac. CONCLUSION: We encourage establishing a patient specific treatment plan in accordance with individual anatomy based on cross sectional imaging modality (time resolved dynamic imaging in selected cases) and intraoperative image guidance to provide a safe and accurate endoleak localization and embolization for patients undergoing type II endoleak treatment.

Dynamic Computed Tomography Angiography is More Accurate in Diagnosing Endoleaks than Standard Triphasic Computed Tomography Angiography and Enables Targeted Embolization.

BACKGROUND: The primary objective was to compare the accuracy of dynamic computed tomography (CT) angiography (d-CTA) with standardized triphasic contrast enhanced CT angiography (t-CTA) in diagnosing endoleak type after endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as reference standard. The secondary objective was to study the impact of d-CTA on image fusion-guided endoleak embolization. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent d-CTA imaging after EVAR between March 2019 and July 2021 was performed. Deidentified images were independently reviewed by two-two blinded readers to document endoleak type and target vessels. An impact of d-CTA-guided embolization was evaluated by a number of planning angiograms, radiation exposure, and accuracy of target vessel overlay. RESULTS: During the study period, 52 patients underwent d-CTA and 19 had all 3 modalities available for analysis. DSA imaging confirmed 4 (21.0%) type-I, 14 (73.7%) type-II, and 1 (5.3%) type-III endoleak. Findings from d-CTA matched with DSA in 19/19 cases (100%), whereas t-CTA matched in 14/19 cases (73.7%). In type-II endoleaks, the number of target vessels identified by d-CTA, t-CTA, and DSA were 23, 17, and 16, respectively. Mean dose-length product from d-CTA and t-CTA was 1,445 ± 551 and 1,612 ± 530 mGy × cm (P = 0.26). Nine patients underwent d-CTA-guided type-II endoleak embolization, using a median of 1 (range: 1-4) planning angiogram before embolization using 21.6 (± 8.7)% of total procedural radiation dose. Target vessel overlay was accurate in 9/9 (100%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic, time-resolved CTA is more accurate compared to standardized triphasic contrast enhanced CTA in diagnosing endoleak type after EVAR. In type-II endoleak, d-CTA better identified target vessels and enabled safe, targeted embolization.

Emerging Applications for Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence in Management of the Cardiovascular Patient.

Artificial intelligence and telemedicine promise to reshape patient care to an unprecedented extent, leading to a safer and more sustainable work environment and improved patient care. In this article, we summarize how these emerging technologies can be used in the care of cardiovascular patients in such ways as fall detection and prevention, virtual nursing, remote case support, automation of instrument counts in the operating room, and efficiency optimization in the cardiovascular suite.

Endovascular retrieval of a fractured Optease inferior vena cava filter using endobronchial forceps and intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography guidance.

Endovascular retrieval of fractured inferior vena cava (IVC) filters after the manufacturer recommended indwelling time can be challenging and require advanced retrieval techniques. We describe an endovascular retrieval technique of a fractured Optease IVC filter in a 57-year-old woman using endobronchial forceps and intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography guidance. Following incomplete filter retrieval, the location and orientation of fractured strut was confirmed by cone-beam computed tomography venography. The embedded filter fragment was then successfully removed using endobronchial forceps via a transjugular venous approach. In the present report, we highlight the additional value of intraoperative cross-sectional imaging, in conjunction with advanced endovascular techniques, for retrieval of challenging IVC filters.

Houston Methodist Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Guidelines.

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) is an acute aortic condition that requires emergent intervention and appropriate continuity of care to optimize patient outcomes. We describe the standardized RAAA protocol at the Houston Methodist Hospital Acute Aortic Treatment Center, developed to navigate critical patient transfer periods safely and efficiently, make crucial decisions about surgical intervention, and clearly communicate these plans with other care team providers. Our workflow is organized into five phases: prehospital, preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative, and post-discharge. We identify the transfer center, anesthesia, operating room nursing staff, surgeons, and intensive care unit as key entities of our acute aortic pathology care team. This systematic protocol for the management of acute aortic emergencies such as RAAA identifies critical decision points, potential complications at each stage, and recommendations for best practice.

Dynamic Imaging of Aortic Pathologies: Review of Clinical Applications and Imaging Protocols.

The past decade has seen significant advances in dynamic imaging of the aorta. Today's vascular surgeons have the opportunity to choose from a wide array of imaging modalities to evaluate different aortic pathologies. While vascular ultrasound and aortography are considered to be the bread and butter imaging modalities, newer dynamic imaging techniques provide time-resolved information in various aortic pathologies. However, despite growing evidence of their advantages in the literature, they have not been routinely adopted. In order to understand the role of these emerging modalities, one must understand their principles, advantages, and limitations in the context of various clinical scenarios. In this review, we provide an overview of dynamic imaging techniques for aortic pathologies and describe various dynamic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging protocols, clinical applications, and potential future directions.

Cadaveric aortic aneurysm creation: A life-like model for training endovascular repair.

The recent decline in RAAA incidence and the fast paced scenario with associated challenges regarding training calls for initiative for a better training environment to maximize learning. This led us to the creation of a pulsatile human cadaveric RAAA model. Fresh frozen cadaver was used to create RAAA with BioTissue in hybrid suite with ability to perform CBCTA for sizing. As a proof of concept, the model was used to perform REVAR with proximal CODA balloon control. The model proved to be feasible and we believe it is a better environment to train and gain adequate proficiency in RAAA management.

Initial experiences with percutaneous endovascular aortic reconstruction / Percutan endovascularis aortarekonstrukcióval szerzett kezdeti tapasztalataink

Introduction: Percutaneous aortic reconstruction is another milestone in aortic surgery. The evolution of vascular closure devices played a key role by enabling arterial closure after large -bore endovascular devices without the need of arterial cut -down.Objective: Our objective was to determine technical success of percutaneous endovascular aortic repair and to report our initial experience using this technique in a Hungarian cohort.Method: Between 15 October 2020 and 21 March 2021, patients who underwent endovascular aortic reconstruction were prospectively and consecutively collected. Patients who were deemed suitable for common femoral artery per cutaneous access were enrolled to the study. Technical success, access -site complications and risk factors were ana- lyzed.Results: A total of 43 patients underwent endovascular aortic reconstruction during the study period, of whom 38 were deemed feasible for percutaneous repair. Dominantly infrarenal aortic aneurysms were treated (n = 26, 68.4%). After ultrasound -guided access, suture -mediated devices were used 2 (1-4) per artery (median, min-max) for clo- sure. Technical success was reported in 37 out of 38 cases (97.4%). Access site complication was reported in 3 (7.9%) cases. The mean (+/- SD) in -hospital stay was 4.9 (+/- 1.7) days. Out of the 3 cases, 1 required intraoperative femoral cut-down. Sheath-size larger than 18 Fr (1.26, 0.09-17.75, 0.862) and body mass index (1.17, 0.923-1.5, 0.19) were positively associated with access site complication but no significant correlation was reported (OR, 95% CI, p- value). However, in patients with larger than 30 kg/m2 body mass index (n = 12), access-related complication was significantly higher than in smaller patients (p = 0.008).Conclusion: Percutaneous endovascular aortic repair is a promising and safe option that has a high technical success rate in patients deemed eligible for common femoral artery access.

Comparison of arterial and venous allograft bypass in chronic limb-threatening ischemia.

INTRODUCTION: Femoro-popliteal bypass with autologous vascular graft is a key revascularization method in chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). However, the lack of suitable autologous conduit may occur in 15-45% of the patients, necessitating the implantation of prosthetic or allogen grafts. Only little data is available on the outcome of allograft use in CLTI. AIMS: Our objective were to evaluate the long term results of infrainguinal allograft bypass surgery in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) and compare the results of arterial and venous allografts. METHODS: Single center, retrospective study analysing the outcomes of infrainguinal allograft bypass surgery in patients with CLTI between January 2007 and December 2017. RESULTS: During a 11-year period, 134 infrainguinal allograft bypasses were performed for CLTI [91 males (67.9%)]. Great saphenous vein (GSV) was implanted in 100 cases, superficial femoral artery (SFA) was implanted in 34 cases. Early postoperative complications appeared in 16.4% of cases and perioperative mortality (<30 days) was 1.4%. Primary patency at one, three and five years was 59%, 44% and 41%, respectively, while secondary patency was 60%, 45% and 41%, respectively. Primary patency of the SFA allografts was significantly higher than GSV allografts (1 year: SFA: 84% vs. GSV: 51% p = 0,001; 3 years: SFA: 76% vs. GSV: 32% p = 0,001; 5 years: SFA: 71% vs. GSV: 30% p = 0.001). Both primary and secondary patency of SFA allograft implanted in below-knee position were significantly higher than GSV bypasses (p = 0.0006; p = 0.0005, respectively). Limb salvage at one, three and five years following surgery was 74%, 64% and 62%, respectively. Long-term survival was 53% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: Allograft implantation is a suitable method for limb salvage in CLTI. The patency of arterial allograft is better than venous allograft patency, especially in below-knee position during infrainguinal allograft bypass surgery.

Long-term analysis of the results of aorto-bifemoral bypass surgery for diffuse aorto-biiliac occlusive disease / Az aortobiiliacalis occlusiv érbetegség miatt végzett aortobifemoralis bypass mutétek hosszú távú eredményeinek elemzése.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A diffúz aortobiiliacalis érszakasz occlusiv betegségének kezelésére alkalmazott aortobifemoralis bypass szerepe csökken az endovascularis mutétek térnyerése miatt. Célkituzés: A vizsgálat célja volt a modern invazív kezelés korszakában a perioperatív és a hosszú távú eredmények elemzése aortobiiliacalis bypass után, melyek összehasonlíthatók az endovascularis megoldások eredményeivel. Módszerek: A retrospektív, egycentrumú vizsgálat során a Semmelweis Egyetem Városmajori Szív- és Érgyógyászati Klinikájának Érsebészeti és Endovaszkuláris Tanszékén 2006. 01. 01. és 2017. 12. 31. között occlusiv aortoiliacalis atherosclerosis miatt primer aortobifemoralis bypass mutéten átesett 419 beteg (átlagéletkor: 62,2 év, SD: ± 8,22; 224 férfi, 53%) adatait elemeztük. Eredmények: A posztoperatív 30 napon belüli mortalitás 5,01%, a késoi mortalitás 10,98% és 29,59% volt 12, illetve 60 hónap után. A betegek 12,57%-ánál történt korai reoperáció, késoi reoperáció 32 (8%) betegnél vált szükségessé. A graft elsodleges nyitva maradása 88,65% és 81,15% volt 12, illetve 60 hónap után. 21 betegnél történt amputáció (6,29%); 57,14%-ban femoralis, 35,71%-ban cruralis szinten, 7,14%-ban a boka szintje alatt. Az amputációkra 35,71%-ban a bypasst követo 30 napon belül, további 35,71%-ban 2 éven belül került sor. Az esetek 35,63%-ában lépett fel egyéb szövodmény; a leggyakoribbak: mutétet igénylo posztoperatív hernia (6,89%), cardiovascularis szövodmény (4,19%), lágyéki nyirokcsorgás vagy sebgyógyulási zavar (4,79%). Következtetés: Eredményeink alapján e betegcsoportban az aortobifemoralis bypass elfogadható, de nem jelentéktelen perioperatív halálozással és magas morbiditással jár. A graft hosszú távú nyitva maradása jó, de az újabb érmutét mind rövid, mind hosszú távon relatíve gyakori. A kevésbé invazív technikák eredményeinek összehasonlítása indokolt a hosszú szakaszú (TASC C, D) elváltozások esetén. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(3): 99-105. INTRODUCTION: The role of aorto-bifemoral bypass in the treatment of diffuse aorto-biiliac occlusive disease decreases in the era of endovascular surgery. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyse the early and long-term postoperative results of aorto-bifemoral bypass in a recent time period. These results may be used as a baseline to compare the results of endovascular procedures. METHODS: In a retrospective, single-center study, the data of 419 patients (mean age: 62.2 years, SD: ± 8.22; 224 men, 53%) who underwent primary aorto-bifemoral bypass due to occlusive aorto-iliac atherosclerosis from 01. 01. 2006 to 31. 12. 2017 at the Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of Semmelweis University Heart and Vascular Center were analysed. RESULTS: Postoperative mortality within 30 days was 5.01%, late mortality was 10.98% and 29.59% after 12 and 60 months, respectively. 12.57% of the patients needed early reoperation and late reoperation was required in 32 cases (8%). The primary graft patency was 88.65% and 81.15% after 12 and 60 months, respectively. 21 patients underwent amputation (6.29%); 57.14% at the femoral level, 35.71% at the crural level and 7.14% below the ankle level. Amputations were performed in 35.71% of the cases within 30 days after the bypass and an additional 35.71% within 2 years. Other complications occurred in 35.63% of the cases; the most common causes were postoperative hernia requiring surgery (6.89%), cardiovascular complication (4.19%) and inguinal wound healing disorders (4.79%). CONCLUSION: Based on our results, aorto-bifemoral bypass surgery is associated with acceptable but not insignificant perioperative mortality and high morbidity in this group of patients. The graft patency is favourable in the long term, however, additional vascular reintervention is common in short and long term as well. Short- and long-term results of percutaneous endovascular techniques in diffuse aorto-biiliac disease (TASC C and D lesions) are suggested to be compared to these recent results of open surgery. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(3): 99-105.